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User:Rupert Clayton/List of introduced species in the Channel Islands of California

< User:Rupert Clayton

These tables list non-native species introduced to the Channel Islands of California. Some introductions were intentional, generally as livestock game animals and pets. Many introductions were accidental (e.g. rats and house mice), with many non-native plant species spreading from mainland populations.

Mammals edit

Scientific and
common name(s) 		Image Origin Method of introduction Channel Islands National Park Catalina Island Conservancy (88%) United States Navy
San Miguel Santa Rosa Santa Cruz Anacapa Santa Barbara Santa Catalina San Nicolas San Clemente
Oryctolagus cuniculus
European rabbit NT IUCN
 
 Europe for food 1940s–1965?[a] early 1900s–
1981[3][4][5]
Lepus europaeus
European hare NT IUCN
 
 Europe 1930s–
late 1960s[3][5][b]
Microtus californicus sanctidiegi
California vole LC IUCN
 
 California accidental from ships or cargo ? ? 19th century
–present?[3]
Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus
western harvest mouse LC IUCN
 
 California accidental from ships or cargo ? ? 19th century
–present?[3]
Mus musculus
house mouse LC IUCN
 
 Europe accidental from ships or cargo ? ?–present[3] ? 19th century
–present
Rattus norvegicus
brown rat, Norway rat LC IUCN
 
 Europe accidental from ships or cargo ?–present[3][6]
Rattus rattus
black rat, house rat, roof rat LC IUCN
 
 Europe accidental from ships or cargo mid-1800s–present[7] 1853?–2002[c] ?–present[3][6] 19th century
–present[6]
Felis catus
domestic/feral cat
 
 N. Africa / S. Europe companions for people 1930s–
late 1960s[d] 		between 1897 and 1908–
1975 or later[13] 		pre-1931–present[6] pre-1984–June 2010[e] pre-1934–
present[15][6]
Canis lupus familiaris
dog
 
 companions for people ?–present[6]
Procyon lotor psora
California raccoon LC IUCN
 
 California stowaways on boats ? occasional ?
Sus scrofa
wild boar, feral pig
 
 Europe for food c.1900–1993[3][7] unknown–2007[3] 1930s–
2002[3][f] 		1950s–
post-1984
Cervus elaphus nannodes
tule elk
 
 California 1879–2011[3][16][7]
Capreolus pygargus
Siberian roe stag
 
 NE Asia fl. 1960s[3]
Odocoileus hemionus californicus
mule deer
 
 California 1880–2015[16][7] 1928–present 1955,
1962–
1990[16]
Antilope cervicapra
blackbuck antelope NT IUCN
 
 India 1972–2011[16]
Bos taurus taurus
cattle
 
 Asia Minor 1851–1917?[16][7] 1844–1998[16][7] 1830–1999[16][7] 1854–1970s[16][6] 1856–1870
late 1930s[16][6] 		1890s–1934[16][6]
Bison bison
American bison NT IUCN
 
 Great Plains film-making 1924–present
Ammotragus lervia
Barbary sheep VU IUCN
 
 Asia Minor 1973–
late 1970s[16]
Capra aegagrus hircus
feral goat
 
 Asia Minor late 1880s–
1890?[16] 		1883–
early 1900s[16] 		late 1880s
1919–1920[16] 		1846–
late 1920s[4] 		pre-1827–
2005[16][g] 		1875–1993[16] pre-1875
–April 1991
Ovis aries
sheep
 
 Europe for food pre-1850–
early 1970s[16][7] 		1844–
early 1960s[16] 		1853–2001[16][7] 1869–1937[16][17][5][2] pre-1863–1926
1942–1946[4][5] 		1850s–
mid-1920s[16][5] 		1856–
1949[16][5] 		1853–1941[16]
Equus ferus caballus
feral horse
 
