User:Sobreira/PIE

Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages

IE

Indo-European sound laws and Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages (C)

Proto-Indo-European consonants and their reflexes in selected Indo-European daughter languages

PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Alb.	Arm.	Hitt.	Toch.	Greek	Greek+[j]	Latin	Old Irish	Gothic	English
*p	p; ph16	p; f17	p			h; w1	p			pt	p	Ø; ch [x]2	f; b [β]3	f; v, f8
*sp	normal development of /s/+/p/				f	normal development of /s/+/p/						f	sp
*t	t; th16	t; θ17	t			tʿ [tʰ]	t; z [ts]5	t; c [c]5	t	s; tt/ss1	t	t; th [θ]8	þ [θ]; d [ð];3 t4	th; d;3 t4
*t+t [tst]	tt; tth16	st; sθ17?	st		s	s?	zt [tst]	ss?	st		ss		ss or st
*st	normal development of /s/+/t/				sht [ʃt]	normal development of /s/+/t/					st
*ḱ	ś [ɕ]	s		š [ʃ]	th [θ]; k9	s	k	k; ś [ɕ]9	k		c [k]	c [k]; ch [x]8	h; g [ɣ]3	h; Ø;8 y3
*k	k; c [tʃ];5 kh16	k; c [tʃ];5 x17	k; č [tʃ];5 c [ts]10	k	k	kʿ [kʰ]
*kʷ					k; s;5 q [c]10		ku		p; t;5 k6		qu [kʷ]; c [k]7		ƕ [ʍ]; gw, w3	wh; w3
*sḱ	ćh; ććh1	s?	sk	š?	h	?? č`; c`1	normal dev. of /s/+/ḱ/		sk; kh;19 skh20		sc [sk]		sk	sh [ʃ]
*sk	normal development of /s/+/k/				?	normal development of /s/+/k/
*skʷ	normal development of /s/+/kʷ/					normal development of /s/+/kʷ/					squ [skʷ]	sc [sk]	sq
*b	b; bh16	b; β18	b			p			b	pt	b	b [b]; [β]8	p
*d	d; dh16	d; δ18	d		d; dh [ð]8	t		ts; ś [ɕ]5	d	z [zd > dz > z]	d	d [d]; [ð]8	t
*ǵ	j [dʒ]; h [ɦ]16	z		ž [ʒ]	dh [ð]; g9	c [ts]	k	k; ś [ɕ]9	g		g	g [ɡ]; [ɣ]8	k	c / k; ch10
*g	g; j [dʒ];5 gh;16 h [ɦ]16,5	g; j [dʒ];5 γ18	g; ž [ʒ];5 dz10	g	g	k
*gʷ					g; z;5 gj [ɟ]10		ku		b; d;5 g6		u [w > v]; gu [ɡʷ]15	b [b]; [β]8	q [kʷ]	qu
*bʰ	bh [bʱ]	b; β18	b			b; w8	p		ph [pʰ]	pt	f;21 b		b [b]; b [β];8 f13	b; v / f24
*dʰ	dh [dʱ]	d; δ18	d				t	t; c [c]5	th [tʰ]	tt/ss	f;21 d; b14	d [d]; [ð]8	d; d [ð];8 þ13	d
*ǵʰ	h [ɦ]	z		ž [ʒ]	dh [ð]; d9	j [dz]; z8	k	k; ś [ɕ]5	ch [kʰ]		h; h / g9	g [ɡ]; [ɣ]8	g; g [ɣ];8 g [x]13	g; y / w24
*gʰ	gh [ɡʱ]; h [ɦ]5	g; j [dʒ];5 γ18	g; ž [ʒ];5 dz10	g	g	g; ǰ [dʒ]5
*gʷʰ					g; z;5 gj [ɟ]10		ku		ph [pʰ]; th [tʰ];5 ch [kʰ]6		f;21 g / u [w];8 gu [ɡʷ]15		g; b;21 w;8 gw15	g; b;21 w8
*s	s	h [h, x]; s2	s		sh [ʃ]; gj [ɟ];12 h8	h; s;2 Ø8	š [s]	s; ṣ [ʂ]	h;21 s;22, 13 Ø;8 [¯]23	i	s; r8	s [s]; [h]8	s; z3	s; r3
	ṣ [ʂ]11	š [ʃ]11	x [x]11	š [ʃ]11
*m	m									in	m	m [m]; [w̃]8	m
*-m13	m		˛ [˜]	n		Ø		n		--	m	n	Ø
*n	n		n; ˛ [˜]13	n				n; ñ [ɲ]	n	in	n
*l	r (dial. l)	r	l		l; ll [ɫ]8	l / ɫ [ɫ > ɣ]	l			il	l
*r	r				r [ɾ]; rr [r]8	r				ir	r
*i̯	y [j]		j [j]		gj [ɟ]; Ø	Ø	y [j]		z [zd > dz > z] / h; Ø 8	?i	i [j]; Ø 8	Ø	j	y
*u̯	v [ʋ]	v [w]	v	v [ʋ]	v	g / w	w		w > h / Ø	i	u [w > v]	f; Ø8	w
PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Alb.	Arm.	Hitt.	Toch.	Greek	Greek+/j/	Latin	Old Irish	Gothic	English

