Charles Raymond “Bob” Gurney
Charles Raymond Gurney c. 1930[1]
Born(1906-05-22)22 May 1906
Died2 May 1942(1942-05-02) (aged 35)
Cause of deathAircraft crash
Resting placePort Moresby (Bomana) War Cemetery
OccupationAviator
AwardsAir Force Cross
Aviation career
RankSquadron Leader

Charles Raymond (Bob) Gurney, AFC (22 May 1906 – 2 May 1942) was an Australian aviator who was involved in pioneering aviation in New Guinea in the 1930s, flew with Qantas before and during the Second World War, served with the Royal Australian Air Force from September 1939, and was killed on operations against the Japanese in the south west Pacific in 1942 flying with the USAAF. In his aviation career "Bob" Gurney was chief pilot of Guinea Airways, a Qantas flying boat captain and a Squadron Leader in the RAAF, who even had to bomb his own home. In commemoration of his service an airport in Papua New Guinea and a street in Townsville, Queensland are named after him.

Early Life

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Charles Raymond Gurney (known as “Bob”) was born in Corowa, New South Wales on 22 May 1906 to Raymond Gillies and Ida Winifred Sapphire Gurney (née Badham), although later adopted by his mother’s second husband, William Butler Gurney (1914). His family moved to Sydney and in December 1925 he joined the RAAF, learning to fly at Point Cook, Victoria under the instruction of Alan Cross. He joined No. 3 Squadron as a Pilot Officer in April 1926 on the reserve list. To get his hours up for a commercial pilot's licence, he barnstormed around the country and flew RAAF Wapiti’s from Richmond. In 1929 he was approached by Alan Cross, then Guinea Airways manager, and asked to go to New Guinea. The next year, he married Margaret Josephine Mortimer (known as Jo) in North Sydney.

Guinea Airways: 1929-1936

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Bob joined Guinea Airways in 1929, but retained his reserve status in the Citizen Air Force. During the 1920s the Morobe Goldfields in the Mandated Territory of Papua New Guinea were being developed. The only routes to the goldfields was by foot from Salamaua on the coast or by aeroplane from Lae (about 20 miles across the Huon Gulf from Salamaua) to the airstrip at Wau, which was first used in 1927. When Bob started with Guinea Airways in November 1929 he arrived with two other pilots to join the three already flying the two Junkers W 34s and two de Havilland Moths. At the beginning of 1931 the first Junkers G 31 was flown, having arrived at Lae by ship. Guinea Airways owned one G 31 (VH-UOW) and operated two for Bulolo Gold Dredging Ltd. (VH-UOU and VH-UOV); a third was added in 1934 (VH-URQ). Guinea Airways was flying in the equipment needed for gold dredging and at this time was carrying more freight than the rest of the world combined.[2] By this time, Bob Gurney was Chief Pilot for Guinea Airways. Among the more unusual pieces of freight that Bob transported was a Baby Austin car belonging to Dr. Ian Dickson from Lae to Wau in 1933 (in the Junkers G 31 VH-UOW). The next year, in the same plane, he flew a 7,500 lb stator for Baiune power house to Bulolo Airfield, with the centre of gravity about 3’ 6” above the wings, and landing with only ten minutes of fuel left. At the time, this was considered to be “probably the heaviest and most awkward single piece load yet carried by aeroplane”[3].

Bob not only flew large amounts of freight, but was also involved in the exploration of the interior of Papua and New Guinea doing aerial surveys and supply runs for the Leahy brothers, Ivan Champion, Jack Hides and Jim Taylor.[2] In the early days of air mail, Bob often signed envelopes as the delivering pilot, particularly when carried to or from remote locations such as Wahgi River, Mount Hagen & Salamaua (all in 1933), and Port Moresby & Bena Bena (in 1934). The first two pieces of air mail from Mogai Aerodrome (near Mount Hagen gold fields) were signed and dated by Bob Gurney (2 April 1934), who piloted the very first plane into the aerodrome on the previous day. Some of these envelopes are now considered to be collector’s items due to their rarity. [4][5][6][7][8]

