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2013 Christmas Floods
The road to Hanley Castle, Worcestershire is under water and still rising, November 2012.
Date24 December – 25 December 2013
LocationSaint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia and Dominica
Deathsat least 18
Flooding on the road to Nether Heyford from Upper Heyford Northamptonshire in April.

The 2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods are a series of weather events that affected parts of Great Britain and Ireland periodically during the course of 2012 and on through the winter into 2013. The beginning of 2012 saw much of the United Kingdom experiencing droughts and a heat wave in March. A series of low pressure systems steered by the jet stream brought the wettest April in 100 years, and flooding across Britain and Ireland. Continuing through May and leading to the wettest beginning to June in 150 years, with flooding and extreme events occurring periodically throughout Britain and parts of Atlantic Europe.

On 27 and 28 June and again on 7 July heavy rain events occurred from powerful thunderstorms that gathered strength as they travelled across mainland Britain. Severe weather warnings and a number of flood alerts were issued by the UK's Environment Agency, and many areas were hit by flash floods that overwhelmed properties and caused power cuts. A motorist was killed after his vehicle was caught by floodwater and landslides halted rail services between England and Scotland. The thunderstorms were the product of two fronts that collided over the British Isles – warm air travelling from the Azores and cold water-ladened air from the west. The second batch of flooding struck the South-West of England during the afternoon of 7 July, forcing the Met Office to issue its highest alert, Red (Take Action), due to the significant amounts of rainfall caused by a system travelling from Southern Europe, along with the warm, humid air the United Kingdom had seen in the run-up to the floods, which, like the June floods, caused thunderstorms.

During the Autumn the most intense September low since 1981 brought widespread flooding and wind damage to the UK.[1] Widespread flooding occurred again in November, December and January 2013, as more heavy rains overwhelmed the saturated ground.

Spring edit

A series of extratropical cyclones brought the wettest April to many parts of the United Kingdom. Beginning with the storm Gritt (2–11 April 995 hPa) a low system tracking south over the UK and Ireland bringing storm force winds and heavy snowfall, a week after many areas of the UK experienced temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F). 50,000 were left without power in Northern England. Nine Belgian tourists were rescued from blizzards on Ben Macdui, Scotland. A cargo ship ran aground near to Conwy in Wales. The trans-Pennine Woodhead pass route was closed to traffic and the M62 motorway was disrupted. This was followed by the storm Petra (22–29 April 970 hPa) and Queenie (27 April–11 May 988 hPa). Heavy rains led to flooding after a wet April in the UK. 5,000 homes in Wales were without electricity, as winds brought down trees in SW areas of the British Isles. Flood Warnings were in force across much of the UK. A man died after a car became trapped in a Berkshire ford.[2] The wet weather resulted in the cancellation of the Badminton Horse Trials.[3] Towards the end of May there was a brief warm dry period.[4]

Summer Storms edit

June edit

3 June saw the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant beleaguered by heavy rain, 46 people from the boats were treated for the effects of the cold weather, and six were taken to hospital with symptoms of hypothermia.[5] On 9 June severe flooding began around Aberystwyth, West Wales with people evacuated from 2 holiday parks, with 150 people saved from lifeboats in 4–5 ft of water.

10-11 June saw a small but active area of low pressure track slowly east through the English Channel, eventually becoming slow moving for almost 24 hours near the Sussex coast.[6] Flooding followed in the villages of Almodington, Somerley and Birdham, with Bracklesham Bay Caravan Park and Sussex Beach Holiday Village in Earnley on the Manhood Peninsula also inundated.[7][8] Elsewhere in Sussex, flooding occurred at Worthing Hospital and saw basement flats on Littlehampton seafront also under water.[9]

22 June saw over a month's worth of rain fall on areas of the North, with Lancashire, Cumbria and Pennine areas badly hit.[10] Todmorden, Mytholmroyd and Hebden Bridge saw flash floods which halted trains on the Calder Valley line between Leeds and Manchester Victoria, following a landslip and flooding.[11]

