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Indigenous Presence edit

The first people to settle in the Eugene area were known as the Kalapuyans, also written Calapooia or Calapooya. They made "seasonal rounds," moving around the countryside as appropriate to collect and preserve local foods, including acorns, the bulbs of the wapato and camas plants, and berries. They stored these foods in their permanent winter village. When crop activities waned, they returned to their winter villages and took up hunting, fishing, and trading.[1] [2] They were known as the Chifin Kalapuyans and called the Eugene area where they lived "Chifin," sometimes recorded as "Chafin" or "Chiffin." [3] [4]

 
Camas flower

Other Kalapuyan tribes occupied villages that are also now within Eugene city limits. Pee-you or Mohawk Calapooians, Winefelly or Pleasant Hill Calapooians, and the Lungtum or Long Tom. They were close-neighbors to the Chifin, intermarried, and were political allies. Some authorities suggest that the Brownsville Kalapuyans (Calapooia Kalapuyans) were related to the Pee-you. It is likely that since the Santiam had an alliance with the Brownsville Kalapuyans that the Santiam influence also went as far at Eugene.[5]

According to archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Kalapuyans may have been in Eugene for as long as 10,000 years.[6] In the 1800s their traditional way of life faced significant changes due to devastating epidemics and settlement, first by French fur traders and later by an overwhelming number of United States colonists.[7]

Colonial Arrival and Impact edit

 
Kalapuya man, circa 1840

French fur traders had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century. Having already developed relationships with Native communities through intermarriage and trade, they negotiated for land from the Kalapuyans. By 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals. In this process the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, and traditional materials for trade and religious practices.[8]

In July, 1830, "intermittent fever" struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley. Natives traced the arrival of the disease, then new to the Northwest, to the U.S. ship, Owyhee, captained by John Dominis. "Intermittent fever" is thought by researchers now to be malaria.[9]

According to Robert T. Boyd, anthropologist at Portland State University, the first three years of the epidemic, "probably constitute the single most important epidemiological event in the recorded history of what would eventually become the state of Oregon." In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports that there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841.[10]

This catastrophic event shattered the social fabric of Kalapuyan society and altered the demographic balance in the Valley. This balance was further altered over the next few years by the arrival of Anglo-American settlers, beginning in 1840 with 13 people and growing exponentially each year until within 20 years more than 11,000 US colonists, including Eugene Skinner, had arrived.[11]

As the demographic pressure from the colonists grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to reservations. Though some Natives escaped being swept into the reservation, most were moved to the Grand Ronde reservation in 1856.[12][13] Strict racial segregation was enforced and mixed race people, known as Métis in French, had to make a choice between the reservation and Anglo society. Native Americans could not leave the reservation without traveling papers and white people could not enter the reservation.[14]

Eugene Skinner edit

 
Replica of Skinner's original cabin

Eugene Franklin Skinner, for whom Eugene is named, arrived in the Willamette Valley in 1846 with 1200 other colonists that year. Advised by the Kalapuyans to build on high ground to avoid flooding, he erected the first Anglo cabin[15] on south or west slope of what the Kalapuyans called Ya-po-ah. The "isolated hill" is now known as Skinner's Butte.[16] The cabin was used as a trading post and was registered as an official post office on January 8, 1850.

At this time the settlement was known by Anglos as Skinner's Mudhole. It was relocated in 1853 and named Eugene City in 1853.[17] Formally incorporated as a city in 1862, it was named simply Eugene in 1889.[18][17] Skinner ran a ferry service across the Willamette River where the Ferry Street Bridge now stands.

Educational Institutions edit

Twentieth Century edit

  1. ^ Lewis, Ph.D, David G. "Kalapuyans: Seasonal Lifeways, Tek, Anthropocene". NDN History Research: Critical and Indigenous Anthropology. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  2. ^ Berg, Laura (2007). The First Oregonians (2 ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Council for the Humanities. p. 307–315. ISBN 9781880377024.
  3. ^ Lewis, Ph.D., David G. "Chafin Band Reservation and Village 1855". NDN History Research: Critical and Indigenous Anthropology. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  4. ^ "Chifin Native Youth Center". Springfield Public Schools. Springfield, Oregon, Public Schools. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  5. ^ Lewis, Ph.D., David G. "Chifin Kalapuya Village". NDN History Research: Critical and Indigenous Anthropology. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  6. ^ Mackey, Ph.D., Harold (2004). The Kalapuyans: A Sourcebook on the Indians of the Willamette Valley. Salem, Oregon, and Grand Ronde, Oregon: Mission Mill Museum Association, Inc.and the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780975348406.
  7. ^ Jette, Melinda Marie (2015). At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 9780870715976.
  8. ^ Jette, Melinda Marie (2015). At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. pp. 12–61, p. 147. ISBN 9780870715976.
  9. ^ Jette, Melinda Marie (2015). At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. pp. 61–69. ISBN 9780870715976.
  10. ^ Jette, Melinda Marie (2015). At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. pp. 65–67. ISBN 9780870715976.
  11. ^ Jette, Melinda Marie (2015). At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780870715976.
  12. ^ Ruby, Robert, MD, John A. Brown, Cary C. Collins (2010). A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780806140247.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Berg, Laura (2007). The First Oregonians, Second Edition. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Council for the Humanities. p. 127. ISBN 9781880377024.
  14. ^ Berg, Laura (2007). The First Oregonians, Second Edition. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Council for the Humanities. p. 126. ISBN 9781880377024.
  15. ^ Skinner, Eugene (2009). "Photo and text - Eugene Skinner". Lane County Historical Society. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  16. ^ Zenk, Henry (2008). "Notes on Native American Place-names of the Willamette Valley Region". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 109: 6–33. doi:10.1353/ohq.2008.0092. S2CID 165355383.
  17. ^ a b "Eugene, Oregon, United States". www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  18. ^ Terry, John (September 4, 2010). "Founder's wife suggests unique name for city of Eugene". The Oregonian. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
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