Notes:

• ¹ After a vowel.
• ² Before a plosive (p, t, k).
• ³ Following an unstressed vowel (Verner's law).
• ⁴ After a (PIE) stop or s.
• ⁵ Before a (PIE) front vowel (i, e).
• ⁶ Before or after a (PIE) u.
• ⁷ Before or after a (PIE) o, u.
• ⁸ Between vowels.
• ⁹ Before a sonorant.
• ¹⁰ Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels.
• ¹¹ After r, u, k, i (Ruki sound law).
• ¹² Before a stressed vowel.
• ¹³ At the end of a word.
• ¹⁴ After u, r or before r, l.
• ¹⁵ After n.
• ¹⁶ Before an original laryngeal.
• ¹⁷ Before a consonant or original laryngeal.
• ¹⁸ In Younger Avestan, after a vowel.
• ¹⁹ After r, l, m, n, t, d, possibly other consonants?
• ²⁰ After (Greek) th.
• ²¹ At the beginning of a word.
• ²² Before or after an obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s).
• ²³ Before or after a resonant (r, l, m, n).
• ²⁴ Between vowels, or between a vowel and r, l (on either side).

Indo-European sound laws and Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages (V)

Proto-Indo-European vowels and syllabic consonants, and their reflexes in the Indo-European daughter languages

