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This is a list of sovereign states, containing 203 entries, giving an overview of states around the world with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty.
For the sake of clarity, it is divided into two parts.
- 193 Entries: The first part lists all 193 widely recognised sovereign states, including all member states of the United Nations and Vatican City.
- 10 Entries: The second part lists states which are de facto sovereign, but which are not widely recognised by other states. Both parts are arranged alphabetically.
Compiling a list such as this can be a difficult and controversial process, as the status of many entries is disputed. For information on the criteria used to determine the contents of this list, please see the "criteria for inclusion" section below. For more general information on sovereign states, please see "sovereign state".
Internationally recognized sovereign states
editName in English, the official languages and major minority languages of the state[1] | Information on status and recognition of sovereignty[2] | |||
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Aedit | ||||
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Abkhazia → Other states | ||||
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Afghanistan – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | Widely recognized member of the UN. All of the 203 entities recognize Aghanistan. | |||
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Albania – Republic of Albania
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Widely recognized member of the UN. All of the 203 entities recognize Albania. | |||
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Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
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Widely recognized member of the UN. All of the 203 entities recognize Algeria. | |||
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Andorra – Principality of Andorra
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Widely recognized member of the UN. All of the 203 entities recognize Andorra. | |||
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Angola – Republic of Angola
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Widely recognized member of the UN. A separatist government in exile claims independence for Cabinda.[3] All of the 203 entities recognize Angola. | |||
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Antigua and Barbuda
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm[4] and has a division (dependency), Barbuda, with an autonomous status.[5] All of the 203 entities recognize Antigua and Barbuda. | |||
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Argentina – Argentine Republic[6]
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Argentina is a federation[7] of twenty-three Provinces and one Autonomous City. Argentine claims over the Argentine Antarctica are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty. Argentina also claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom.[8] All of the 203 entities recognize Argentina. | |||
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Armenia – Republic of Armenia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Armenia is not recognized by one UN member, Pakistan, as this country has a position of supporting Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Armenia's recognition of Kashmir belonging to India. 202 of the entities (Pakistan is not included) recognize Armenia. | |||
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Australia – Commonwealth of Australia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Australia is a Commonwealth realm[4] and a federation[7] of states and territories. All of the 203 entities recognize Australia.
Australia claims sovereignty over parts of Antarctica as: | |||
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Austria – Republic of Austria
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] Austria is a federation[7] divided into 9 federal-states (Bundesländer). All of the 203 entities recognize Austria. | |||
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Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Azerbaijan has one autonomous republic, Nakhchivan and the autonomous region of Nagorno-Karabakh (Dağlıq Qarabağ,).[5] In Nagorno-Karabakh, a de facto country in the de jure territory of Azerbaijan has been established. All of the 203 entities recognize Azerbeijan. | |||
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Bedit | ||||
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Bahamas – Commonwealth of The Bahamas
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Widely recognized member of the UN. The Bahamas is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Barbados
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Barbados is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Belarus – Republic of Belarus
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] Belgium is a federation[7] divided into linguistic communities and regions. | |||
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Belize
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Belize is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Benin – Republic of Benin[10]
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Bolivia – Plurinational State of Bolivia | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Bosnia and Herzegovina | Widely recognized member of the UN. As a result of the Dayton Agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two constituent entities:[11] | |||
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Botswana – Republic of Botswana | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Brazil is a federation[7] divided into 26 states and one federal district. | |||
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Brunei – State of Brunei, Abode of Peace
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Brunei claims sovereignty over part of the Spratly Islands.[12] | |||
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Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Burkina Faso[13]
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Burma – Union of Myanmar
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Widely recognized member of the UN | |||
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Burundi – Republic of Burundi | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Cedit | ||||
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Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia
Kampuchea - Preah Reachea Nachakr Kampuchea
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Canada[14] | Widely recognized member of the UN. Canada is a Commonwealth realm[4] and a federation[7] divided into provinces and territories. | |||
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Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Central African Republic | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Chad – Republic of Chad | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Chile – Republic of Chile
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands are "special territories" of Chile. The Desventuradas Islands and Isla Salas y Gómez are part of the Valparaíso Region. | |||
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China – People's Republic of China[15]
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Widely recognized member of the UN.[16] Commonly known as China, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has five autonomous regions: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet.[5] Additionally, it has sovereignty over the Special Administrative Regions of:
It also claims:
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China, Republic of (Taiwan) → Other states | ||||
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Colombia – Republic of Colombia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Colombia is an independent republic with 31 departments (including the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina) and one capital district (Bogotá). | |||
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Comoros – Union of the Comoros | Widely recognized member of the UN. The Comoros is a federation with autonomous islands.[5][7] The Comoros dispute the French sovereignty over Mayotte, the Glorioso Islands, and Banc du Geyser.[8] | |||
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Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Congo-Kinshasa)[22]
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Congo, Republic of the (Congo-Brazzaville)
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Côte d'Ivoire – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Croatia – Republic of Croatia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Cuba – Republic of Cuba
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Widely recognized member of the UN. The Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay is, along with the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, under the permanent control (with no claim of sovereignty) of the United States. See the Cuban-American Treaty of 1903. | |||
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Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus | Widely recognized[23] member of the UN and the EU.[9] The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey. | |||
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Czech Republic[24]
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Dedit | ||||
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Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9]
The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous areas. For more information, see Rigsfællesskabet.