Qantas: 1936-1939

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In June 1936, Bob Gurney left Guinea Airways and joined Qantas Empire Airways (QEA) as a captain flying de Havilland D.H.86s on the Brisbane-Singapore route. Three other colleagues from Guinea Airways also moved to Qantas around the same time: Orm Denny (April 1936), Aubrey Koch (July 1938), and Godfrey “Goff” Hemsworth. The flying boats were based in Rose Bay, Sydney, and carried about 12 passengers, with the steward in a white shirt with black tie; to travel in such boats was the height of luxury. They only flew during the daytime and landed at places like Karumba, Townsville and Brisbane [9]. In April 1937, Gurney and two other Qantas Captains (Bill Crowther and Lester Brain) flew from Brisbane to England to receive training in the handling of the new Short Empire flying boats Qantas had purchased[10]. Qantas operated the Sydney-Singapore sector of the Australia-England Empire route, and Imperial Airways the Singapore-England sector. The journey from Sydney to Southampton took 9½ days. On 22 December 1938, Gurney and Denny piloted the Cordelia in the first Qantas Empire Airways flying boat flight from Darwin to Brisbane (1940 miles) in one day[11].

 
Bob Gurney (R) with Lester Brain and Bill Crowther in England, training on Empire Flying Boats

RAAF: 1939-1942

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At the outbreak of World War II, the Australian Government requisitioned two C-class Empire flying boats from Qantas (‘’Centaurus’’ and ‘’Calypso’’), along with their crews, to form No. 11 Squadron RAAF, initially at RAAF Base Richmond, but quickly moved to Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. The boats were converted for war use in 5 days and on 25 September 1939 left for active service operations in the north of Australia. Bob Gurney was one of the pilots and of the 4 officers in the contingent, 3 died in the first six months of the war in the Pacific. Captains Bob Gurney & Eric Sims and First Officers Bill Purton & Godfrey Hemsworth, some of whom had been on the RAAF Reserve, transferred to full-time RAAF duty along with other QEA staff. Gurney and Hemsworth in particular were selected for transfer to the RAAF due to their detailed knowledge of Papua New Guinea. They were later joined by Mike Mather.[12][13]

 
Original members of the first RAAF Empire flying-boat squadron (Gurney is on the left)

The squadron undertook seaward reconnaissance in defence of trade routes and Australian shipping, shadowing Japanese shipping, with Bob carrying out many maritime surveillance missions to New Britain, the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides[14]. At this stage, Gurney was a Flight Lieutenant, but was promoted to Squadron Leader in January 1941, and was made temporary Commanding Officer of the squadron. At some point around this time, the squadron was re-equipped with PBY Catalina flying boats.

 
Officers of RAAF No 11 Squadron, Port Moresby, early 1941 (Bob Gurney is second from the left in the back row)

[15]

On 18 April 1941, Gurney piloted the first direct flight from Sydney to Noumea, New Caledonia, in a PBY Catalina from No. 11 Squadron, signing a commemorative envelope to mark the occasion.

 
Envelope commemorating first direct flight from Sydney to Noumea, signed by C R Gurney

Owing to British war commitments, in October 1941 Qantas took over responsibility the Singapore-Karachi sector of the Empire route. Due to crew shortage, Bob Gurney, Bill Purton and Eric Sims were seconded from the RAAF to operate the flying boats with Qantas. The outbreak of war in the Pacific necessitated frequent re-evaluation of the routes flown and Bob was involved in the Batavia-Singapore shuttles and the Broome-Tjilatjap shuttles. On 19 February 1942 Gurney was in Darwin with other Qantas crews when the first Japanese air attack on Australia occurred; he was sheltering near the Darwin Hotel when the post office was destroyed[16]. Gurney was recalled to active service in March 1942 and was made Commanding Officer of 33 Squadron based at Townsville on 8 March 1942. Japanese forces invaded Papua New Guinea, and chose to place part of their headquarters in the house that had previously been Gurney’s home in Lae. When a bombing raid on Lae was launched, Gurney insisted on taking part:

“urging that he not only knew the place better than anyone else on the station, but could claim a prior right in smashing up his own home. He went, and from the aircraft he flew was launched the bomb that blew his own house to smithereens.” [17]

In February 1942 the 22nd Bombardment Group USAAF, equipped with Martin B-26 Marauders, left the United States and made its base at Townsville. On 5 April 1942 the 22nd launched its first combat strike against Rabaul in New Britain (north of New Guinea). Bob's intimate knowledge of the flying conditions and geography around New Guinea made him a natural choice to fly with the Americans.