The conditions that led to the extreme weather conditions were caused by a warm front blowing northward from the Azores and an eastward travelling cold front that came together over the British Isles. The first of the severe weather brought heavy rainfall to Northern Ireland on the night of 27 June, with Belfast one of the worst affected areas. Two inches of overnight rain caused flash flooding, damaging properties and leaving 1,000 homes without power for several hours.[12] The following day the Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service said that it had dealt with 700 flood-related calls, while Finance Minister Sammy Wilson announced that those affected by the floods would be eligible to apply for up to £1,000 in emergency funding. Northern Ireland Water reported that its staff had helped to clear sewage from 158 properties, and said it was on "high alert" to deal with further incidents.[13]

28 June supercell storms edit

On the morning of 28 June, supercell thunderstorms developed over Wales shortly after 8.00 a.m., then moved separately across England to the Midlands and the north, leaving a trail of disruption in their wake.[14] At one point the Environment Agency had 10 flood warnings and 47 alerts in place for England, mainly in the Midlands and North, while the Scottish Environment Protection Agency had one flood warning and 12 flood alerts covering many areas.[14]

One storm affected the Midlands, producing hailstones reported to be larger than golfballs, with conglomerate stones up to 10 cm across. Burbage in Leicestershire saw some of the most severe hail. Another supercell produced a tornado near Sleaford, in Lincolnshire.[15] Homes and businesses were damaged as an inch of rain fell in two hours in some areas of the West Midlands.[14] Hailstones as large as golf balls fell in parts of the East Midlands, while the 2012 Olympic torch relay was briefly halted by lightning.[14] A motorist was swept to his death after his vehicle was overwhelmed by flood waters in Shropshire.[14]

Another supercell storm struck Tyneside without warning at the height of the evening rush hour causing widespread damage and travel chaos. Flooded shopping malls were evacuated, Newcastle Central station was closed, as was the Tyne and Wear Metro, and main road routes were flooded leading to massive tailbacks. Drivers were forced to abandon their cars, with many commuters stranded due to public transport closures. Northern Powergrid reported that 23,000 properties were left without electricity in North-East England after flash flooding and lightning storms hit the area.[14] The Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service reported more than 1,500 calls relating to flooding on the night of 28 June.[16] 999 land line services were knocked out in some areas and the damage ran to huge amounts only visible the next day after water cleared. Many parts of County Durham and Northumberland were also affected with thousands of homes across the North East left without power due to lightning strikes. Lightning was filmed striking the Tyne Bridge (Newcastle) as motorists were sat gridlocked on it.

Landslides blocked both main East Coast and West Coast rail lines linking England and Scotland.[17] Both lines reopened the following day, but problems with overhead power lines forced a second closure of the West Coast line while maintenance was carried out.[18]

Record rainfall totals in June 2012 beat those of 2007 in the UK, which had itself broken a record which had held for nearly 40 years.[19]

 
A swollen brook flooding a footpath in Graves Park, Sheffield.

July edit

On 7 July, a deep low-pressure system started to spread towards the British Isles. The system struck around 1 p.m. on 7 July, with the Environment Agency issuing flood alerts & warnings throughout the United Kingdom. South Yorkshire experienced heavy rainfall, and 52 people were evacuated from a care home in Thurnscoe due to a flood warning being issued in the area. An emergency command centre was set up by South Yorkshire Police in Sheffield over fears of flooding in the city, and authorities advised people to avoid the Meadowhall area because of high water levels on the River Don.[20]

The South West of England also suffered from river & surface flooding, and the Met Office placed the region on a red warning for severe weather.[21] Filey lifeboat station rescued six people from an inland caravan park in North Yorkshire which was under 3 feet of floodwater.[22] Officials at Silverstone Circuit on the Northamptonshire/Buckinghamshire border had to turn away thousands of fans attending the Formula 1 Grand Prix qualifying sessions on Saturday 7 July due to heavy rainfall the previous day.[23]

