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User:Sizzle Flambé/Human disguise

< User:Sizzle Flambé
For the first time Psyche sees the true form of her lover Eros; darkness had hidden his wings

A human disguise is a concept in computer science, fantasy, folklore, mythology, religion, literary tradition, iconography and science fiction whereby non-human beings such as aliens, angels, demons, gods, monsters, robots, Satan or shapeshifters are disguised to seem human.[1][2] The deception has been depicted in storylines as a means used to blend in with people, and in science fiction to raise questions about what it means to be human.[3]

In religion, mythology, and folklore edit

In pagan religions, deities very often took on the form of a human disguise for various tasks.[4][5][6][7] The gods "of whom the minstrels sang" in Homer's Iliad watched the "human spectacle" as partisans, and came down to Earth invisible or in human disguise[2] to interfere, sometimes to protect their favorites from harm (compare deus ex machina). Their human disguises sometimes extended to them getting hurt in conflicts.[8] Zeus's human disguises have been compared to Plato's use of communicating through alternate characters as a means to express that the "essential philosophical nature is divine rather than human" and "cannot be represented without some element of human "disguise".[9]

In the Torah, angels only appeared to men in a human disguise, and never without one.[5] In the Old Testament apocryphal Book of Tobit, the Archangel Raphael takes on human disguise and the name of Azarias.[10] The Book of Genesis tells of three angels visiting Abraham in human disguise (Gen.18),[11] and two visiting Lot in Sodom (Gen.19).[12] Philosophy professor Peter Kreeft has asserted that when an angel is wearing its human disguise, human beings cannot penetrate the disguise due to the superior abilities angels possess; Kreeft cites as proof Hebrews 13:2: "... some people have entertained angels without knowing it." [13]

St. Augustine and Christian scholars of that age agreed that the Devil could manipulate a person's senses to create illusions in the mind; fake human bodies would be made from particles of air, that seemed quite real to those who saw them.[14] John Milton's poem Paradise Regained has Satan disguised as an old man.[15] The Christian heresy of docetism held that Jesus was not a human but was, instead, a divine spirit in the guise of a human.[16]

Monsters like vampires and werewolves could purportedly take human form at certain times, and lore gave advice as to how to detect or drive away these seemingly human creatures.[17] Even Red Riding Hood's Wolf (though presumably not a werewolf) could disguise himself as her grandmother. Stories are also told of mermaids walking in human form, such as Hans Christian Andersen's Little Mermaid, which is based on many such legends. Changelings are often described in Western European folklore as a type of legendary creature, left in place of a human infant, for a variety of reasons. They are usually not able to mimic the human perfectly, thus there are various ways to reveal them.

Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and native American beliefs have traditions where gods and spirits are said to descend to earth in human form to help or hinder humanity.[18] In native American myths "the sun, moon, and morning star seem free to take human form and roam the earth, seeking love and other adventures."[19]

 
The kitsune Kuzunoha casts a fox's shadow even in human form. Kuzunoha is a popular figure in folklore and the subject of kabuki plays. Print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.

In Japanese mythology, kitsune, or legendary foxes, often take on a human disguise; most frequently taking the form of an elderly man, attractive women, or child.[20] Kitsune can also replicate the exact appearance of a specific person.[21] In medieval Japan, the belief that any beautiful women met alone at dusk was a kitsune was prevalent.[22] In some legends, kitsune cannot fully transform, but maintain a tail or other foxlike characteristic[23] such as long red hair.[24] Some kitsune in disguise prey on humans through sexual contact, much like the succubus.[25]

Other Japanese animals that (according to myth) can take human disguise include the bakeneko (ghost-cat), tanuki (raccoon dog), mujina (badger), and jorōgumo (spider). The category of such shapeshifting creatures is called obake or bakemono.