Final Flight

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On 2 May 1942, Gurney was co-pilot in B-26 Marauder no. 40-1426 (built by Martin), with Christian “Chris” Herron as the USAAF pilot. They took off, with a crew of seven, from Kila Kila Airfield near Port Moresby, New Guinea, on a bombing mission against Simpson Harbour off Rabaul, New Britain in this particular aircraft’s first combat mission.[18] Somehow, on the way to Rabaul, their aircraft became separated from the rest of the raid, so when they arrived over Simpson Harbour late, they were on their own and the Japanese were ready for them. Nonetheless, they pressed on with the mission alone. Over the target, one engine was hit by anti-aircraft fire, so they departed the area on only one engine, gradually losing altitude. Herron took refuge in a brewing storm, but struggled to stay airborne. The crew was instructed to jettison anything they could to bring stability to the aircraft. They then managed to fly almost three hundred miles towards friendly territory.[19] As they approached the Trobriand Islands, Herron knew that they would not make it to a landing strip, and that he should let friendly forces know of their location and need to attempt an emergency landing. Gurney knew that enemy forces would be listening to such broadcasts, so suggested the message: “Making a forced landing where Francine used to live.” The staff at Port Moresby knew, along with Gurney, that a woman named Francine had previously lived on Kiriwina Island, the largest in the Trobriands, so were able to send a rescue mission to the right area.

Prior to attempting an emergency landing, the crew was advised to bail out; when they refused, they were told to secure themselves in the rear of the aircraft. The five crewmen wedged themselves tightly together with cushions in the rear compartment, with Herron and Gurney remaining in the cockpit.[20]

Instead of the normal emergency procedure of a belly landing, pilot Herron attempted a conventional wheels-down landing on a patch of flat terrain that "looked like a meadow" on the southern end of the island. Whilst he was successful in executing the three-point landing, the appearance of flat, solid ground on Kiriwina turned out to be deceptive; it was actually a bog. The nose wheel ploughed into the marsh, the front strut ripped loose, and the Plexiglas nose of the Marauder buried itself in the muck, causing the bomber to flip over onto its back.[19][20][18][21]

The five crewmen emerged from a hatch in the bomber's belly, shaken but unhurt apart from a bruised shoulder. Herron called from the upside-down cockpit to check that the crew had survived. Having waded waist-deep through the swamp, the crew found Gurney already dead, and Herron trapped in the cockpit filling with water as it sank into the mud. Despite their efforts, Herron drowned before they could pull him free from the wreckage. They said a prayer and covered the cockpit with Herron’s parachute.[19][20] [18]

Sure enough, the rescue party in a Catalina had received Gurney’s message regarding their landing location. They landed on the water near Samarai, and were told by an Australian Soldier on board a Lakatoi that Francine was the daughter of a French Missionary who had lived on Kiriwina. They headed off to the island to find the five survivors on 3 May, with confirmation that both Gurney and Herron were dead. The crew were transported to Port Moresby and returned to duty. The bodies of Gurney and Herron were temporarily buried in the cemetery at Milne Bay, with Gurney at grave no. 1.[22][18] [23]

Legacy

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Gurney was later reinterred in grave A3.D.14 of the Port Moresby Bomana War Cemetery. [24]

 
Gurney’s grave (on the left) is marked with a wooden cross before permanent headstones were installed
 

On 11 June 1942, in the King’s Birthday Honours, Gurney was posthumously awarded the Air Force Cross (AFC). [25][26][27] On 14 September 1942, No. 1 Strip (Fall River) at Milne Bay was officially renamed "Gurney Field" in his honour. This airfield has since become Gurney Airport.[28][29]

