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Hypomyces lactifluorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Order:
Hypocreales
Family:
Hypocreaceae
Genus:
Hypomyces
Species:
H. lactifluorum
Binomial name
Hypomyces lactifluorum
Synonyms

Sphaeria lactifluorum Schwein. (1822)
Hypolyssus lactiflourum (Schwein.) Kuntze (1898)
Hypomyces purpureus Peck (1898)

Taxonomy and phylogeny edit

The lobster mushroom was first described by the "Father of North American Mycology" Lewis David de Schweinitz,[2] who named it Sphaeria lactifluorum in 1822.[3] It was moved to Hypomyces in 1860 by the French mycologist brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne.[4][5] In 1898, Otto Kuntze reassigned it to the genus Hypolyssus as part of the sweeping reform of botanical nomenclature he proposed in his Revisio Generum Plantarum[6], but this new taxonomy was largely rejected.[7] Also in 1898, Charles Horton Peck described a species of Hypomyces that was purple rather than orange, but otherwise similar, naming it H. purpureus.[8] However, under moist conditions, mature specimens of H. lactifluorum take on the same purple color, and the two species were shown to be equivalent.[9]

The specific epithet lactifluorum is derived from the Latin words lac and fluorum[10], meaning "milk-flowing", a reference to the milky exudate of its Lactarius piperatus host.[11]

In the context of plant pathology, it has also been called the "red disease of mushrooms".[12]

Hypomyces aurantius

Hypomyces lactifluorum

Cladogram showing the phylogeny and relationships of Hypomyces lactifluorum within Hypocreaceae.[13]

Phylogenetics edit

Chemotaxonomy edit

The pigment responsible for the distinctive orange color of H. lactifluorum has been identified as the anthroquinone derivative[14] skyrin.[15] The lobster mushroom is part of a "well-supported" clade with other orange species of Hypomyces, such as H. aurantius and H. subiculosus, which is a sister group to those producing the red pigment aurofusarin.[16]

Description edit

Microscopic features edit

Similar species edit

 
Chanterelles and lobster mushrooms at a Seattle market

Although the host mushroom is often impossible to identify, Hypomyces lactifluorum itself is distinctive and easily recognizable,[17][18] although it may resemble chanterelles.[19] The closely related H. aurantius shares the bright orange color of the lobster mushroom[16], but parasitizes jelly fungi or polypores,[20] while species of Hypomyces with similar hosts, such as H. luteovirens, are not orange.[21]

Distribution, habitat, and ecology edit

Hypomyces lactifluorum is widely distributed in North America.[22] It has been recorded from every Canadian province,[23] the continental United States from the East Coast[24] to the Pacific Northwest[25] to the Southwest,[26] Mexico,[27] and Guatemala.[28] Although both Lactarius piperatus[29][30] and Russula brevipes[31] occur elsewhere, the lobster mushroom is not known outside North America.[32][22]

Uses edit

Culinary use edit

The lobster mushroom is widely regarded as a choice edible,[33][34][35][36] with a "mild to peppery seafood flavor",[37] although some consider it mediocre[38] or bland.[22] The inability to reliably identify the host has led to concerns that it may parasitize a poisonous species,[39][40] and young specimens that have not completely altered their hosts may be unpleasant.[41] However, H. lactifluorum has been safely consumed[19][28] for "hundreds of years".[34][18][28]

