Victorian Dress Reform Movement (1850s–1890s) edit
As part of the first wave of feminism from the 1850s-1890s, the Victorian Dress Reform Movement aimed to put an end to the trend of women having to modify their bodies through use of corsets and tightlacing in order to fit the societal standard of tiny waistlines.[1][2] A minority of women participated in this tradition of conformity, but often ended up facing ridicule whether or not they were successful at shrinking their waistline. The practice of tight-lacing proved to have many negative health risks, and was also extremely uncomfortable for women who partook. Women were mocked for their egotism if they were not able to shrink their waistline, and they were criticized for too small a waistline if they were successful. This instilled a feeling of defeat in women during these times, as nothing they did seemed to satisfy their male counterparts. As part of the Victorian Dress Reform Movement, women also fought for their right to dress in pants.[1][2] Acceptance of all body types – regardless of waist measurements – was the major theme of the Victorian Dress Reform Movement, and this was the first movement of its kind.[1][2]
First wave (1960s) edit
The origins of the body positivity movement date back to the Fat Acceptance movement of the 1960s. The idea of ending fat-shaming served as the seed of a larger project of accepting and celebrating all bodies and body types.
In 1967, New York radio host Steve Post held a "fat-in" in Central Park. This event involved a group of people who were partaking while holding posters of a famous thin woman and setting diet books on fire.[3] He described the purpose of the event "was to protest discrimination against the fat."[4] This moment is often cited as the beginning of the Fat Acceptance movement. Five months after the "fat-in", Lew Louderback composed an essay entitled "More People Should be Fat!" as a result of him witnessing the discrimination his wife experienced for her size.[4] The essay shed light on the discrimination fat people experience in America and the culture surrounding fat-shaming. Louderback's contribution inspired the creation of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) in 1969 by Bill Fabrey, with the mission of ending discrimination based on body weight.[5]
Second wave (1990s) edit
The second wave of the body positivity movement prioritized providing people of all sizes a place where they could comfortably come together and exercise. There were programs being made specifically for overweight people, such as Making Waves. Home exercise programs like Genia Pauli Haddon and Linda DeMarco's home exercise video series Yoga For Round Bodies were also made for those who were not comfortable joining a wellness community.[4] During the 90's, dangers in dieting were found, mostly saying that it was ineffective and caused more physical and psychological problems, and did not actually solve anything. Therefore, people sought help from dieting. They wanted to learn how to eat again. Chronic dieting had not proven to be effective. Dieting had been used as a ploy to get people's money and proven to not actually work, especially in the long term.[6][7]
Third wave (2010s) edit
The third wave of the body positivity movement arose around 2012 largely as a response to the increase in social media culture and advertisements.[8] The rise of Instagram inspired a debate about cultural beauty standards, and the body positivity movement arose as a response and argument in favor of embracing all body types, loving, and feeling confident about one's own body even with any flaws.[9] Since 2012, there has been a heightened presence of the movement, although corporations have capitalized on the sentiments in order to sell products.[10]
The movement challenged ideals including unblemished skin and slim "beach bodies".[10] Model and feminist Tess Holliday founded '@EffYourBeautyStandards', which brought an outpour of support to the body positivity movement. After founding the movement, the size-26 Holliday was signed to Milk Management, a large model agency in Europe, as their first model over size 20.[11] Instagram has been utilized as an advertising platform for the movement since. Pioneers connect with brands and advertisers to promote the movement.[10] In 2016, Mattel released a new line of Barbie dolls under the name Fashionistas with three different body shapes, seven skin colors, twenty-two eye colors and twenty-four hairstyles to be more inclusive.[a][13][14][15][16] Additionally, in the spring 2019 New York Fashion Week, a total of 49 models that were considered plus-size made an appearance in 12 shows. These plus-size models were also hired to be featured on fashion campaigns as well as magazine covers.[17]
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- ^ a b c Nelson, Jennifer Ladd (March 2000). "Dress Reform and the Bloomer". The Journal of American Culture. 23 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1111/j.1537-4726.2000.2301_21.x. ISSN 1542-7331.
- ^ a b c "History of Body Positivity". Passion Blog. February 26, 2018.
- ^ Fletcher, Dan (2009-07-31). "The Fat-Acceptance Movement". Time. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009.
- ^ a b c Cooper, Charlotte. "What's Fat Activism?" (PDF). University of Limerick. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ Barbara Altman Bruno (2 November 2020). "The History of Health at Every Size: Chapter 2: The 1960s". naafa.org. National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA). First published on the Health At Every Size blog. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Polivy J, C. Peter Herman. Undieting: A Program to Help People Stop Dieting. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1992;11(3):261-268. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199204)11:3<261::AID-EAT2260110309>3.0.CO;2-F
- ^ Lowe, Michael R; Foster, Gary D; Kerzhnerman, Irene; Swain, Rebecca M; Wadden, Thomas A (2001-03-01). "Restrictive dieting vs. "undieting" : Effects on eating regulation in obese clinic attenders". Addictive Behaviors. 26 (2): 253–266. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00106-4. ISSN 0306-4603. PMID 11316380.
- ^ Gelsinger, Ayla (2021-02-26). "A Critical Analysis of the Body Positive Movement on Instagram: How Does it Really Impact Body Image?". Spectra Undergraduate Research Journal. 1 (1). doi:10.9741/2766-7227.1003. ISSN 2766-7227. S2CID 233907298.
- ^ Cohen, Rachel; Newton-John, Toby; Slater, Amy (November 2021). "The case for body positivity on social media: Perspectives on current advances and future directions". Journal of Health Psychology. 26 (13): 2365–2373. doi:10.1177/1359105320912450. ISSN 1461-7277. PMID 32191132. S2CID 214584245.
- ^ a b c Cwynar-Horta, Jessica (2016-12-31). "The Commodification of the Body Positive Movement on Instagram". Stream: Inspiring Critical Thought. 8 (2): 36–56. doi:10.21810/strm.v8i2.203. ISSN 1916-5897.
- ^ Cwynar-Horta, Jessiza (August 2016). "Documenting femininity: Body positivity and female empowerment on Instagram" (PDF). Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ Mattel. "Barbie Fashionistas Dolls Curvy, Petite, Tall Original Dolls". barbie.mattel.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ Douglas, Grace (December 2018). "Parents' Perceptions of the Barbie Doll's New Looks" (PDF): 8–16. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Abrams, Rachel (2016-01-28). "Barbie Adds Curvy and Tall to Body Shapes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
- ^ O'Connor, Clare. "Mattel Launches Barbie In Curvy, Tall, Petite Body Types And Diverse Skin, Eye, Hair Colors". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
- ^ Driessen, R. (2016-06-15). "The Evolution of an Icon: A Comparison of the Values and Stereotypes Reflected in the Original 1959 Barbie Doll and the Curvy 2016 Barbie Doll".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Dionne, Evette. "Here's What Fat Acceptance Is-and Isn't". YES! Magazine. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
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