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Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Dominican Republic | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Eedit | ||||
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East Timor – Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste[25]
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Eritrea – State of Eritrea
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Estonia – Republic of Estonia
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Ethiopia is a federation[7] divided into regions and chartered cities. | |||
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Fedit | ||||
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Fiji – Republic of the Fiji Islands
Fijī – Fijī Ripablik[27] |
Widely recognized member of the UN. Fiji has an autonomous region (dependency), Rotuma.[5] | |||
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Finland – Republic of Finland | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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France – French Republic
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] The French overseas regions/departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion) are legally part of France and France possesses the uninhabited Clipperton Island. French sovereignty also includes the overseas territories of:
French sovereignty over Bassas da India, Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island is disputed by Madagascar, over Glorioso Islands by Madagascar, the Seychelles and the Comoros, over Tromelin Island by Mauritius and the Seychelles, and over Banc du Geyser by Madagascar and the Comoros.[8] | |||
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Gedit | ||||
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Gabon – Gabonese Republic
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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The Gambia – Republic of The Gambia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Georgia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Georgia has two divisions with autonomous statuses:[5]
In Abkhazia and South Ossetia (a former autonomous entity) de facto states inside the de jure territory of Georgia have been formed. | |||
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Germany – Federal Republic of Germany
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] Germany is a federation[7] divided into states (Länder). | |||
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Ghana – Republic of Ghana
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Greece – Hellenic Republic
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] Greece has sovereignty over Mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state that is jointly governed by the multi-national "Holy Community" on the mountain and the Civil Governor appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and spiritually comes under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. | |||
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Grenada
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Grenada is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Guinea – Republic of Guinea
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana
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Widely recognized member of the UN. A substantial part of Guyana, from the west of the Essequibo River as part of Guyana Essequibo is claimed by Venezuela | |||
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Hedit | ||||
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Haiti – Republic of Haiti
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Haiti claims the uninhabited United States possession of Navassa Island.[8] | |||
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Holy See → Vatican City | ||||
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Honduras – Republic of Honduras
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Hungary – Republic of Hungary | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Iedit | ||||
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Iceland – Republic of Iceland
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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India – Republic of India
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Widely recognized member of the UN. India is a federation[7] divided into states and union territories. The Indian sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh is disputed by the People's Republic of China.[8] India claims sovereignty over all of Jammu and Kashmir and administers part of Kashmir.[21] | |||
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Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Indonesia has five provinces with special status, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Yogyakarta Special Region, Papua, West Papua, and Jakarta Special Capital Region.[5] Separatist governments in exile claim independence for the Republic of the South Moluccas and the Republic of West Papua.[29] | |||
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Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Divided into provinces and counties | |||
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Iraq – Republic of Iraq | Widely recognized member of the UN. Iraq's constitution labels the country as a federation[7][30] divided into regions, governorates and the capital district. At present the only region is Iraqi Kurdistan. | |||
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Ireland[31] | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Israel – State of Israel | Widely recognized member of the UN (Not recognized as a state by 20 countries).[32] Israel maintains control over East Jerusalem, the Golan Heights and parts of the West Bank. These areas are not internationally recognized as being part of Israel.[8] Israel no longer has a permanent military presence in the Gaza Strip, following its unilateral disengagement but is still arguably considered the occupying power under International law.[33][34][35][36][37][38] | |||
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Italy – Italian Republic
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] Italy has 5 autonomous regions, Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.[5] | |||
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Ivory Coast → Côte d'Ivoire | ||||
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Jedit | ||||
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Jamaica
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Japan | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Kedit | ||||
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Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Kenya – Republic of Kenya | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Korea, North – Democratic People's Republic of Korea
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Widely recognized member of the UN. North Korea is not recognized by four UN members: Japan, France, Estonia and South Korea. | |||
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Korea, South – Republic of Korea
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Widely recognized member of the UN. South Korea is not recognized by one UN member, North Korea. | |||
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Kosovo → Other states | ||||
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Kuwait – State of Kuwait
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Ledit | ||||
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Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Latvia – Republic of Latvia
