Marie Curie (right) was the first women to win a Nobel Prize, winning it with her husband, Pierre Curie (right). She is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes.
The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards are administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2007, the winners were awarded the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
As of 2008, 35 Nobel laureates have been women, and the other 754 laureates are men.[6] The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel.[7][8] Curie is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes; she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. Curie's daughter, Irene Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, making them the only mother-daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes.[6] Among all the categories for the Nobel Prize, 12 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other category.[7] Although women have won each of the five Nobel Prizes, all Nobel laureates in Economics have been men.[9]
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[8]
"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[13]
"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[18]
"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[39]
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