References edit

  1. ^ "Names Record: Hypomyces lactifluorum". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  2. ^ Stuckey RL. (1979). "Type Specimens of Flowering Plants from Eastern North America in the Herbarium of Lewis David von Schweinitz". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 131: 9–51.
  3. ^ Schweinitz LD de. (1822). "Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris secundum observationes". Schriften der Naturforschender Gessellschaft zu Leipzig (in Latin). 1: 20–131.
  4. ^ Tulasne LR, Tulasne C. (1860). "De quelques sphéries fongicoles". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique. 4 (in French). 13 (11): 5–19.
  5. ^ Pennycook SR. (2009). "The correct authorship of the genus Hypomyces and its original species". Mycotaxon. 108: 185–195. doi:10.5248/108.185.
  6. ^ Kuntze O. (1898). Revisio Generum Plantarum IIIII. Arthur Felix. p. 488.
  7. ^ Nicolson DH. (1991). "A History of Botanical Nomenclature". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 78 (1): 33–56. doi:10.2307/2399589. JSTOR 2399589.
  8. ^ Peck CH. (1898). "New Species of Fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 25 (6): 321–328. doi:10.2307/2478129. JSTOR 2478129.
  9. ^ Seaver FJ. (1908). "Color variation in some of the fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 35 (6): 307–314. doi:10.2307/2479226. JSTOR 2479226.
  10. ^ McIlvaine C, Macadam RK. (1912). Toadstools, Mushrooms, Fungi, Edible and Poisonous: One Thousand American Fungi (new ed.). Bobbs-Merrill. p. 562.
  11. ^ Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 496. ISBN 978-0813190396.
  12. ^ Freeman EM. (1905). Minnesota Plant Diseases. The Pioneer Press. p. 395.
  13. ^ Jaklitsch WM, Voglmayr H. (2012). "Phylogenetic relationships of five genera of Xylariales and Rosasphaeria gen. nov. (Hypocreales)". Fungal Diversity. 52 (1): 75–98. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0104-2. S2CID 6058324.
  14. ^ Parker JC, McPherson RK, Andrews KM, Levy CB, Dubins JS, Chin JE, Perry PV, Hulin B, Perry DA, Inagaki T, Dekker KA, Tachikawa K, Sugie Y, Treadway JL (2000). "Effects of skyrin, a receptor-selective glucagon antagonist, in rat and human hepatocytes". Diabetes. 49 (12): 2079–2086. doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2079. PMID 11118010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Hatfield GM, Slagle DE. (1973). "Isolation of skyrin from Hypomyces lactifluorum". Lloydia. 36 (3): 354–356. PMID 4202622.
  16. ^ a b Põldmaa K. (2004). "Tropical species of Cladobotryum and Hypomyces producing red pigments" (PDF). Studies in Mycology. 68: 1–34. doi:10.3114/sim.2011.68.01. PMC 3065983. PMID 21523187.
  17. ^ Kuo M. (2003). "Hypomyces lactifluorum: The lobster mushroom". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 19 Nov 2012.
  18. ^ a b Spahr DL. (2009). Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada. North Atlantic Books. pp. 151–153. ISBN 978-1556437953.
  19. ^ a b Fischer DW, Bessette AE. (1992). Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-kitchen Guide. University of Texas Press. pp. 34–45. ISBN 978-0292720800.
  20. ^ Gams W, Diederich P, Põldmaa K. (2004). "Fungicolous Fungi". In Foster MS, Bills GF. (ed.). Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0125095518.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Evenson VS. (1997). Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains. Westcliff. p. 55. ISBN 978-1565791923.
  22. ^ a b c Schneider E. (2001). Vegetables from Amaranth to Zucchini: The Essential Reference. William Morrow Cookbooks. pp. 365–367. ISBN 978-0688152604.
  23. ^ Rochon C, Paré D, Khasa DP, Fortin A. (2009). "Ecology and management of the lobster mushroom in an eastern Canadian jack pine stand". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39 (11): 2080–2091. doi:10.1139/X09-118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Smith AH, Weber NS. (1980), The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide, University of Michigan Press, p. 53, ISBN 978-0472856107
  25. ^ Trudell S, Ammirati J. (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0881929355.
  26. ^ States JS. (1990). Mushrooms and Truffles of the Southwest. University of Arizona Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0816511624.
  27. ^ Boa ER. (2004). Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview Of Their Use And Importance To People. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 10. ISBN 978-9251051573.
  28. ^ a b c Flores AR, Comandini O, Rinaldi AC. (2012). "A preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Guatemala, with notes on edibility and traditional knowledge" (PDF). Mycosphere. 3 (1): 1–21. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/3/1/1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Phillips R. (1981). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. Pan Books. p. 77. ISBN 978-0330264419.
  30. ^ Sesli E. "Checklist of the Turkish ascomycota and basidiomycota collected from the Black Sea region". Mycotaxon. 99: 71–74.
  31. ^ Niazi AR, Iqbal SH, Khalid AN. (2006). "Biodiversity of mushrooms and ectomycorrhizas. 1. Russula brevipes Peck., and its ectomycorrhiza - A new record from Himalayan moist temperate forests of Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Botany. 38 (4): 1271–1277.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Buller AHR. (1933). Researches on Fungi. Vol. 2. Longman. pp. 58–69.
  33. ^ Bessette AE, Bessette AR. (2006). Common Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of New York. Syracuse University Press. p. 46-47. ISBN 978-0815608486.
  34. ^ a b McFarland J, Mueller GM. (2009). Edible Wild Mushrooms of Illinois and Surrounding States: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide. University of Illinois Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0252076435.
  35. ^ Hahn J. (2010). Pacific Feast: A Cook's Guide to West Coat Foraging and Cuisine. Mountaineers Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-1594851025.
  36. ^ Lincoff G. (2010). The Complete Mushroom Hunter: An Illustrated Guide to Finding, Harvesting, and Enjoying Wild Mushrooms. Quarry Books. pp. 14, 51. ISBN 978-1592536153.
  37. ^ Matthews B, Wigsten P. (2010). Kitchen Pro Series: Guide to Produce Identification, Fabrication and Utilization. Delmar Cengage Learning. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-1435401211.
  38. ^ Christensen CM. (1969). Common Edible Mushrooms. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0816605095.
  39. ^ Christensen CM. (1981). Edible Mushrooms. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-0816610495.
  40. ^ Phillips R. "Hypomyces lactifluorum". Rogers Mushrooms. Retrieved 20 Nov 2012.
  41. ^ Daivs RM, Sommer R, Menge JA. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. University of California Press. pp. 29, 382–383. ISBN 978-0520271074.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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