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Lebanon – Republic of Lebanon | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Liberia – Republic of Liberia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Libya – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Medit | ||||
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Macedonia – Republic of Macedonia
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Widely recognized member of the UN, provisionally referred to by the UN and a number of countries and international organizations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", see Macedonia naming dispute. | |||
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Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar | Widely recognized member of the UN. Madagascar claims the French possessions of the Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Banc du Geyser.[8] | |||
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Malawi – Republic of Malawi | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Malaysia | Widely recognized member of the UN. Malaysia is a federation[7] divided into states and federal territories. Malaysia claims part of the Spratly Islands.[12] | |||
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Maldives – Republic of Maldives
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Mali – Republic of Mali
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Malta – Republic of Malta | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands
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Widely recognized member of the UN under Compact of Free Association with the United States. The Marshall Islands claim the United States territory of Wake Island.[8] | |||
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Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Mauritius – Republic of Mauritius
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Mauritius has an autonomous island, Rodrigues.[5] Mauritius claims the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French island of Tromelin.[8] | |||
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Mexico – United Mexican States
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Mexico is a federation[7] divided into 31 states and one federal district. | |||
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Federated States of Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia
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Widely recognized member of the UN under Compact of Free Association with the United States. Micronesia is a federation[7] divided into states. | |||
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Moldova – Republic of Moldova | Widely recognized member of the UN. See Transnistria for the de facto state inside the de jure territory of Moldova. | |||
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Monaco – Principality of Monaco
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Mongolia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Montenegro
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Morocco claims sovereignty over the Western Sahara and controls most of it, which is disputed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco disputes the Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas.[8] | |||
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Mozambique – Republic of Mozambique
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Myanmar → Burma | ||||
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Nedit | ||||
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Nagorno-Karabakh → Other states | ||||
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Namibia – Republic of Namibia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Nauru – Republic of Nauru | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Nepal – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands
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Widely recognized member of the UN. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of three countries which each enjoy a great amount of autonomy:
The designation Netherlands thus legally only refers to one of the Kingdom's constituent countries. The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU,[9] but Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles are not part of the EU. | |||
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New Zealand | Widely recognized member of the UN. New Zealand is a Commonwealth realm[4] and has responsibilities for the two free associated states of:
The dependent territory of: New Zealand also claims sovereignty over parts of Antarctica as: | |||
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Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Niger – Republic of Niger
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria | Widely recognized member of the UN. Nigeria is a federation[7] divided into 36 states and one federal territory. | |||
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Northern Cyprus → Other states | ||||
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North Korea → Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | ||||
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Norway – Kingdom of Norway
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Svalbard is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the Spitsbergen Treaty. The overseas uninhabited possessions of Bouvet Island and Jan Mayen are integral parts of Norway. The Norwegian claim of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) as part of Norway is suspended.[45] | |||
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Oedit | ||||
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Oman – Sultanate of Oman
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Pedit | ||||
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Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan | Widely recognized member of the UN. Pakistan is a federation[7] divided into provinces and territories. Pakistan claims sovereignty over the whole of Kashmir, but administers only part of it.[21] | |||
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Palau – Republic of Palau | Widely recognized member of the UN under Compact of Free Association with the United States. | |||
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The Palestinian National Authority → Other states | ||||
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Panama – Republic of Panama
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea | Widely recognized member of the UN. Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm[4] and also has the autonomous Region of Bougainville.[5] | |||
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Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Persia → Iran | ||||
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Peru – Republic of Peru | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Philippines – Republic of the Philippines | Widely recognized member of the UN. The Philippines has the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.[5] The Philippines administers Scarborough Shoal and most of the Kalayaan Islands and claims sovereignty over the unoccupied Macclesfield Bank and Sabah. Sabah is currently administered by Malaysia.[12] | |||
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Poland – Republic of Poland
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Portugal – Portuguese Republic
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Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] Portugal has two autonomous regions:
Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over: | |||
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Pridnestrovie → Other states, Transnistria | ||||
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Qedit | ||||
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Qatar – State of Qatar
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Redit | ||||
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Romania | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Russia – Russian Federation
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Russia is a federation[7][46] divided into Subjects of Russia (oblasts, republics, autonomous okrugs, krays, and federal cities). Several of the federal subjects are republics acting as ethnic autonomies:[5] | |||
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Rwanda – Republic of Rwanda
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Sedit |
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Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic → Other states | ||||
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Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Saint Kitts and Nevis is a Commonwealth realm[4] and is a federation[7] of the islands. | |||
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Saint Lucia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Saint Lucia is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Samoa – Independent State of Samoa | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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San Marino – Republic of San Marino
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
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Widely recognized member of the UN. São Tomé and Príncipe has an autonomous province, Príncipe.[5] | |||
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Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Senegal – Republic of Senegal
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Serbia – Republic of Serbia
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Serbia considers itself to have two autonomous provinces,[5] though most of Kosovo is under the de facto control of the Republic of Kosovo, which does not have general recognition. | |||
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Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles | Widely recognized member of the UN. The Seychelles claim the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island.[8] | |||
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Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Singapore – Republic of Singapore | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Slovakia – Slovak Republic | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Solomon Islands
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Widely recognized member of the UN. The Solomon Islands is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Somalia – Republic of Somalia | Widely recognized member of the UN. Somalia is presently fragmented with its Transitional National Government. Somalia disputed the Yemenite sovereignty over Socotra.[8] See Somaliland for the de facto country in north of Somalia. | |||
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Somaliland → Other states | ||||
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South Africa – Republic of South Africa
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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South Korea → Korea, Republic of | ||||
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South Ossetia → Other states | ||||
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Spain – Kingdom of Spain | Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] Spain is divided into autonomous communities and cities. The sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas is disputed by Morocco. The sovereignty over Olivenza and Táliga is disputed by Portugal. Spain disputes the British sovereignty over Gibraltar.[8] | |||
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Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | Widely recognized member of the UN. Located on the better-known Island of Ceylon. | |||
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Sudan – Republic of the Sudan | Widely recognized member of the UN. Sudan is a federation[7] divided into states and has one autonomous region, Southern Sudan, formed out of the Southern Sudanese states.[5] | |||
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Suriname – Republic of Suriname
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Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
|
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] | |||
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Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. Switzerland is a federation[7] divided into cantons. | |||
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Syria – Syrian Arab Republic
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Golan Heights are annexed by Israel. Syria disputed the Turkish sovereignty over Hatay Province.[8] | |||
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Tedit | ||||
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Taiwan → Other states | ||||
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Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan
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Widely recognized member of the UN. Tajikistan also has the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province.[5] | |||
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Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania | Widely recognized member of the UN. Tanzania is a federacy with an autonomous status for Zanzibar.[5] | |||
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Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Timor-Leste → East Timor | ||||
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Togo – Togolese Republic
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Transnistria → Other states | ||||
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Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. Trinidad and Tobago has an autonomous island, Tobago.[5] | |||
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Tunisia – Republic of Tunisia | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Turkey – Republic of Turkey
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
| ||||
Turkmenistan
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
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Tuvalu | Widely recognized member of the UN. Tuvalu is a Commonwealth realm.[4] | |||
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Uedit | ||||
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Uganda – Republic of Uganda | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
| ||||
Ukraine | Widely recognized member of the UN. Ukraine has one autonomous republic:[5] | |||
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United Arab Emirates
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. The United Arab Emirates is a federation[7] divided into emirates. | |||
| ||||
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.[9] The United Kingdom is a Commonwealth realm[4] divided into four parts:
The United Kingdom has the following overseas territories:
The British Monarch has direct sovereignty over these, which are mostly self-governing: | |||
| ||||