Trad. PIE	Laryng. PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Arm.	Alb.	Toch.	Hitt.	Greek	Latin18	Proto-Celtic	Gothic19	Old English18
														normal	umlauted20
*e	*e, *h₁e	a		e			je, ie, e, i; ja12	ä	e, i	e			i; aí [ɛ]2	e; eo21	i; ie21
*a	(*a3), *h₂e			o	a	a	ha, a	ā	ha, a	a			a	æ; a;22 ea21	e; ie21
*o	*h₃e					o, a	a	a, e	a	o
	*o	a; ā4
*ə16	*h₁16	i	i, Ø	Ø		a, Ø		ā	a	e	a		a, Ø
	*h₂16								h	a
	*h₃16									o
*-	*h₁-17	Ø				e (a?)	Ø		a	e (o)	Ø
	*h₂-17					a			ha	a
	*h₃-17								a, ha	o
*ē	*ē, *eh₁	ā		ě	ė	i	o, ua	a/e?; ā?8	e, i	ē		ī	ē	ǣ
*ā	(*ā3), *eh₂			a	o [oː]	a		a/o?	a, ah	ā > ē15	ā	ā	ō		ē
*ō	*ō, *eh₃				uo	u	e	a/ā?; ū?8	a	ō		ā; ū8
*i	*i	i		ь	i	i	i; e10	ä	i	i			i; aí [ɛ]2	i
*ī	*ih₁	ī		i	y [iː]		i	i		ī	ī		ei [iː]	ī
	*ih₂					i or (j)a?7		yā		ī or (j)ā?7
	*ih₃									ī or (j)ō?7
*ei	*ei, *h₁ei	ai > ē	ai > ōi, āi > aē4		ei; ie5	i		e	ei	ei	ī	īa; ē6
*oi	*oi, *h₃ei			ě	ai; ie5	e	e, ai		ay	oi	ū	oe	ái	ā	ǣ
*ai	(*ai3), *h₂ei									ai	ae	ae
*ēi	*ēi	āi; ā8	āi; ā(i)8	i			i			ēi	ī?		ei [iː]	ī
*ōi	*ōi (*oei)			y; u8	ai; ui8		e, ai		ai	ōi	ō	u8	ái	ā	ǣ
*āi	*eh₂ei			ě						āi > ēi15	ae
*u	*u	u		ъ	u	u	u; y11	ä	u	u	u	u; o1	u; aú [ɔ]2	u; o23	y
*ū	*uh₁	ū		y	ū		y; i8	u		ū	ū				ȳ
	*uh₂					u or (w)a?7		wā		ū or (w)ā?7
	*uh₃									ū or (w)ō?7
*eu	*eu, *h₁eu	ō	ə̄u; ao4	ju	iau	oy	e	u		eu	ū	ūa; ō9	iu	ēo	īe
*ou	*ou,*h₃eu			u	au		a	o, au		ou			áu	ēa
*au	(*au3), *h₂eu					aw				au	au
*ēu	*ēu	āu		u	iau		e				ū?		iu	ēo
*ōu	*ōu						a			ō			áu	ēa
*m̥	*m̥	a		ę	im̃; um̃14	am	a	äm	am	a	em	em, am	um	um	ym
*m̥̅	*mh₁	ā			ìm; ùm14	ama		mā		mē	mā
	*mh₂									mā > mē15
	*mh₃									mō
*m̥m	*m̥m	am		ьm/ъm	im; um14	am				am	em	am
*n̥	*n̥	a		ę	iñ; uñ14	an		än	an	a	en	en, an	un	un	yn
*n̥̄	*nh₁	ā			ìn; ùn14	ana		nā		nē	nā
	*nh₂									nā > nē 15
	*nh₃									nō
*n̥n	*n̥n	an		ьn/ъn	iñ; uñ14	an				an	en	an
*l̥	*l̥	ṛ	ərə	lь/lъ	il̃; ul̃14	al	il, li; ul, lu	äl	al	la	ol	li	ul	ul; ol23	yl
*l̥̄	*lh₁	īr; ūr13	arə		ìl; ùl14	ala	al	lā		lē	lā
	*lh₂									lā > lē15
	*lh₃									lō
*l̥l	*l̥l	ir; ur13	ar	ьl/ъl	il; ul14	al, la				al	el	al
*r̥	*r̥	ṛ	ərə	rь/rъ	ir̃; ur̃14	ar	ir, ri; ur, ru	är	ar	ra	or	ri	aúr [ɔr]	ur; or23	yr
*r̥̄	*rh₁	īr; ūr13	arə		ìr; ùr14	ara	ra	rā		rē	rā
	*rh₂									rā > rē15
	*rh₃									rō
*r̥r	*r̥r	ir; ur13	ar	ьr/ъr	ir; ur14	ar				ar	ar	ar
Trad. PIE	Laryng. PIE	Skr.	Av.	O.C.S.	Lith.	Arm.	Alb.	Toch.	Hitt.	Greek	Latin18	Proto-Celtic	Gothic19	normal	umlauted20
														Old English18

Notes

• ¹ Before wa.
• ² Before r, h. Gothic, but not other Germanic languages, merges /e/ and /i/.
• ³ The existence of PIE non-allophonic a is disputed.
• ⁴ In open syllables (Brugmann's law).
• ⁵ Under stress.
• ⁶ Before palatal consonants.
• ⁷ The so-called breaking is disputed (typical examples are *proti-h₃kʷo- > Ved. prátīkam ~ Gk. πρόσωπον; *gʷih₃u̯o- > Ved. jīvá- ~ Arm. keank‘, Gk. ζωός; *duh₂ro- > Ved. dūrá- ~ Arm. erkar, Gk. δηρός)
• ⁸ In a final syllable.
• ⁹ Before velars and unstressed
• ¹⁰ Before ā in the following syllable.
• ¹¹ Before i in the following syllable.
• ¹² In a closed syllable.
• ¹³ In the neighbourhood of labials.
• ¹⁴ In the neighbourhood of labiovelars.
• ¹⁵ ā > ē in Attic and Ionic dialects only.
• ¹⁶ Between consonants, or at the end of a word after a consonant.
• ¹⁷ At the beginning of a word, followed by a consonant.
• ¹⁸ In initial syllables only.
• ¹⁹ In non-final syllables only.
• ²⁰ Before i, ī, or /j/ in the next syllable in Proto-Germanic (i-umlaut).
• ²¹ Before h, w, or before r, l plus a consonant ("breaking").
• ²² Before a back vowel in the next syllable (a restoration).
• ²³ Before a non-high vowel in the next syllable (a-mutation).