In Dorset a couple were killed when heavy rains caused a landslip and partial collapse of the Beaminster Tunnel. 700 tonnes of mud slid onto the roadway completely covering the vehicle on 7 July. Dorset Police at the time were dealing with 150 flood warnings in the county and the evacuation of 180 houses with 400 incidents reported to police control room. A cursory inspection of the landslip did not reveal the presence of the vehicle and it was not until after the couple were reported as missing that the police re-investigated the debris and found the crushed car on 15 July.[24] The Dorset Police force was criticised for failing to find the bodies sooner and the case was voluntarily referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission to be reviewed.[25]

8 July brought renewed flash-flooding, to the Upper Calder Valley. This was the third time the area had suffered a deluge, within the space of a fortnight. Todmorden, Hebden Bridge and Mytholmroyd were hit particularly badly. The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, venue for Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics, flooded after a nearby lake burst its banks overnight.[26]

August edit

4–5 August saw localised flooding across the UK in Devon, Tyne and Wear, West Yorkshire and Southern Scotland from torrential rains, in places exceeding 30 mm over a short time.[27] This storm crossed the North Sea and was designated as extreme weather event "Frida" by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Rainfall totals up to 100 mm in 24 hours across southern Norway and parts of Denmark resulted in flooding and landslips.[28] Towards the end of the month more flash floods were reported in Cumbria, leading to landslides and a derailed train.[29] High waters on the River Ehen tore down the side of a house in Egremont, Cumbria.[30]

 
The Swale in flood at Topcliffe, North Yorkshire September 2012

Autumn edit

September edit

570 homes and businesses were flooded in September according to the Environment Agency.[31] The worst hit areas were Wales, Yorkshire and the North East England.[31] In Newburn, Newcastle upon Tyne a block of flats was completely undermined by floodwaters leaving the block looking precarious with the pile foundations exposed. Engineering surveys resulted in the likelihood that the homes were unsalvageable, leaving angry residents looking for the landowners and developers to take responsibility.[31] The River Ouse in York reached a peak height of 5.02 m over normal.[31] In North Yorkshire the British Army were called on to deploy sandbags in the village of Cawood to help save homes and businesses.[31] A young couple who were walking their dogs along the River Clywedog near to Wrexham were caught in the flooded waters and drowned.[32] Local authorities were left reeling from the floods asked the government to set up an emergency capital highways maintenance fund to help with the expected cost of bridge, road and infrastructure repairs from the flooding, as they had done during the widespread 2007 United Kingdom floods.[31]

October edit

The bad weather and flooded rivers around Machynlleth hindered the search for the missing schoolgirl April Jones.[33] 11 October brought flooding to the Devon village of Clovelly following 5 cm (2 in) of rainfall, a torrent of water cascaded down the steep cobbled main street to the harbour.[34]

November edit

On 18 November southern and western Scotland saw intense rainfall which caused localised flooding, the Trossachs, South Argyll and parts of Dumfries and Galloway were particularly badly affected, with widespread reports of local flooding from the towns of Comrie, Dunblane, Aberfoyle and Callander. In Comrie, around 100 properties were affected. The Glasgow area saw more than 50 mm of rain fall and some flooding.[35] The Rest and Be Thankful section of the A83 road in Argyll saw a landslip of an estimated 150 tonnes of material close the road for the fifth time in six years.[36][37]

 
The car in Chew Stoke in which a man died on 22 November

During November a series of floods affected many parts of Britain. On 22 November a man died after his car was washed down a flooded brook in Chew Stoke, Somerset and trapped against a small bridge.[38][39] A 26-year-old man was also killed as his car overturned in torrential rain in Devon.[40] In Sonning, Berkshire a 91-year-old was apparently witnessed to have gone swimming in the flooded Thames and was missing, feared dead.[40] A Downing Street spokesman said that 300 properties were flooded in 24 hours in England and Wales on 22 November.[40] Heavy rains led to overtopping of the Grand Western Canal near to Halberton, Devon forcing homes to be evacuated as the canal wall breached, spilling the canal contents on lower land.[41] The Environment Agency and Police via the media stressed that motorists should take great care when driving through flood waters after a series of fatalities involving motorists during the flooding of 2012.[42][43][44][45] In Welney, Norfolk a man who posted a video of driving a 4x4 vehicle through deep floodwaters along the closed A1101 road online, was branded as irresponsible and dangerous by Norfolk Police.[46] While Cambridgeshire Police said that drivers who drove through floods and got stuck could face prosecution, after several vehicles were stranded in floodwaters.[47]