United States – United States of America | Widely recognized member of the UN. The United States is a federation[7] divided into 50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory (Palmyra Atoll). The United States has sovereignty over the following inhabited possessions and commonwealths:
In addition, there are uninhabited possessions of the United States in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Petrel Islands (disputed with Colombia and Jamaica), Serranilla Bank (disputed with Colombia), Wake Island (somewhat disputed by the Marshall Islands) as well as Navassa Island (disputed by Haiti).[8] | |||
| ||||
Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
| ||||
Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. Uzbekistan has one autonomous republic:[5] | |||
| ||||
Vedit | ||||
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Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
| ||||
Vatican City – State of the Vatican City | Widely recognized country. The Holy See, a sovereign entity recognized by 176 countries, administers the territory of Vatican City; the Holy See is a permanent observer of the UN in the category of "Non-member State."[47] Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the Pope, with the latter being the Bishop of the Archdiocese of Rome and therefore, ex officio sovereign of Vatican City. The Holy See also administers a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy and in many other countries (Apostolic Nunciatures). | |||
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Venezuela – Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. Venezuela is a federation[7] divided into states, one federal dependency and one federal district. | |||
| ||||
Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. Vietnam claims sovereignty over the Paracel[20] and Spratly Islands.[12] | |||
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Wedit | ||||
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Western Sahara → Other states Xedit | ||||
| ||||
Yedit | ||||
| ||||
Yemen – Republic of Yemen
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Yemenite sovereignty over Socotra is disputed by Somalia.[8] | |||
Zedit | ||||
| ||||
Zambia – Republic of Zambia
|
Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
| ||||
Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe | Widely recognized member of the UN. | |||
|
Other states
editThis annex lists states that claim sovereignty and have control over (part of) their claimed territories, but due to disputes over their legitimacy, do not have normal diplomatic relations with the majority of sovereign states. None of the states in this annex list are UN member states. Entities considered to be micronations are not included.
Other States
|
|
|
Name in English and the official languages of the state | Information on status and recognition of sovereignty |
---|---|
| |
Abkhazia: Republic of Abkhazia | De facto independent state recognised by Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Venezuela, South Ossetia and Transnistria.[48][49] Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. |
| |
Kosovo – Republic of Kosovo | De facto independent state that is recognised by 114 UN member states and by Taiwan (Republic of China). Claimed in whole by the Republic of Serbia as part of its Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. In turn, the Republic of Kosovo claims the part of Kosovo controlled by the Republic of Serbia and still administered by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). An ethnic Serbian area, North Kosovo, is largely autonomous and not under Kosovo control. |
| |
Nagorno-Karabakh – Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
|
De facto independent state that is recognised only by Transnistria. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Azerbaijan.[50] |
| |
Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
|
De facto independent state that is recognised only by Turkey. It was accepted as an observer state of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference under the name of the Turkish Cypriot State since 1979. In addition, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic regards TRNC as sovereign but Azerbaijan (the sovereign state that Nakhichevan belongs to) has not followed suit. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus.[51] |
| |
Palestine[52][53]
|
Palestine, categorized under "other entities"[54] has observer status at United Nations General Assembly and maintains a permanent observer mission at the UN Headquarters The unilaterally declared State of Palestine received diplomatic recognition from around 100 countries (exact number unknown due to the equivocal nature of many declarations of acknowledgment[55][56][57]). The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, nor effective control on the territory which it proclaimed (unless considering the partially autonomous Palestinian Authority as a realization of the 1988 proclamation). In foreign relations, the State of Palestine is represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Palestinian National Authority is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the Oslo Accords that exercises limited jurisdiction over parts of the West Bank, while the Gaza Strip is controlled by Hamas. |
| |
SADR – Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
|
De facto independent state recognized by 81 other states. It is a founding member of the African Union and the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian-African Conference. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, are claimed in whole by Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of the Western Sahara to the west of the Moroccan Wall controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in Tindouf , Algeria. |
| |
Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland | De facto independent state not diplomatically recognized by any other state, claimed in whole by the Somali Republic.[58] |
| |
South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia | De facto independent state recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela, Abkhazia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Georgia as the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia.[48] |
| |
Taiwan – Republic of China[15] | A state competing for recognition with the People's Republic of China as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China controls the island of Taiwan and associated islands, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas, and part of the Spratly Islands[12] and has not renounced claims over the territory of the PRC and Mongolia.[60] The Republic of China is currently recognised by including the Holy See. The territory of the Republic of China is claimed in whole by the People's Republic of China.[19] The Republic of China participates in the World Health Organization and a number of non-UN international organizations such as the World Trade Organization, International Olympic Committee and others under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly Chinese Taipei. |
| |
Transnistria – Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (Pridnestrovie, Trans-Dniester)
|
De facto independent state, not recognized by any UN-member, but by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Moldova as the Territorial Unit of Transnistria.[61] |
Criteria for inclusion
editThis list derives its definition of a state from Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention of 1933. According to the Convention, a state should possess the following qualifications:
- (a) a permanent population
- (b) a defined territory
- (c) government
- (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.
