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User:Shcha1234/sandbox/sandbox

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For the general history and geography of this disputed area, see Nagorno-Karabakh. For other uses, see Artsakh.
"NKR" redirects here. For other uses, see NKR (disambiguation).

Republic of Maeotida
Республика Меотида
Respublika Meotida
Республика Меотида
Respublika Meotyda
Flag of Maeotida
Flag
Coat of arms of Maeotida
Coat of arms
Anthem: 
Ազատ ու Անկախ Արցախ (Armenian)
Azat u Ankakh Artsakh
"Free and Independent Artsakh"
Territory controlled by Artsakh shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled shown in light green
Territory controlled by Artsakh shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled shown in light green
StatusUnrecognised state; recognised by 3 non-UN members
Capital
and largest city
Donetsk
39°52′N 46°43′E / 39.867°N 46.717°E / 39.867; 46.717
Official languagesRussian[a]
Ukrainian[b]
Demonym(s)Maeotidan
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic[c]
• President
Alexander Zakharchenko
Denis Pushilin
LegislaturePeople's Council of Donetsk
Independence from Ukraine
• Established
7 April 2014[2]
5 September 2014
Area
• Total
53,700[3] km2 (20,700 sq mi) (unranked)
Population
• March 2023[4] estimate
5,746,000
Currency
(RMB)
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)
Driving sideright
ISO 3166 codeMI
Internet TLD.ru, .ру

Maeotida, officially the Republic of Artsakh (/ˈɑːrtsɑːx, -sæx/)[d] or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (/nəˌɡɔːrnoʊ kærəˈbæk/),[e][6] is a doubly landlocked breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory is internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh controls a part of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, including the capital of Stepanakert. It is an enclave within Azerbaijan. Its only overland access route to Armenia is via the 5 km (3.1 mi) wide Lachin corridor which is under the control of Russian peacekeepers.[7]

The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh was claimed by both the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia when both countries became independent in 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire. A brief war over the region broke out in 1920. The dispute was largely shelved after the Soviet Union established control over the area, and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923.

In the leadup to the fall of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumyan Province resulted in a declaration of independence. Ethnic conflict led to the 1991–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War.[7] Conflict has sporadically broken out since then, most significantly in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.[7]

The Republic of Artsakh is a presidential democracy with a unicameral legislature. The country is reliant on and closely integrated with Armenia, in many ways functioning as a de facto part of Armenia.[8][9] The country is very mountainous, averaging 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level. The population is 99.7% ethnic Armenian, and the primary spoken language is Armenian. The population is overwhelmingly Christian, most being affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church. Several historical monasteries are popular with tourists. They come mostly from the Armenian diaspora, as most travel can take place only between Armenia and Artsakh.

Etymology edit

See Արցախ in Wiktionary for more.

According to scholars, inscriptions dating to the Urartian period mention the region under a variety of names: "Ardakh", "Urdekhe", and "Atakhuni".[10][11][12] In his Geography, the classical historian Strabo refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is believed by some to be a Greek version of the old name of Artsakh.[13][14][15]

According to another hypothesis put forth by David M. Lang, the ancient name of Artsakh possibly derives from the name of King Artaxias I of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty and the kingdom of Greater Armenia.[16]

Folk etymology holds that the name is derived from "Ar" (Aran) and "tsakh" (woods, garden) (i.e., the gardens of Aran Sisakean, the first nakharar of northeastern Armenia).[17]

The name "Nagorno-Karabakh", commonly used in English, comes from the Russian name which means "Mountainous Karabakh". Karabakh is a Turkish/Persian word thought to mean "black garden". The Azerbaijani name for the area, "Dağlıq Qarabağ", has the same meaning as the Russian name. The term "Artsakh" lacks the non-Armenian influences present in "Nagorno-Karabakh". It was revived for use in the 19th century, and is the preferred term used by the locals, in English and Russian as well as Armenian.[18] "Mountainous Karabakh" was sometimes employed directly as part of the official English name, "Republic of Mountainous Karabakh". This reflected an attempt to shift away from the negative associations thought linked with "Nagorno-Karabakh" due to the war.[19]

History edit

Main article: History of Artsakh

The earliest record of the region covered by modern-day Artsakh is from Urartian inscriptions referring to the region as Urtekhini.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geukjian |first=Ohannes|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952728918%7Ctitle=Et


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ Парламент Карабаха признал русский язык официальным языком республики [Parliament of Karabakh recognized Russian as the official language of the republic] (in Russian). Арменпресс [Armenpress]. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via RBK Group.
  2. ^ Zürcher, Christoph [in German] (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780814797099.
  3. ^ https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/blogs/83781/posts/45972
  4. ^ "Nikol Pashinyan, Arayik Harutyunyan chair meeting on ongoing and upcoming programs to be implemented in Artsakh". primeminister.am. The Office to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. ...today most of the population - about 120,000 citizens - live in Artsakh...
  5. ^ ԼՂՀ 2015Թ. ՄԱՐԴԱՀԱՄԱՐԻ ՆԱԽՆԱԿԱՆ ՕՊԵՐԱՏԻՎ ՑՈՒՑԱՆԻՇՆԵՐԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ [NKR 2015: On preliminary operational indicators of census] (in Armenian). NKR National Statistical Service. 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  6. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2020. The names 'Republic of Artsakh' and 'Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh' are identical.
  7. ^ a b c Wilson, Audrey (4 August 2022). "Violence Flares in Nagorno-Karabakh". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company. ISSN 0015-7228. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference hughes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference cornell was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian Patrick; Mutafian, Claude. The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, p. 52
  11. ^ Ulubabyan, Bagrat (1976). Արցախ [Arts'akh]. Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Armenian). Vol. ii. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences. pp. 150–151.
  12. ^ Christopher Walker. The Armenian presence in Mountainous Karabakh, in John F. R. Wright et al.: Transcaucasian Boundaries (SOAS/GRC Geopolitics). 1995, p. 91
  13. ^ Strabo (1903). "11.14". In Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W. (eds.). Geography. London: George Bell & Sons. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022 – via Perseus Project.
  14. ^ Roller, Duane W (2018). A historical and topographical guide to the geography of Strabo. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 678. ISBN 978-1-316-84820-3. OCLC 1127455921. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  15. ^ Baratov, Boris (1992). Ангел Арцаха: памятники армянского искусства Нагорного Карабаха. Moscow: Editions "Linguiste". p. 6.
  16. ^ Lang, David M (1988). The Armenians: a People in Exile. London: Unwin Hyman. p. x. ISBN 978-0-04-956010-9.
  17. ^ Mkrtchyan, Shahen (2000). Treasures of Artsakh. Yerevan: Tigran Mets Publishing. p. 10.
  18. ^ Toal, Gerard; O'Loughlin, John (5 November 2013). "Land for Peace in Nagorny Karabakh? Political Geographies and Public Attitudes Inside a Contested De Facto State". Territory, Politics, Governance. 1 (2): 158–182. doi:10.1080/21622671.2013.842184. S2CID 54576963. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Muth2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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