The wandering Stranger (ijin, 異人) in Japanese folklore may turn out to be a secret prince or priest... "And he can also be an avowedly supernatural being, outside the human race. The Wardens of certain pools, for example, who are believed to be snakes, and to be ready to lend lacquer cups and bowls to those who wish to borrow them for a party, are referred to as ijin. So are the uncanny yamabito or 'mountain people', said to be seven or eight feet tall, to be covered with hair or leaves, and to live deep in the mountains beyond human habitation. .... The Stranger is... possessed of powerful magic, but he is disguised as a filthy beggar. Be careful therefore how you treat strangers...."[26]

Selkie are seals who can shed their skin and turn into humans.[27] They are mentioned in Faroese, Icelandic, Irish, and Scottish mythology, as well as myths of the Chinook people, and are the premise of the film The Secret of Roan Inish.

Art iconography edit

Roland Mushat Frye discusses a common iconographic tradition of Satanic disguise as a "falsus frater, as an old Franciscan friar, or as a hermit, often with a rosary, as Botticelli represented him in his Sistine Chapel frescoes".[28]

In literary criticism edit

In a study of multi-cultural literary traditions Quint traces examples of the recurring literary archetype of a disguised supernatural visitor: for example in Virgil's Aeneid and in Torquato Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata.[29]

In fiction edit

Supernatural creatures edit

Fiction may feature disguise for dramatic or comedic considerations. For instance, besides the aerial-daemonic Asmodeus and the undead-human Dracula, consider the plight of the the nonhuman-primate, in fact prosimian, vampire, trying to get by in a human world: The Changeover: a Supernatural Romance, a young adult novel by the New Zealand novelist Margaret Mahy, features a vampiric lemur named Carmody Braque who masquerades as a human antique dealer.[30]

Aliens edit

Gary Westfahl wrote that Stanislaw Lem and other writers use a standard argument: that "science fiction writers, as human beings, are inherently incapable of imagining truly alien beings, meaning that all aliens in science fiction are nothing but disguised humans."[31]

Examples edit

Various works of science fiction have described aliens disguised in human form.[32][1]

The theme of alien infiltration in human form appeared commonly during the Cold War.[33] Jack Finney's 1955 novel The Body Snatchers, and the films made from it, involve aliens not only looking generally human, but replacing specific human beings, an intensely frightening prospect because one's own neighbors, friends, and family must now be suspected. It has been suggested that this conveyed the paranoia of the McCarthy era.[34]

The various incarnations of Star Trek had numerous aliens capable of impersonating humans, e.g. the Salt Vampire of "The Man Trap", Trelane the Squire of Gothos, the Organians in "Errand of Mercy", the re-created historical combatants in "The Savage Curtain", among others from the original series; the Changelings (Odo's people) in Deep Space Nine; and the Suliban in Enterprise.

David Buxton's Avengers to Miami Vice discusses the use of human disguise in The Invaders.[35], suggesting that though it might at first glance appear to be an extraterrestrial representation of the communist threat the show also picks up on deeper doubts regarding the American value-system.

The theme of infiltration continued in popularity into the the closing stages of the Cold War in the 1980s. In the science fiction series V, the reptilian aliens wear human suits to pass as humans, trying to make humans feel more comfortable around them. [36] They Live deviated from the cold war fear of communists by having its alien infiltrators be the capitalist elite, exploiting mindnumbed consumers[37] while The Thing featured a more visceral biological horror, with an alien that would infect and duplicate hosts.[38] In the 1982 British Sci-fi film Xtro, an alien spaceship abducts a father and an alien returns disguised as him. The alien rapes the man's wife and she gives birth to a fully grown man in what author Barbara Creed describes as being a primal "phantasy" where man is born fully grown and completely independent of its mother.[39]

Recently DC: The New Frontier returned to the cold war theme, using the character of the Martian Manhunter, "a shape-changing alien who adopts human disguise because he knows his alien form would scare people", to look back at cold war paranoia and fear of outsiders.[40]

In Pandemic's 1950s-themed Destroy All Humans video game, the Furon character Crypto, a gray-skinned alien, uses a holographic human disguise to infiltrate suburban America. "In human form he cannot use weapons but is still able to use his mental powers to hurl objects and hypnotize people into becoming obedient slaves."[41]

Some authors portray the mannerisms of aliens using human disguises as awkward, indicating that the aliens do not feel comfortable in their false skins,[42] for instance Vincent D'Onofrio's portrayal of an alien "Bug" wearing a human suit in Men In Black.[43]

Aliens in human disguise do not always have sinister motives: in Meet Dave, a group of aliens arrive in a spaceship shaped like a human being, and pilot it, to interact with the humans without getting noticed. In Star Man, the alien appears in human form, explaining it was so "you not be a little bit jumpy." In the Men in Black movie and comic book, alien immigrants disguised as humans inhabit the Earth;[44] the alien prince of the Arquillian Empire lives as a human being with a pet cat.