In respect of the last qualification, the role of recognition by other states can often be crucial since it implies acceptance into the international community.[62] The list includes all states which are often regarded as satisfying these criteria and claim to be sovereign and independent. However, in many cases, whether an entity satisfies the Montevideo Convention criteria is disputed. It is also important to note that there is a divergence of opinion in international law on whether the Montevideo Convention criteria alone are sufficient qualities of statehood. Links to different theories on this question are provided below.
On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 203 entities:
- 193 sovereign states with general international recognition:
- 192 member states of the United Nations
- One state with general international recognition, governed by the Holy See (a United Nations permanent observer in the category "Non-member states"[63]): Vatican City
- 10 sovereign states lacking general international recognition, none of which are members of the United Nations:
- One state with diplomatic relations with more than 100 states and informal relations with 25 others, governed by the Palestinian National Authority and the Palestine Liberation Organization (a United Nations permanent observer): Palestine
- One state, recognized by 114 United Nations member states and by Taiwan, informal relations with six others: Kosovo
- One state, recognized by 46 other states, a member of the African Union, in partial control of the Western Sahara (listed by the United Nations as a non self-governing territory): the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- One state, competing for recognition with another state, currently as the state representing China, but no longer recognised by the United Nations as of 25 October 1971: the Republic of China
- Two states, recognized by four United Nations member states, by Transnistria and by each other: Abkhazia and South Ossetia
- One state, recognized by one United Nations member state and having informal relations with 19 more: Northern Cyprus
- One state, recognized by Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Transnistria
- One state recognized by Transnistria: Nagorno-Karabakh
- One state not recognized by any other state: Somaliland
Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities that do not satisfy all the qualifications in the Montevideo Convention or which do not claim to be sovereign and independent:
- Antarctica as a whole has no government and no permanent population. Seven states claim portions of Antarctica and five of these have reciprocally recognised one another's claims.[64] These claims, which are regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, are neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.[65]
- The European Union, a sui generis supranational organisation which currently has 27 member states. The member states have transferred a measure of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, and as such the EU has some elements of sovereignty, without generally being considered a sovereign state. The European Union does not claim to be a sovereign state and has only limited capacity for relations with other states.
- The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a United Nations observer in the category "Other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining permanent offices at Headquarters."[66] The order has bi-lateral diplomatic relations with 104 states, but has no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome.[67] Its website asserts that "it has always been recognised by nations as an independent subject of international law."[68] The order's Constitution states: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions." [69] Although the order frequently asserts its sovereignty, including in its name, it does not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacks a defined territory. As with other embassies, Italy could theoretically break diplomatic relations with the order and oblige the non-Italian members to leave Italian territory. Since all its members are citizens of other states, almost all of them live in their native countries, and those who reside in the order's extraterritorial properites in Rome do so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacks the characteristic of having a permanent population.
- States forming part of a federal union, for which, see: federated state. Such entities do not claim to be independent, as their respective governments have surrendered sovereignty to a federal government.
- Dependent territories that are under the sovereignty of states from the above lists.
- Uncontacted peoples who exercise varying degrees of de facto soveriegnty over the areas under their control, but either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are currently too data deficent to be definitively known.
- Entities considered to be micronations, such as The Principality of Sealand, are not included, even though they generally claim to be sovereign and independent, and try to enter into diplomatic relations with states that are listed. It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory. The permanent populations of micronations are generally small.
Bibliography
edit- Bissio, Roberto Remo, ed. (1995). The World: A Third World Guide : 1995/96. Montevideo: Instituto del Tercer Mundo. ISBN 9780855982911. OCLC 476299738.