File:Gurney Airport memorial plaque (C R Gurney).jpg
Memorial to Charles Raymond (Bob) Gurney at the airport named after him – Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea

Gurney Street in Townsville, Australia, adjacent to RAAF Townsville where Gurney was based as CO of 33 Squadron, is named after him. [30]


References

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  1. ^ Crome, E A. "Portrait of Bob Gurney, pilot". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b Holm, Peter. "Sqn Ldr Charles Raymond "Bob" Gurney". Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  3. ^ W. T. Cram (5 October 1934). "Charles R. Gurney & Junkers G.31 Flys 7,500 lb Load to Bulolo Airfield". Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  4. ^ "Sale 141 - New Guinea". Stamp Auctions. Corbitts. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  5. ^ "General Public Auction No 131" (PDF). Philatelic Auctions. Prestige Philately. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  6. ^ "Auction No 176" (PDF). Philatelic Auctions. Prestige Philately. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  7. ^ "Auction 131". Philatelic Auctions. Prestige Philately. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  8. ^ "Air Mails 2013 (#414)". Moss Green. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  9. ^ Air Commodore Gordon Steege (27 January 1993). "Memoires" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  10. ^ "Flying Boat Training in England". The Queenslander. 29 April 1937. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  11. ^ "Flying Boat, Plane in Night Trips". The Courier Mail. 22 December 1938. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  12. ^ Gibbs, W J. "A Glimpse of the RAAF Meteorological Service". Federation and Meteorology. Australian Science and Technology Heritage Centre, Univesiry of Melbourne. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  13. ^ Bennett-Bremner, E (1944). Front-line airline: the war story of Qantas Empire Airways Limited. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
  14. ^ Dawson, Leslie (16 July 2013). Fabulous Flying Boats: A History of the World's Passenger Flying Boats. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 1473826756. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  15. ^ W. J. Gibbs (2001). "A Glimpse of the RAAF Meteorological Service". Federation and Meteorology. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  16. ^ Wynnum B Graham (April 2001). "Empire C Class Flying Boats" (PDF). ADF Serials. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  17. ^ "Bombed His Own Home". Flight Magazine. XLII (1762): 356. 1 October 1942. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  18. ^ a b c d "B-26 Marauder Serial Number 40-1426". Pacific Wrecks. 19 December 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  19. ^ a b c Gamble, Bruce (16 May 2010). Fortress Rabaul: The Battle for the Southwest Pacific, January 1942-April 1943. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 1610600711. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  20. ^ a b c "Airman Dies Saving Crew". The Pittsburgh Press. 9 May 1942. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  21. ^ Coll, Walter Gaylor. "Crash site of B26 40-1426 of 22nd Bomb Group USAAF, shot down 2 May 1942". Wikimapia. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  22. ^ H G (Murray) Brown. "Eulogy to W/C Dick Atkinson, CO No. 11 Squadron, Catalinas circa 1942-3". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  23. ^ Jones, Don. "Charles Raymond Gurney grave at Milne Bay". Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  24. ^ "CWGC". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  25. ^ "Second Supplement". The London Gazette. No. 35586. HMSO. 5 June 1942. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  26. ^ "Birthday Honours". The Mercury. No. Vol. CLV. No. 22, 318. 11 June 1942. Retrieved 27 April 2016. {{cite news}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  27. ^ "More Birthday Honours". Flight Magazine. XLI (1748): 649. 25 June 1942. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  28. ^ "Gurney Airfield (No. 1 Strip, Fall River)". Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  29. ^ "Battle of Milne Bay, 1942 (World War II)". Adventures in Milne Bay. Milne Bay Tourism. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  30. ^ Mathew, J (1995). Highways and Byways: The origins of Townsville Street Names. Townsville Library Service. Retrieved 28 April 2016.



Category:1906 births Category:1942 deaths Category:Australian aviators Category:Aviation pioneers Category:Royal Australian Air Force officers Category:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Australia