Galaxy Quest and Third Rock from the Sun also use the meme. Third Rock from the Sun features a group of aliens given human bodies to observe aspects of human society.

An episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer incorporates a praying mantis in human disguise, posing as a substitute high-school teacher who seduces her students before eating them. The mantis in disguise serves as a metaphor to suggest to younger viewers that being unprepared and rushing into becoming sexually active can result in being "devoured".[45]

In the film Mimic, insects native to Earth are genetically modified to stop a cockroach-borne disease, but as a side-effect later evolve in size and shape to mimic and prey upon human beings.

In Marvel Comics the Skrull, a race of aliens, commonly disguise themselves as humans to move about unnoticed on Earth.

A particularly notable and riveting form of human disguise appears in Larry Niven's Ringworld, specifically in the minor religion practiced by the Kdaptists, a religous order of Kzin who believe that the pinnacle of creation is not Kzin but man, and adopt a mask of human skin during prayer to attempt to trick God into thinking they are His children.[46][47]

Robots edit

In the movies A.I. Artificial Intelligence, and the Alien series, robots are made to look and act human. In The Terminator, Arnold Schwarzenegger played a cyborg that wore a human disguise.[48]

Isaac Asimov considered humanoid robots (androids) in the novel Robots and Empire and the short stories "Evidence" and "The Tercentenary Incident", in which robots are crafted to fool people into believing that the robots are human. Some of Asimov's robots respond to human distrust and antipathy by passing as human and influencing human development for its own good. In Asimov's novella The Bicentennial Man, the robot Andrew gradually replaces his mechanical body with organic components, but only on the 200th anniversary of the start of his organic conversion, when he allows his positronic brain to "decay" and thus abandons his immortality, does he become accepted as "human".

The various Star Treks also had persuasive androids, for instance in the original series episodes "What Are Little Girls Made Of?", "Shore Leave", "I, Mudd", and "Requiem for Methuselah".

In Star Trek: the Next Generation, the android Data's desire to become more human became an ongoing source of commentary on the human condition.[49] (Data's positronic brain is a nod to Asimov's stories.) An earlier pilot film by Star Trek's creator Gene Roddenberry, The Questor Tapes, had featured an android left on 20th century Earth as the last of a series of advanced alien technology, with the same subtext.

In the movie Bladerunner, the replicants are biological robots indistinguishable from humans except by specialised testing. [50] Similarly in the remade series Battlestar Galactica, robots known as the Cylons have evolved to be able to make bodies that appear quite human.[51] When killed, they transfer their consciousness from one body to an identical model elsewhere. This seeming immortality, the uncertainty of who is really human and who is Cylon, and the love between characters who are revealed to be human or Cylon, are used for discussion of what it means to be human.[citation needed]

Cartoons edit

Human disguises sometimes occur in animation for cartoon characters. In a short story by Haitham Chehabi, Trix, a cartoon rabbit, wears a human disguise.[52] Cartoons sometimes portray aliens drawn in human disguise.[53]

Examples outside fiction edit

Commentators may use the concept of human disguise as a metaphor for a lack of humanity. Former Kenyan Prime Minister Jomo Kenyatta was described by a Kenyan judge as a "monster in human disguise".[54] Doug Parker, chairman of US Airways, was described as a "Klingon in a human disguise", after he "vaporized much of what was left of USAirways in Pittsburgh." [sic][55] The human disguise does not always carry negative connotations - in the US, a well regarded murder victim has been described as "an angel running round with a human suit on",[56] while Manoel de S. Antonio, (Bishop of Malacca between 1701 and 1723) was refered to as an "angel in human disguise" for his conversion of 10,000 people to Christianity.[57]