- World of Information (Firm), and International Chamber of Commerce (2003). Middle East Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report (27th ed.). London: Kogan Page. p. 161. ISBN 9780749440664. OCLC 51992589.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The names of the items in the list are given in English and include both an English version of the short official names (e.g. Afghanistan) and an English version of the (longer) official names (e.g. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), as well as the same names in the (de jure or de facto) official languages on national level of the entity. Main source for the names in the official languages are the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CIA World Fact Book (both retrieved 14 August 2007). If needed, they have been transliterated into Romanized characters, but original scripts (such as Cyrillic or Chinese characters) are included. When possible, the romanization preferred by the country has been used.The sources for both flag and names, official languages and romanizations are the main articles on these entities. When other sources are used, these sources are mentioned. See for a gallery of flags Gallery of sovereign-state flags.
- ^ Information is included on
- the extent of recognition and membership of the United Nations (Source: the website of the UN).
- the reason a non-de jure state is listed. More information can be found at the list of states with limited recognition.
- the overseas dependencies. Some sovereign states have overseas dependencies, generally not part of the territory of the state. More information can be found at List of dependent countries.
- the federal structures if applicable. Some sovereign states have more or less federal structures. More information can be found at a List of federations.
- the autonomous areas inside the territory of the sovereign state. Some sovereign states have one or more autonomous areas as part of the their territory; see List of autonomous areas by country.
- List of territorial disputes
- separatist governments in exile.
- ^ a b More information on separatism can be found at the List of active autonomist and secessionist movements and the main articles.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Commonwealth realms are members of the Commonwealth of Nations in which the head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. The realms are sovereign states, see Sovereignty of the Realms.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see the List of autonomous areas by country.
- ^ Argentina is also named Argentine Nation for purposes of legislation.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w More information on more or less federal structures can be found at a List of federations.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t More information on territorial disputes can be found at the List of territorial disputes and the main articles.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa The member countries of the European Union transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU.
- ^ Formerly referred to as Dahomey, its official name until 1975.
- ^ For more information about the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina, see Dayton Agreement and the text of The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- ^ a b c d e f The sovereignty over the Spratly Islands is disputed by People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines (part), Malaysia (part), and Brunei (part). Except Brunei, each of these countries occupies part of the islands (see List of territorial disputes).
- ^ Also known as Burkina; formerly referred to as Upper Volta, its official name until 1984.
- ^ The legal name for Canada is the sole word; an officially sanctioned, though disused, name is Dominion of Canada (which includes its legal title); see: Name of Canada, Dominion.
- ^ a b The People's Republic of China (PRC) is commonly referred to as China, while the Republic of China (ROC) is commonly referred to as Taiwan. The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as Chinese Taipei, along with other names.
- ^ The People's Republic of China is currently not recognized by 22 UN member states and the Holy See, which recognize the Republic of China. See: Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and Foreign relations of the PRC.
- ^ Government of Hong Kong
- ^ Government of Macau
- ^ a b In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the Kuomintang (KMT) lost the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China (CPC) and set up a provisional capital in Taipei. The CPC established the PRC. As such, the political status of the ROC and the legal status of Taiwan (alongside the territories currently under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the China seat to the PRC and the ROC withdrew from the UN: most states recognize the PRC to be the sole legitimate representative of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates Taiwan independence.
- ^ a b The Chinese sovereignty over the Paracel Islands is disputed by Vietnam and the Republic of China (see List of territorial disputes).
- ^ a b c The sovereignty over Kashmir is disputed by India and Pakistan, smaller parts are disputed by the People's Republic of China (and the Republic of China). De facto Kashmir is divided between India, Pakistan and China. See the List of territorial disputes.
- ^ Abbreviated as DRC, and also known as Congo-Kinshasa; also formerly referred to as Zaire, its official name from 1971 to 1997.
- ^ Cyprus is recognized by the Holy See and all UN member states except Turkey, see Foreign relations of Cyprus
- ^ A simpler official short-form name has been encouraged by the Czech government: the English variant Czechia remains uncommon, but variants in Czech (Česko) and some other languages are more popular. See Name of the Czech Republic
- ^ The government of East Timor uses Timor-Leste as the English translation.
- ^ Hindustani uses both the Hindi and Urdu script
- ^ Source for the romanization is Geonames.
- ^ Åland was demilitarised by the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which was later affirmed by the League of Nations in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995.
- ^ See List of active autonomist and secessionist movements.
- ^ Source: Iraqi constitution
- ^ Ireland is often referred to as the Republic of Ireland (its official description but not its name). Sometimes this is done to distinguish Ireland from island of Ireland as a whole. However, sometimes it is done for political reasons and is contentious.
- ^ Israel is currently not recognized as a state by 20 countries, see Foreign relations of Israel: No recognition or diplomatic relations.