England and Wales saw the (provisionally) second wettest week in the last 50 years between 20–26 November, behind only a period October–November 2000.[35] 26 November saw a landslip on Aelfelda Terrace, Whitby, after saturated ground led to failure of the retaining wall. Five terraced houses were later demolished following fears of their collapse, after being condemned.[48] Around 500 houses were flooded, RNLI lifeboats evacuated residents and an elderly woman was found dead in her own property after the River Elwy swelled to 6 ft above its normal level in the town of St Asaph in North Wales on 27 November.[49][50] The month saw some of the worst floods of the year in many areas of the country.

December edit

Early December brought a period of cold settled weather to the UK, which offered some respite from the flooding. On 14 December, low pressure area Nicki brought coastal flooding along the south coast of England and eastern Scotland. Weymouth harbourside was flooded,[51] and 30 homes in Looe were also flooded. Some residents in the Scottish towns of Stonehaven and Peterhead were evacuated.[52] In Kingsbridge, Devon the town centre was flooded after the quay was overtopped and the railway line to Dawlish was disrupted after flooding.[53][54] £500,000 of damage was caused at North Berwick, Lothian by the waves, with a 15 m section of harbour wall brought down in Lossiemouth.[55][56]

On 19 December a front from the low Petra brought rainfall, and the following day the Environment Agency ordered the evacuation of the village of Wallington, Hampshire, after fears that cracks in the flood wall could indicate potential failure.[57] A series of weather fronts associated with low pressure areas brought flooding to Helston in Cornwall and Braunton in Devon on the night of 21 December.[58] Multiple landslips occurred in Swanage Dorset, which were caught on camera by the local coastguard,[59] who produced a map of slips and beach closures in the area.[60]

Temporary water-filled dams were deployed in the United Kingdom for the first time to protect the mainline railway at Cowley Bridge Junction, next to the River Exe, some trackbed beyond the dams was washed away on 22 December, putting the line out of action until it was reopened on 28 December. The village of Stoke Canon just upstream saw several homes evacuated.[61][62] Network Rail advised passengers not to travel west of Taunton, later Tiverton, with both First Great Western and Arriva Trains Wales urging passengers not to travel.[63][64][65]

More heavy rainfall in South West England on 22 December brought flooding to Lostwithiel Cornwall, where RNLI flood rescue teams helped evacuate flooded homes.[66] The Tarr Steps, a grade 1 listed and scheduled ancient monument in Exmoor National Park, west Somerset was washed away. River levels up to 10 feet (3.0 m) higher than normal and debris snapped the steel cables designed to protect the walkway.[67][68] Each slab of the bridge is numbered so that the crossing can be reconstructed, which was last done in 2008.[69]

 
The Gypsey Race floods the village of Burton Fleming due to the saturated ground and rainfall of December 2012.

Meteorological background edit

The La Niña event which had been ongoing since 2009 in the Pacific finally weakened during March 2012, although many parts of the global oceans and tropical weather patterns still retained characteristics associated with La Niña.[70]

In the northern hemisphere the jet stream was very disturbed, resulting in a Rossby wave pattern of high and low pressure regions. During March the UK was positioned under a strong high pressure region resulting in very dry and warm conditions which brought a heatwave. In April, the wave pattern underwent a significant shift to bring the UK under the influence of strong low pressure, with prevailing south-westerly flow and heavy rainfall.[70]

One of the potential causes of this shift in the northern hemisphere circulation may have been associated with a shift in tropical weather patterns. In particular, this may have been caused by a strong Madden–Julian oscillation which occurred in the tropics in March. This is a large-scale tropical phenomenon which leads to disturbed weather patterns over a timescales of typically 30–60 days. These changes originate over the Indian Ocean and may have influenced the northern hemisphere weather regimes,[70] as the Madden–Julian oscillation can be an important predictor of the state of the North Atlantic Oscillation.[71]