Some conspiracy theorists such as David Icke believe that aliens have assumed human form and control the world by masquerading as human leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II, George Bush and Tony Blair.[58]

As a test of machine intelligence, Alan Turing proposed an imitation game in which a computer would pretend to be human and an interrogator would then try to determine by conversation whether they were human or not. Descartes supposed that automata would never be able to pass as human, but programs such as ELIZA have had some success in convincing people that they are human. Subterfuges include the use of a teletype as the medium of communication and deliberate pauses to simulate human performance at tasks such as arithmetic.[59]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Westfahl, Gary (2005). The Greenwood encyclopedia of science fiction and fantasy: themes, works, and wonders, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 202–204. ISBN 0313329516. Disguises also aid in crossing racial barriers, often represented in science fiction through the use of aliens in space or robots. Sometimes humans attempt to pass as the other ... more often, aliens and robots attempt to appear human.
  2. ^ a b Westfahl, Gary (2005). The Greenwood encyclopedia of science fiction and fantasy: themes, works, and wonders, Volume 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 704–706. ISBN 0313329524. Stories of secret identities have roots in ancient mythologies as disguised deities frequently descended to walk among mortals.
  3. ^ [The Android and The Human], Philip K. Dick, 1972
  4. ^ Joseph Campbell (1991). The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology. Arkana, Viking Penguin. ISBN 0140194436.
  5. ^ a b The Philosophical Dictionary. G. H. Evans. 1830. p. 163. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  6. ^ H. J. Rose (1956). "Divine Disguisings", pp.63-72, in The Harvard Theological Review, Vol.49, No.1 (Jan.1956). ISSN 0017-8160 (print), ISSN 1475-4517 (web).
  7. ^ Warren Smith (1988). "The Disguises of the Gods in the Iliad", pp.161-178 in Numen, Vol.35, Fasc.2 (Dec.1988). ISSN 0029-5973 (print), ISSN 1568-5276 (web).
  8. ^ Louis Ropes Loomis Introduction to Homer's The Iliad The Iliad Issue 77 of Classics illustrated Translated by Samuel Butler Publisher Wildside Press LLC, 2007 ISBN 1434488926, ISBN 9781434488923. Length 428 pages
  9. ^ Ruby Blondell (2002). The Play of Character in Plato's Dialogues. Cambridge University Press. pp.230 & 325. ISBN 0521793009, ISBN 9780521793001.
  10. ^ Raphael Encyclopedia Brittanica
  11. ^ "Host and Hosted". The Forward. August 22, 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  12. ^ In this context Isaacs notes the nature of the interaction between angelic and human figures: Isaacs, Ronald H. (1997). Ascending Jacob's Ladder: Jewish views of angels, demons, and evil spirits. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 6. ISBN 9780765759658. Retrieved 2009-10-31. [...] Hagar's angel, as well as many of the other angels in the Bible, appeared in human form, so that the individuals to whom they appeared were at first quite unaware of their angelic natures.
  13. ^ Peter Kreeft (1995). Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them?. Ignatius Press. pp.52-53, 83. ISBN 0898705509, ISBN 9780898705508.
  14. ^ Peter Day, Vampires: Myths and Metaphors of Enduring Evil, p.85.
  15. ^ John Milton, John Leonard (ed.) (1998). The Complete Poems. Penguin Classics. pp.13, 912. ISBN 0140433635, ISBN 9780140433630.
  16. ^ Peter Kreeft, Everything you ever wanted to know about heaven-- but never dreamed of asking, p. 25
  17. ^ Raymond T. McNally, Radu Florescu (1994). In Search of Dracula: the History of Dracula and Vampires. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Chapter 10: Vampirism: Old World Folklore, pp. 117-132. ISBN 0395657830, ISBN 9780395657836.
    Cf. detecting a werewolf in human form: Christopher Golden, Stephen Bissette, Thomas E. Sniegoski (2000). The Monster Book. Simon and Schuster. p.247. ISBN 0671042599, ISBN 9780671042592.
