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Week 2 Questions

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Wikipedians often talk about "content gaps." What do you think a content gap is, and what are some possible ways to identify them?

Content gaps are things that nobody has adequately covered in a topic. Being creative and brainstorming is how one can identify content gaps.

What are some reasons a content gap might arise? What are some ways to remedy them?

Some content gaps can arise because of lack of enough information to claim facts about things. Other content gaps can be things that nobody has been creative enough to cover yet.

Does it matter who writes Wikipedia?

Who writes Wikipedia matters to a certain extent, as long as the author cites their sources and the information is unbiased and easy to understand then the identity of the person writing Wikipedia does not matter.

What does it mean to be "unbiased" on Wikipedia? How is that different, or similar, to your own definition of "bias"?

Being unbiased on Wikipedia is basically the same as being unbiased in real life. The writer must leave out their views so they don’t influence the information incorrectly. Also if a writer is biased to certain views in their writing, the reader won’t be able to make a proper decision based on the information given because it is biased.

Week 4 Questions

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Blog posts and press releases are considered poor sources of reliable information. Why?

Blog posts and press releases are not reliable sources because they are considered self-published media. These things can be written by somebody who doesn't really know what they're talking about, and has no evidence to back their claims.

What are some reasons you might not want to use a company's website as the main source of information about that company?

Using a company's website to find information about a company is not a good idea because the company is biased towards itself. The claims that the company will include on their website will probably be tailored to make them look as good as possible. The company will always be looking out for its best interests and if they have to control to do so (like on their website) they will probably control which information is made available to the public.

What is the difference between a copyright violation and plagiarism?

A copyright violation is taking somebody's work and using it without their consent. Plagiarism is using somebody's work and taking credit for their work. Even though they are almost the same thing, the distinguishing difference is that plagiarism consists of taking credit for somebody's work.

What are some good techniques to avoid close paraphrasing and plagiarism?

A technique to avoid plagiarism and close paraphrasing is to read through the information that you need, and take notes about it after you have read through it. After reading through it, when you take notes your mind has already created a summary of the information in your own words . Once you are done writing notes when you go to write down the information that you learned use your notes for fact checking and since you already have a summary of the information in your head, it will be easy to write without the fear of close paraphrasing or plagiarism.





Draft

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Theroigne de Mericourt

Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt (born Anne-Josèphe Terwagne; 13 August 1762–9 June 1817) was a singer, orator and organizer in the French Revolution. She was born at Marcourt (Prince-Bishopric of Liège) (from which comes the appellation "de Méricourt"), a small town in Luxembourg province, in modern Belgium. She is known both for her portrayal in the French Revolutionary press and for her subsequent mental breakdown and institutionalization.

Early life (1767-1789)

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She was born Anne-Josèphe Terwagne in Marcourt, Rendeux, to Pierre Terwagne (b. 1731) and Anne-Élisabeth Lahaye (1732–1767). Her mother died after giving birth to her third child, leaving Anne-Josèphe alone with her father and two brothers; Pierre-Josèphe (b. 1764) and Josèphe (b. 1767). After her mother died, she was sent to live with her Aunt in Liége and was put into a convent school where she learned how to sew. About a year after Anne-Josèphe began school, her aunt married and stopped paying for her school. Anne-Josèphe fled back to her father after he remarried because she was forced to be a house maid and tend to her aunt's children. Life at her father's was no better, her stepmother treated her just as poorly as her aunt did. Her eldest brother went to Germany to stay with relatives by the name of Campinados. At the age of thirteen, Anne-Josèphe and her younger brother went to Xhoris to stay with some of their father's relatives. While in Xhoris, she was constantly snubbed and overworked to the point where she could not take it any longer. As a result she went back to her aunt in Liège, but found that she was still mistreated. After realizing the need to start her own life, she learned to herd cows in Sougné, a province in Limburg. A year later she went back to Liège to work as a seamstress, only to face the same discontent with her life as before. She proceeded to seek refuge with a different aunt by the name of Clamend who lived in Xhoris. Before long, a lady asked Anne-Josèphe to come to Antwerp with her to care for her daughter. The lady abandoned her at the inn they were staying at after a few weeks. Luckily for Anne-Josèphe, a lady by the name Madame Colbert saw something within her and took her in as the governess to her children. Anne-Josèphe was sixteen when she started living with Madame Colbert; her life consisted of teaching Madame Colbert's children and studying operatic singing in several European capitals. They ended up at Madame Colbert's house in London where eventually a rich Englishman set his eyes on Anne-Josèphe. One night when Madame Colbert was out, the Englishman entered the home begging for Anne-Josèphe to elope with him. According to her account after she declined, she was abducted and taken by force. When he became of age and inherited his fortune, the unmarried couple went to Paris to live their lives. She quickly caught onto his lavish ways and tried to work with him, but in 1787 he returned to England leaving her in Paris with two hundred thousand livres. At some point between 1784 and 1787 she crafted a relationship with sixty year old Marquis de Persan, a Councillor of the Parliament of Paris. Much about their relationship remains a mystery, but what is known is that they communicated through letters, and that he gifted her very generously. Anne-Joseph operated under the alias Mademoiselle Campinado whenever she worked as a courtesan. After meeting a renown Italian tenor, Giacomo David, for the first time she was inspired her to break away from Marquis de Persan and pursue her singing career. She found a noteworthy castrato teacher named Giusto Fernando Tenducci and since she could not afford the full cost of the lessons with the help of Tenducci's attorney they drafted up an agreement. She had no idea of Tenducci's plan to scam her out of money so he could pay off his debts. While traveling towards her father, she got news that her father had died and so she was forced to change her plans. Tenducci was not able to execute his plan because she no longer had a reason to visit and drop off a large sum of money. Tenducci proceeded to convince her to travel to Italy with him, her two brothers, and her half brother Pierrot. She was under the impression that she was going to be reimbursed for the travel expenses. They left to Genoa, Italy at some point between May 1787 and February 1788. After recognizing his true intentions, she sought help from friends and lawyers who assured her that the contract was invalid. In order to go to Rome like she now desired, Anne-Josèphe needed money. In March of 1789 she wrote to Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, a swiss banker, thanking him for his assistance in acquiring payment from Marquis de Persan, asking for a loan to buy her eldest brother a managership, and requesting letters of recommendation for Rome and [[1]]. Rumors about the revolution began surfacing in Rome. In May 1789, after her younger brother was situated in Rome, she traveled from Italy to Paris, where she became swept up in the early stirrings of the Revolution.[1]