 1850–1950[18] 1844 or earlier–
present[18][7] 		1830–
after 1922[18][7] 		unknown before 1863–
present[18] 		c.1858–
after 1933[18] 		before 1878–
after 1918[18]
Equus africanus asinus
burro, donkey
 
 1860s–
mid-1970s[3][7] 		? ?
Scientific and
common name(s) 		Image Origin Method of introduction San Miguel Santa Rosa Santa Cruz Anacapa Santa Barbara Santa Catalina San Nicolas San Clemente
Channel Islands National Park Catalina Island Conservancy (88%) United States Navy

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Some sources suggest European rabbits were introduced to East Anacapa as early as 1910. However, research indicates that they were likely introuduced during World War II either as an emergency food supply for lighthouse personnel or as pets. They were present from the 1940s until at least 1965. No rabbits were recorded from Middle or West Anacapa.[1].[2]
  2. ^ There may be confusion between reports of hares and rabbits on Anacapa.
  3. ^ Black rats were certainly introduced to Anacapa sometime prior to 1939, probably in supplies brought onto the island for sheep ranching or building the lighthouse.[3][8][9] The National Park Service says there is evidence they were present in 1907.[10] A 1979 study noted that they could have been introduced from a shipwreck such as the SS Winfield Scott in 1853.[8]
  4. ^ Cats were introduced to Anacapa as pets of the fisherman "Frenchy" after whom Frenchy's Cove on West Island is named.[11] In 1966, there remained a small population.[12][5]
  5. ^ Island Conservation began a project to eradicate cats from San Nicolas Island in June 2009. By April 2010, 57 of an estimated 59 cats had been removed from the island. The last two cats were removed in June 2010.[5][14]
  6. ^ One pig may have remained near Avalon in 2002.[5]
  7. ^ One or two female goats may have remained on the extreme east end of Santa Catalina in 2003.[5]

Birds edit

Scientific and
common name(s) 		Image Origin Method of introduction Channel Islands National Park Catalina Island Conservancy (88%) United States Navy
San Miguel Santa Rosa Santa Cruz Anacapa Santa Barbara Santa Catalina San Nicolas San Clemente
Callipepla californica catalinensis
Catalina quail
 
 ? 1946–present[19] ? native ?
Meleagris gallopavo
Wild turkey
 
 ? 1877–?[20],
1950s,
1960s,
1975–Dec 2012[21][19] 		?
Genus species
common
 
 ? ? ?–present ? unknown

Footnotes edit

Reptiles edit

Scientific and
common name(s) 		Image Origin Method of introduction Channel Islands National Park Catalina Island Conservancy (88%) United States Navy
San Miguel Santa Rosa Santa Cruz Anacapa Santa Barbara Santa Catalina San Nicolas San Clemente
Genus species
common
 
 ? ? ?–present ? unknown

Footnotes edit


Plants edit

Scientific and
common name(s) 		Image Origin Method of introduction Channel Islands National Park Catalina Island Conservancy (88%) United States Navy
San Miguel Santa Rosa Santa Cruz Anacapa Santa Barbara Santa Catalina San Nicolas San Clemente
Genus species
common
 
 ? ? ?–present ? unknown

Footnotes edit

References edit

  1. ^ Banks 1966, p. 183.
  2. ^ a b Owen 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n von Bloeker 1967, p. 246.
  4. ^ a b c Drost & Junak 2009, p. 216.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Knowlton et al. 2007, p. 535.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Knowlton et al. 2007, p. 533.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Knowlton et al. 2007, p. 534.
  8. ^ a b Howald et al. 2005.
  9. ^ Howald et al. 2009.
  10. ^ Chawkins 2013.
  11. ^ Banks 1966, p. 185.
  12. ^ Banks 1966, pp. 185–6.
  13. ^ Fix et al. 2002, p. 47.
  14. ^ Ramsey et al. 2010, p. 166.
  15. ^ Bridges et al. 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Mooney & Zavaleta 2016, p. 760.
  17. ^ Daily & 1973–, Sheep on Anacapa Island.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Daily & 1973–, Horses.
  19. ^ a b Morrison et al. 2016.
  20. ^ Batter 2013.
  21. ^ Gee 2016.