The poor summer weather saw the continuation of a southerly tracking jet stream,[72] which showed a similar pattern to that of June and July 2007.[72]

The 28 June 2012 supercells in the United Kingdom and Belgium brought intense heavy rain which caused flash flooding and further saturated the ground water levels.[73] Meteorologists attributed these storms to convective rain from a Spanish plume weather pattern.[74][75][76] Factors involved in the extreme storms of summer 2012 were the relatively high sea-surface temperature in the Atlantic Ocean west of the UK, which increased moisture content of the air as it passed over it and secondly, the persistence of an upper trough (a low pressure in the higher atmosphere) helping the development of strong convection. When these frontal storms along the Rossby waves turned north-eastward, they hit southwest England, Wales, north England and Scotland and across to Scandinavia. The repeated updraft elements merged with the rotating updraft elements within these supercell storms and led to the occurrence of tornadoes and large hail.[77]

Analysis edit

The rapid change in fortunes from drought to flooding across the country was unique in the weather record, exceeding the change seen after the 1975–1976 drought.[78] With Terry Marsh of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) stating "Sustained recoveries of this magnitude during the late spring and summer have not been seen before," with ground water levels recharging to average, and above average levels during a season when they'd be expected to be declining.[78] An enhanced recharge season was also noted before the Autumn floods of 2000.[79] November to April is generally the wetter half of the year in the British Isles, which means heavy or prolonged winter rainfall presents a heightened risk of flooding as soils and aquifers are already saturated.[78] PricewaterhouseCoopers announced in November that the flooding over the summer of 2012 was likely to cost insurers £500 million, with the overall cost of flooding to insurers for the year estimated at £1 billion ($1.59 billion).[80] In December Aon Benfield gave an updated estimate of the total insurance losses through flooding for the year, which could reach £1.33 billion, with claims of £280 million from the flooding of 10–11 June, £498 million from 23–24 June floods and £50 million on 24–25 September.[81][82]

The floods came at a time when the Government and the UK insurance industry are re-negotiating a deal to provide affordable insurance to flood prone homes, known as the Statement of Principles, with the current subsidy due to expire in June 2013.[80] The favoured solution for the insurance industry is a levy on low risk homes with the government and taxpayer acting as an insurer of last resort.[80] The Association of British Insurers stated that "The Government has indicated it will not provide any temporary overdraft facility for the insurance industry’s not-for-profit scheme, which makes it very difficult for it to go ahead. As a result, negotiations have hit an impasse."[83] Should the issue not be resolved this would leave an estimated 200,000 homes unable to get insurance from June 2013.[84] An alternative being discussed in the insurance industry is the possibility that flood pools may offer a hybrid solution acceptable to both parties.[84] Because of the flooding in 2012, insurance renewal premiums were expected to rise between 10 and 50 percent, depending on the scale of damages suffered. Even those not directly hit by the flooding were likely to see their premiums rise by 5 percent next year.[81] Currently insurers provide flood coverage on the understanding that government invests a certain amount of funds on flood defences, however the spending on flood defences has slipped below the levels seen in 2008.[19][85]

The floods come in the wake of government cuts to flood protection, which has seen 294 flood defence schemes cut which had indicative funding in place in 2010, with major schemes in Leeds, Thirsk, Ipswich, Fleetwood and Croston, Lancashire not built.[86] The UK government announced on 30 November that £120 million of new funding would be released to speed up building of 50 flood defences by Defra,[87] which would prioritise schemes in Leeds city centre, Sheffield, Exeter, Derby and Ipswich.[88] Anne McIntosh MP for Thirsk and Malton and vice president of the Association of Drainage Authorities questioned whether the government had prioritised the right schemes in their announced package of new funding. Noting that the Pitt Review of the UK floods of 2007 demanded that Government prove rivers are being dredged regularly, she raised the issue of whether this could be maintained as the maintenance spend of the Environment Agency was being cut.[85]

Aftermath edit

Sporting and outdoor event cancellations edit

It was estimated that in July the cost of cancelled events could cost the rural economy £240 million.[99]