Role in French Revolution (1789-1790)

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King's Cockade and National Assembly

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Anne-Josèphe's first involvement in the revolution was on July 17, 1789 when King Louis XVI was at the Hôtel de Ville, sanctifying the revolution while wearing a tricolored cockade. She dressed in a man's riding habit and a round hat in order to appear as a man to avoid the discrimination faced by women.[2]

On August 4th, 1789 she attended an important National Assembly meeting discussing the rapidly spreading revolution. By the end of the month the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was passed. She decided to move to Rue de Noailles, in Versailles, to ensure that she make it to all of the National Assembly meetings. She learned as much as she could about the unfolding events like The Women's March on Versailles so she could understand the issues and begin to help. In October 1789 she moved to Paris so she could continue to attend the National Assembly meetings which now took place in there.[3]

Society of Friends of the Law

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In January 1790 she founded, along with Gilbert Romme, the Société des amis de la loi ("Society of Friends of the Law"), a club that sought to encourage and assist patriotic work in the provinces.[4] The club was short-lived, and Anne-Josèphe turned her revolutionary zeal into oratory at the Club des Cordeliers and the terraces of the National Assembly. Frustrated by the minimal opportunities available to female patriots, she supported the formation of mixed-sex and women's patriotic clubs. Around this time is when she became known as Théroigne de Méricourt.

Rumors from the press

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Théroigne was beginning to realize that the majority of the supporters of the revolution were interested in the rights of men, and not in the rights of women. Beginning in November 1789, the Parisian royalist press began to construct a flamboyant and infamous caricature of Théroigne as a "patriots' whore" and "female war chief."[5] According to the pages of these pamphlets, she had assaulted the Bastille and led the October Days march on Versailles; she fought soldiers and was "ever to be found where the unrest was greatest," attired in a "scarlet riding-habit and... black plume."[5] She was also portrayed as a shameless libertine who was sexually involved with "Deputy Populus" ("the people")[6] and one tabloid wrote that "every representative [of the National Assembly] may fairly claim to be the father of her child."[6]

Austrian imprisonment (1790-1792)

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In May 1790, impoverished and much affected by the libels of the royalist press, Théroigne left Paris for Marcourt. After a short stay she proceeded to Liege, in which town she was seized by warrant of the Austrian Government, and conveyed first to Tyrol and thereafter to the Kufstein Fortress, where she was interrogated about her revolutionary activities. She was taken by mercenaries on a ten day journey to Austria, during which she was bulled and nearly raped by her three captors. The Austrians, influenced by Théroigne's portrayal in the Paris tabloids, attributed to her an exaggerated role in the Revolution. [7] They portrayed her as a subversive "Pythia," a possible spy who had corrupted soldiers with inflammatory rhetoric, threatened the royal family, and instigated the October Days.[8]

François de Blanc was appointed by the Imperial Chancellor, Prince Kaunitz, to be Thèroigne's interrogator. After about a month of heavy interrogation, Blanc found that she had no useful information to offer, and that many of the rumors regarding her were false. Eventually Blanc grew an affection to her and arranged for her release after he discovered that she had many health issues; including depression, insomnia, migraines, and coughing of blood.