  18. ^ William Howitt (1863). The History of the Supernatural in All Ages and Nations. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p.286.
  19. ^ Richard Erdoes, Alfonso Ortíz (1984). American Indian Myths And Legends. Random House. p.xii. ISBN 0394740181, ISBN 9780394740188.
  20. ^ Hamel, Frank (1969). Human Animals: Werewolves & Other Transformations. New Hyde Park (Village), New York: University Books. p. 91. ISBN 0-7661-6700-3.
  21. ^ Hall, Jamie (2003). Half Human, Half Animal: Tales of Werewolves and Related Creatures. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. p. 145. ISBN 1-4107-5809-5.
  22. ^ Tyler, Royall (1987). Japanese Tales. New York City: Pantheon Books. p. xlix. ISBN 0-394-75656-8.
  23. ^ Hearn, Lafcadio (2005). Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Project Gutenberg. p. 155.
  24. ^ Kate Bernheimer, ed. (2008). Brothers and Beasts: An Anthology of Men on Fairy Tales. Wayne State University Press. p. 53. ISBN 0814332676.
  25. ^ Nozaki, Kiyoshi (1961). Kitsuné — Japan's Fox of Mystery, Romance, and Humor. Tokyo: The Hokuseidô Press. p. 221.
  26. ^ Carmen Blacker (1990). "The Folklore of the Stranger: A Consideration of a Disguised Wandering Saint", pp.162-168, in Folklore, Vol.101, No.2 (1990). ISSN 1469-8315 (print), ISSN 0015587X (web).
  27. ^ Meliss Bunce (2003). "The Selkie Wife", p.56, in Happily Ever After: Folktales that Illuminate Marriage and Commitment. August House. ISBN 0874836743, ISBN 9780874836745.
  28. ^ Frye, Roland Mushat (1978). Milton's imagery and the visual arts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 343. ISBN 0-691-06349-4. Between the fifteenth century and the seventeenth, the Tempter in the Wilderness [Satan] appeared in several standard forms. Most frequently, he was shown as the falsus frater, as an old Franciscan friar, or as a hermit, often with a rosary, as Botticelli represented him in his Sistine Chapel frescoes. This is the only disguise which Milton entirely ignores in Paradise Regained [...] Each of the other Renaissance guises he does incorporate into his treatment. [...] Other well-known guises for the Tempter in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century art cast him as an old peasant or shepherd, as Milton does in the first temptation, or as a richly dressed man of the world, as he does in the second. In the final temptation, the devil is usually shown as unmistakably demonic in physical appearance [...] Aside from the final temptation, there was no fixed order of the disguises employed, and each artist was apparently fee to choose at will among the possibilities.
  29. ^ Quint, David (1993). Epic and empire: politics and generic form from Virgil to Milton. Princeton University Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780691015200. Retrieved 2009-11-14. As the infernal denizens scatter to carry out their mission, their leader makes a nocturnal visit to Cesare d'Este, assuming the disguise of an aged friend: the model is the visit of Virgil's Allecto to the sleeping Turnus, the same model imitated by Tasso in Argillano's dream. The devil speaks: [...] {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  30. ^ Anita Silvey, The Essential Guide to Children's Books and Their Creators, p.284.
  31. ^ Gary Westfahl What Science Fiction Leaves Out of the Future #2; The Day After Tomorrow March 2009 Internet Review of Science Fiction
  32. ^ Holden, Stephen (May 31, 1996). "Film Review: The Arrival (1996)". New York Times. Alien invaders in the movies tend to fall into two types. There are monsters from outer space ("The War of the Worlds," the forthcoming "Independence Day") and infiltrators ("Invasion of the Body Snatchers") who slip in using human disguise.
  33. ^ Peter, Lev. Transforming the screen, 1950-1959, Volume 7 of. History of the American cinema. Vol. 7. University of California Press. p. 177. ISBN 0520249666. Invasion films were common in the 1950s featuring a variety of aliens portrayed as superior to earthlings both in intelligence and technology. In these films, aliens represent what some Americans feared about the Soviets. Invaders, friends or enemies, and often with the help of robots, either come to warn earthlings or destroy them with superior technology. Sometimes the invaders use the strategy of infiltration, taking over the minds of the people, making slaves of them or appropriating their bodies, thus making war unnecessary.
