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Asian American Business Networks is a phenomenon that is closely tied to immigration and the phenomenon of guanxi.
The earliest ethnic Chinese who immigrated to America were recorded in 1785; three Chinese fishermen docked at Baltimore, Maryland . However, the influx of immigrants came during the 19th century, defined by the California Gold Rush in 1849, the first Transcontinental Railroad construction from 1864-1869, and laborers in the Western society, better known as coolies. When the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882, the amount of ethnic Chinese coming to America was greatly reduced. The 1924 National Origins Act/ Immigration Act created a permanent quota system based on the "national origin" of the immigrant. Only 2% of individuals from each nationality (based on the total number of individuals from that nationality that were residing in the US in 1890 national census) were provided immigration visas. The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act signed by President Johnson abolished the quota system for immigrants and favor toward northern European and British Isles residents. The new act was geared toward the skills and family relations (with US citizens or US residents) of the immigrants that were requesting for visas.
Amid the huge changes in immigration laws, this did not stop Asian Americans from finding other legal ways to come to America. Prior to 1965, there was a huge phenomenon of paper sons, where the identification papers were used to legitimize a unique, authentic individual and prove that they should belong to America because of their parentage ties with grandparents who were already American citizens. (write this for paper sons website). In light of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, the records of many Asian Americans were destroyed. This led to many Chinese migrants already living in the United States to claim that they had parentage ties, or older Asian Americans who could claim several fellow citizens as their blood sons, when the younger individuals were in fact born in China.
The changes in immigration laws reflected internal conflicts as well. Marred by the LA massacre in 1871, Saigu in 1992, the Japanese-American internment during World War II, and the idea of the "Hindu Invasion", the Asian Americans already in the United States faced discrimination from the wider American society. They had to find solutions based on trial and error, looking for legal, political, and social ways to find their place in society. One of the methods of doing so was creating associations with memberships based on shared surnames, places of origin, or groups with common interests.
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