Role in the French Revolution cont. (1792-1793)

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Return to Paris

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In January 1792, Théroigne returned to Paris. News of her Austrian captivity had preceded her, and she was welcomed as a hero. On February 1, she spoke at the Jacobin Club, where she described her ordeal and was lauded as "one of the first Amazons of liberty."[9] Throughout the spring of 1792, she campaigned for women's rights to bear arms, and in March argued for the establishment of a battalion of women who might defend the city. Her recruiting work for this battalion, however, proved unpopular, and she was denounced to the Jacobins for causing unrest in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.

Tuileries palace

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During the insurrection of August 10, Théroigne was involved with the death of royalist prisoners at the Place Vendôme. Among the prisoners was the pamphleteer François-Louis Suleau, who, writing for the royalist scandal sheet Actes des apôtres, had been responsible for many of the offensive rumors about Théroigne. Théroigne, upon recognizing him, handed him over to be murdered by the angry crowd. She was later awarded a civic crown for her courage on August 10, 1972.[10]

Affiliation with the Gironde

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Théroigne's revolutionary activities remained subdued for the remainder of 1792, though she was often seen at the Jacobins in her riding habit.[11] In early 1793, she composed a series of placards arguing for the active involvement of women in encouraging patriotic duty. Théroigne had, by this point, allied herself with the Girondins, a political faction at odds with the radical Jacobins.

On May 15, Théroigne was delivering a speech in the Jardin des Tuileries when she was attacked by a group of women allied with the Jacobins. The women, objecting to her pro-Girondin sentiments, stripped her naked and beat her severely.[7] She was rescued by the intervention of Jean-Paul Marat, but suffered afterwards from headaches and mental troubles.

Institutionalism and death (1794-1817)

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Théroigne's behavior became erratic, and on September 20, 1794 she was certified insane and put into an asylum in Faugbourg Marceau.[12] She was ultimately sent to La Salpêtrière Hospitalin in 1807, where she lived for twenty years, intermittently lucid and speaking constantly about the Revolution. Following a short illness, she died there on June 9, 1817.[13]

Fact and fiction in the French Revolution

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The history of this fictional Théroigne came to overshadow and confuse her actual actions during this time. By her own account, she was not present at the fall of the Bastille, nor did she march on Versailles during the October Days; rather, she had lived at Versailles throughout the summer of 1789, attending debates at the National Assembly and meeting with political figures such as Jérôme Pétion, Camille Desmoulins, and the Abbé Sieyès.[14] She did indeed, while at Versailles, dress in a man's riding habit, but she did not lead any insurrectionary actions.

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Fiction

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Video games

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  • In Assassin's Creed Unity (2014), Théroigne de Méricourt appears in several side missions. She is voiced by Natalia Payne.

References

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  1. ^ Hamel, Frank (1911). A woman of the revolution, Théroigne de Méricourt. New York: Brentano's. pp. 21–62. ISBN 978-1-341-35576-9.
  2. ^ Hamel, Frank (1911). A woman of the revolution, Théroigne de Méricourt. New York: Brentano's. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-341-35576-9.
  3. ^ Hamel, Frank (1911). A woman of the revolution, Théroigne de Méricourt. New York: Brentano's. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-341-35576-9.
  4. ^ Roudinesco, p. 33-5
  5. ^ a b Roudinesco, p. 31
  6. ^ a b Hamel, p. 119
  7. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  8. ^ Roudinesco, p. 67
  9. ^ Hamel, p. 272
  10. ^ Hamel, p. 322
  11. ^ Hamel, p. 323
  12. ^ Hamel, p. 345
  13. ^ Hamel, p. 355
  14. ^ Roudinesco, p. 28
Attribution
  1. M. Pellet, Etude historique et biographique sur Théroigne de Méricourt (1886)
  2. L. Lacour, Les Origines du féminisme contemporain. Trois femmes de la Revolution (Paris, 1900)
  3. Vicomte de Reiset, La Vraie Théroigne de Méricourt (Paris, 1903)
  4. E. and J. de Goncourt, Portraits intimes du XVIII. siècle (2 vols., 1857–58)
  5. Théroigne de Méricourt, a play by M. Paul Hervieu, produced at the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in 1902.
  6. Théroigne de Méricourt, an opera by August de Boeck (libretto by Léonce du Catillon), composed in 1900, premiered in Antwerp in 1901.

Further reading

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  • Jackie Pigeaud (ed.), Théroigne de Méricourt, La Lettre-mélancolie, Lettre adressée en 1801 à Danton (mort en... 1794), transcribe par Jean-Pierre Ghersenzon, Verdier / L’Éther Vague, 2005.
  • Elisabeth Roudinesco, Théroigne de Méricourt,Une femme mélancolique sous la Révolution, Préface d'Elisabeth Badinter, Albin Michel, Mars 2010.
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