Sources edit

  • Banks, Richard C. (August 11, 1966). "Terrestrial Vertebrates of Anacapa Island, California". Transactions of San Diego Society of Natural History. 14 (14): 173–188.
  • Batter, Tom (April 23, 2013). "Coexisting with California's Wild Turkeys". CDFW Wildlife Investigations Lab Blog.
  • Bridges, Andrew S.; Sanchez, Jessica N.; Biteman, Daniel S. (March 27, 2015). "Spatial ecology of invasive feral cats on San Clemente Island: implications for control and management" (PDF). Journal of Mammology. 96 (1): 81–89. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyu005.
  • Chawkins, Steve (March 7, 2013). "Anacapa Island thrives after rat eradication". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  • Daily, Marla (1973–2015). "Islapedia". Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  • Drost, Charles A.; Junak, Steven A. (2009), "Colonizers, Waifs, and Stowaways: Arrival of New Plant Species on Santa Barbara Island over a 30-Year Period" (PDF), Proceedings of the Seventh California Islands Symposium, Arcata, California: Institute for Wildlife Studies, pp. 215–228
  • Fix, David; Beeler, Heather; LeValley, Ron (June 15, 2002). California Coastal National Monument: Literature Search and Summarization of Key Biological Resources of the Monument (PDF) (Report). Mad River Biologists.
  • Gee, Alastair (February 4, 2016). "The Last of the Channel Islands Turkeys". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Howald, Gregg R.; Faulkner, Kate R.; Tershy, Bernie; Keitt, Bradford; Gellerman, Holly; Creel, Eileen M.; Grinnel, Matthew; Ortega, Steven T.; Croll, Donald A. (2005), "Eradication of black rat from Anacapa Island: Environmental and Social Considerations" (PDF), Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Symposium, Arcata, California: Institute for Wildlife Studies, pp. 299–312
  • Howald, Gregg; Donlan, C. Josh; Faulkner, Kate R.; Ortega, Steve; Gellerman, Holly; Croll, Donald A.; Tershy, Bernie (2009), "Eradication of black rats Rattus rattus from Anacapa Island" (PDF), Oryx, 1 (44), Fauna & Flora International: 30–40, doi:10.1017/S003060530999024X
  • Knowlton, Jessie L.; Donlan, C. Josh; Roemer, Gary W.; Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli; Keitt, Bradford S.; Wood, Bill; Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso; Faulkner, Kate R.; Tershy, Bernie R. (December 2007), "Eradication of non-native mammals and the status of insular mammals on the California Channel Islands, USA, and Pacific Baja California Peninsula Islands, Mexico" (PDF), The Southwestern Naturalist, 52 (4): 528–540
  • Mooney, Harold; Zavaleta, Erika (January 19, 2016). "Ecosystems of California": 759–760. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Morrison, Scott A.; Denicola, Anthony J.; Walker, Kelvin; Dewey, David; Laughrin, Lynda; Wolstenholme, Rachel; MacDonald, Norman (January 2016), "An irruption interrupted: eradication of wild turkeys Meleagris gallopavo from Santa Cruz Island, California", Oryx, 50 (1): 121–127, doi:10.1017/S0030605314000428
  • Owen, Ken (July 17, 2011). "Background on Anacapa Island and the Restoration Project". CIR Anacapa Island Restoration Blog. Channel Islands Restoration. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  • Ramsey, David S.L.; Parkes, John P.; Will, David; Hanson, Chad C.; Campbell, Karl J. (December 15, 2010). "Quantifying the success of feral cat eradication, San Nicolas Island, California" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 35 (2).
  • von Bloeker, Jr., Jack C. (1965). Philbrick, Ralph (ed.). Land Mammals of the Southern California Islands (PDF). Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of the California Islands. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. pp. 245–264.
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