Impact edit
Food Security edit
Food security improved in Vietnam during the 1990s before the floods. Poorer households heavily dependent on energy from carbohydrates, such as rice, increased their calorific intake but still lacked iron, calcium and vitamins[1][2] whilst richer households improved the quality of what they consumed.[2] This was a result of economic growth resulting in a decrease in food insecurity across the population.[3][4] Yet in 1998, roughly 80% of the poor worked in agriculture. This meant that most lived in isolated, rural areas or areas prone to disasters with undeveloped infrastructure[5] where food insecurity was higher.[3]
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Consequently, the 1999 floods caused widespread food shortages for over 1 million people, particularly those living in isolated, rural areas. This resulted in not enough nutrients being consumed,[6] impacting children from rural and poor households the most since they were already suffering from malnutrition.[7]
The floods destroyed 11,813 ha of paddy fields and damaged 63,726 ha of paddy fields, with further damage to 30,985 ha of other crops[8] (sugarcane, manioc, maize, sweet potatoes, and nuts).[9] A further 205,000 tonnes of food rotted, including staples such as rice which accounts for 85% of Vietnam's grain harvest.[10][7] An estimated 693,154 livestock was also lost,[8] including 25,000 cows and buffaloes,[10] with surviving livestock potentially succumbing to epidemics that follow floods.[11]
Isolated villages began to run out of food by the 4 November with bad weather preventing food being airlifted. Food donations throughout Vietnam collected 100 tons of food by 10 November and Thua Thien Hue received 200 tons of food.[10] Food assistance did not arrive in Hong Ha,[12] where food is not stored, until one week after the flood resulting in many families experiencing hunger when floodwaters destroyed their crops.[13]
Rice aid was initially distributed equally to households experiencing food insecurity. Further rice deliveries were distributed based on household categorisation determined by how badly the flood had impacted them. Between 150 and 250 kg of rice was provided to each household and lasted two to three months. [12] Vegetable and bean seeds were provided by the Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry and many lowland households borrowed rice from neighbours with the intention of repaying after the next harvest. Once the rice aid was finished, households also lent and gave food to each other.[12]
After the floods had subsided, due to the impact on crops, livestock and farmers, food security continued to be an issue for 80% of people living in the flooded region.[10] The significant damage to paddy fields resulted in the winter-spring crop not being planted until March 2000. This resulted in a late harvest in October during the midst of the monsoon season in the central regions. Many poor households lost their main food source and income until the next harvest[14] but only 1% of official development assistance (ODA) was spent on food and emergency relief in 2000[5], with healthcare spending equating to USD 19 per capita. Consequently, the poverty rate stagnated and the percentage of people suffering from food insecurity and undernutrition increased due to insufficient consumption of food.[4]
| 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2004 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty Rate
(percentage of population under $5.50 per day) |
89 | - | 89 | 89 | 88.9 | 84.2 |
| Food Insecurity
(percentage of population) |
15 | - | - | 19.7 | 18 | 15.7 |
| Urban | 2.5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rural | 18.6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1993 | 1998 | 2000 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty Rate
(percentage of population) |
58.1 | 37.4 | |
| Urban | 25.1 | 9.2 | |
| Rural | 66.4 | 45.5 | |
| Food Insecurity
(percentage of population) |
24.9 | 15 | |
| Urban | 7.9 | 2.5 | |
| Rural | 29.1 | 18.6 |
- ^ Molini, Vasco (2007-12-20), "7 Food Security in Vietnam During the 1990s: The Empirical Evidence", Food Security, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 129–149, ISBN 0-19-923655-0, retrieved 2023-11-18
- ^ a b Guha-Khasnobis, Basudeb; Acharya, Shabd S.; Davis, Benjamin, eds. (2007-12-20). Food Security. Oxford University PressOxford. ISBN 0-19-923655-0.
- ^ a b c d "Vietnam - Development Report 2004 - Poverty". World Bank. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ a b c "Vietnam Hunger Statistics 2001-2023". Macrotrends. 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Vietnam poverty analysis" (PDF). Australian Agency for International Development by the Centre for International Economics, Canberra and Sydney. 9 May 2002. Retrieved 30/11/23.
- ^ Malik, Afia (2003-09-01). "Stuart Gillespie and Lawrence J. Haddad. The Double Burden of Malnutrition in Asia: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003. Paperback. Indian Rs 280.00. 235 pages". The Pakistan Development Review. 42 (3): 277–279. doi:10.30541/v42i3pp.277-279. ISSN 0030-9729.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 62 (help) - ^ a b Thang, N. M.; Popkin, B. (2003-07-14). "Child malnutrition in Vietnam and its transition in an era of economic growth". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 16 (4): 233–244. doi:10.1046/j.1365-277x.2003.00449.x. ISSN 0952-3871.
- ^ a b "Viet Nam - Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 2 - Viet Nam | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 1999-11-09. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ "Vietnam - Crop Trust". www.croptrust.org. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ a b c d "As Flood Recedes, Vietnam Faces Food Shortages - Viet Nam | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 1999-11-10. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
- ^ Nations, United (2008-01-01). Flooding in Mekong River Delta, Viet Nam (Report). United Nations.
- ^ a b c "The role of local institutions in reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and long-term sustainable livelihood development in high risk areas: Vietnam case study". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ "The role of local institutions in reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and long-term sustainable livelihood development in high risk areas: Vietnam case study". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
- ^ "Vietnam: Floods Situation Report No. 2 - Viet Nam | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 1999-12-10. Retrieved 2023-11-18.