  34. ^ Whitehead, John W. (2001). "Invasion of the Body Snatchers: A Tale for Our Times". Gadfly Online, 2001-11-26.
  35. ^ David Buxton From the Avengers to Miami Vice: form and ideology in television series Cultural politics Manchester University Press ND, 1990 ISBN 0719029945, 9780719029943 170 pages 46-56
  36. ^ Booker, M. Keith (2004). Science fiction television. The Praeger television collection. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 92. ISBN 0275981649. Of course this disguise strategy is in itself understandable given the xenophobia of earthlings, which is demonstrated by the very telling way in which audiences were supposed to concluded that the aliens were evil simply because they looked different from humans, especially because they had lied about the difference. Of course by this time there was a whole science fiction tradition in which aliens disguised as humans turned out to be evil invaders seeking to conquer Earth, so audience reactions were also conditioned to some extent by generic expectations
  37. ^ The New Cult Canon: They Live , Scott Tobias, March 26, 2008 , Onion AV Club
  38. ^ Billson, Anne (27 August 2009). "The Thing set on survival". The Guardian.
  39. ^ Barbara Creed The monstrous-feminine: film, feminism, psychoanalysis page 44
  40. ^ Tim Clodfelter Video Takes A Look Back At Origins Of Popular Superheroes (Metro Edition) Salem Journal (Winston-Salem, North Carolina) February 28, 2008 page 5
  41. ^ Charles Herold "Aliens in the Suburbs, Surrounded by Stupidity" July 16, 2005 New York Times
  42. ^ Jonah Goldberg (June 14, 2000), Is Gore An Alien?, National Review
  43. ^ Dozois, Gardner (1998). "Introduction". The Year's Best Science Fiction: Fifteenth Annual Collection. Macmillan. p. ii. ...a wonderful portrayal – done mostly with body language – of a menacing bug stuffed into an ill-fitting Human Suit, scary and very funny at the same time, by Vincent D'Onofrio.
  44. ^ Brad Munson Inside MIIB: Men in black II
  45. ^ Stevenson, Gregory (2003). Televised morality: the case of Buffy the vampire slayer. Hamilton Books. p. 191. ISBN 0761828338.
  46. ^ Niven, Larry (1985). Ringworld. Random House. p. 237. ISBN 9780345333926. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  47. ^ Bretnor, Reginald (1976). The Craft of science fiction: a symposium on writing science fiction and science fantasy. Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060104610. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. ^ Boag, Keith (September 9, 2008). "Who is afraid of the Terminator now?". CBC News. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  49. ^ Nemeck, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-5798-6.
  50. ^ Judith Kerman (2003). Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's "Blade Runner" and Philip K. Dick's "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0879725109.
  51. ^ http://www.syfy.com/battlestar/about/index.php?sub=miniseries
  52. ^ Haitham Chehabi Trix Are For Kids? January 6, 2008 LA Times
  53. ^ Steve Barr 1-2-3 draw cartoon aliens and space stuff: a step-by-step guide
  54. ^ "Enigma of Jomo Kenyatta". Ebony (August 1961): 83.
  55. ^ Kalson, Sally (December 30, 2007). "A pop quiz for Pittsburghers". Puttsburgh Post Gazette. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  56. ^ Patti Rosenberg (August 14, 2007), Killer Wanted To Take Own Life, Psychologist Says Jurors Now Deciding On Life Or Death For Exxon Gunman, Daily Press - Newport News, Va. - hosted on pqarchiver.com
  57. ^ Schulte Nordholt, H. G. (1971). The political system of the Atoni of Timor. Vol. 60. p. 176.
  58. ^ Christopher Hodapp, Alice Von Kannon, Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies, pp. 321 et seq.
  59. ^ Allen Kent, James G. Williams, Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, p. 200 et seq.

Category:Deception Category:Shapeshifting

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