- ^ Israel and the Palestinians: Key terms, BBC Newswatch, accessed, 8 April 2009.
- ^ Dore Gold, JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005.
- ^ International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008.
- ^ Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel), January 22, 2008.
- ^ Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status, University of Virginia School of Law, November 17, 2005.
- ^ "Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation" Human Rights Watch. October 29, 2004
- ^ See Names of Japan for more detail.
- ^ Some argue that Albanian is the second official language.
- ^ Moldovan is often considered to be the same language as Romanian, see Moldovan language.
- ^ E.g. the Federal Republic of Germany has diplomatic relations with the Cook Islands, Source: German foreign ministry, retrieved 14 August 2007. For more information: Foreign relations of the Cook Islands
- ^ Full text of joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Niue, China Internet Information Center, retrieved 25 May 2009
- ^ Tokelau remains a dependent territory after referendums. Source: New Zealand Herald, retrieved 8 August 2008
- ^ The continent of Antarctica, including its outlying islands south of 60°S, are held in abeyance under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty. All claims are suspended. Claiming countries are Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom. There is also an informal Brazilian claim.
- ^ Whether or not the Russian Federation is a genuine federation is a matter of dispute. See: Russian Federation section.
- ^ Non-member States and Entities, Retrieved 2009-12-22
- ^ a b "Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions". CNN.com. 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^ Harding, Luke (14 December 2009). "Tiny Nauru struts world stage by recognising breakaway republics". London: Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ See Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh (17 January 2006). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
- ^ See The World Factbook|Cyprus (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
- ^ Bissio, 1995, p. 433.
- ^ Page, 2004, p. 161.
- ^ See UN official website, Permanent observers: Non-member States and Entities
- ^ See Crawford, James (1999). "Israel (1948-1949) and Paletine (1998-1999): Two Studies in the Creation of States", in Goodwin-Gil G.S. and S. Talmon, The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, pp. 110-115; In an interview to Uri Avneri (14 April 2010), the PA Prime Minister, Salam Fayyad said: "Dozens of countries recognized this state [of Palestine], and the PLO representatives there enjoy the official status of ambassadors. But did this improve the situation of the Palestinians?"; The Palestinian Foreign Minister Riad al-Malki alleged that 67 states in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Europe have legally recognized the State of Palestine. See ICC prosecutor considers "Gaza war crimes" probe
- ^ Kurz, Anat N. (2005) Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press ISBN 1-84519-032-7, ISBN 978-1-84519-032-3 p. 123
- ^ Boyle, Francis A., "Palestine, Palestinians and International Law", Clarity Press, September 1, 2009, ISBN 093286337X, page 19
- ^ See Regions and territories: Somaliland (30 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
- ^ Romanization in Pinyin.
- ^ "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview". Taipei Times. 2008-10-08.
- ^ 'See Regions and territories: Trans-Dniester (13 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
- ^ "State", pp. 512–3 in Penguin Dictionary of International Relations. Evans, Graham & Newnham, Jeffrey. 1998. (ISBN 0-14-051397-3). London: Penguin Books Ltd.
- ^ Non-member States and Entities, Retrieved 2009-12-2
- ^ Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle (2005), "What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean", in Von Tigerstrom, Barbara (ed.), International Law Issues in the South Pacific, Ashgate Publishing, p. 204, ISBN 0754644197 "Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims."
- ^ CIA – the World Factbook – Antarctica – accessed 19 January 2008
- ^ "Other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining permanent offices at Headquarters". Retrieved 2009-12-22.
- ^ Bilateral relations with countries, Retrieved 2009-12-22
- ^ "What is the Order of Malta?". Retrieved 2009-12-22.
- ^ Chapter General of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (1998-01-12). Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 "Sovereignty," Paragraph 1 (PDF). Rome: Tipografia Arte della Stampa. p. 11.
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References
edit- "List of Territories" (PDF). (84.7 KiB) (2004). United Nations Cartographic Section. Retrieved 17 January 2006.
- Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations (2006). United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
- Countries and currencies (2006). European Commission. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
- The World Factbook (2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 17 January 2006.
- ISO 3166 country code list (2006) ISO 3166-1 Retrieved 18 October 2006
- How many countries are there in the world? an article by David Madore on this unanswerable question
- Average Latitude & Longitude of Countries
- World List of ISO Countries and States