Landslides edit

The heavy rainfall and resulting saturated ground provided conditions which led to a greater risk of landslides. On 27 December the British Geological Survey and Met Office gave a rare landslide warning for the southwest of England.[100][101] December saw an amber warning situation resulting from saturated ground conditions, with forecasts of more heavy rainfall and multiple reports of slope instability resulting in likely disruption to infrastructure and people.[102] The British Geological Survey monitor incidents of landslip[103] and produced data indicating that the April and June rainfall resulted in a fourfold increase in landslides and slope failures in July against what would be usually expected, with a similarly large increase in landslides towards the end of the year. The BGS team mapped a large concentration of landslips in the southwest of England, a region frequently experiencing flooding during the year,[104] showing a correlation of landslides and rainfall anomaly during 2012.[105] Lansdslides occurred as a result of water loading of slopes, reducing soil strength and/or removal of soil particles or other material changes in the slopes.[104]

 
Burton Beach, Burton Bradstock, Dorset, the scene of a fatal landslide on 24 July 2012.

The School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences at Newcastle University is conducting a study to gather as much information about the flash-flooding that hit Newcastle and the North East during summer 2012, launching the ToonFlood Project for the submission of photos and comments to help calibrate computer modelling of the event.[119]

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  82. ^ "November 2012 Global Catastrophe Recap" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  83. ^ "As UK Floods Continue, ABI Urges Progress on Stalled Insurance Talks". Insurance Journal. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
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  86. ^ "Hundreds of UK flood defence schemes unbuilt due to budget cuts". The Guardian. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
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External links edit

Great Britain Floods Floods Floods Great Britain And Ireland floods Category:Floods in Ireland Category:Floods in the United Kingdom Category:Weather events in Ireland

Democratic Republic of Saint Augustine
Flag
CapitalKenniston City
Largest cityKenniston
Official languagesEnglish, French
Demonym(s)Saint Augustinans, Saint Augustinians
Government
• President
Nicholas Arbercrombe (L)
Hugh Lesser (L)
Edmond Vauclain
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Commons
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
• Independence
August 12, 1964
• Republic
December 7, 1966
Area
• Total
6,353 km2 (2,453 sq mi) (171st)
• Water (%)
0.63
Population
• 2012 estimate
4,976,787 (119th)
• Density
783.38/km2 (2,028.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2011 estimate
• Total
$158, 375 million (58th)
• Per capita
$33,221[1] (30th)
GDP (nominal)2011 estimate
• Total
$189, 541 million[2] (47th)
• Per capita
$25, 211[1] (28th)
HDI (2011)  0.839 [3]
Error: Invalid HDI value (32nd)
CurrencySaint Augustine dollar ($) (ASD)
Date formatdd/mm/yy (AD)
Driving sideleft

Saint Augustine, officially The Democratic Republic of Saint Augustine French: République Démocratique de Saint-Augustine/Républik Démokratik de Sentagosten), is an island country located in the Caribbean. Its capital and largest city is Kenniston and the second largest city is Marigot. Saint Augustine is home to just under 5 million people making it the third largest island by population in the Caribbean after Cuba and Hispaniola. The island occupies an area of 6353 square kilometers (2453 square miles) making it the fifth largest island in the Caribbean by area.

 
Map showing countries which since independence have had, excluding monarchs:
  Female head of government
  Female head of state[4]
  Female head of state/government (combined)
  Female head of state and female head of government

This is a list of women who have been elected or appointed as head of government of their respective countries. This list does not include female heads of state, with the exception of leaders of presidential republics.

Saint Augustine general election, December 17, 1964
← 1960 December 17, 1964 1918 →
140 seats to the House of Representatives
  First party Second party
 
Leader Coren Catherine Nanton Arling
Party United Peoples' Congress Peoples' Progressive Movement
Leader since 20 June 1963 17 May 1952
Leader's seat Gauteuse South Downs Westport
Last election 48 27
Seats won 90 seats 50 seats
Seat change +42 +30

List edit

  Denotes incumbent head of government
  • Italics denotes acting head of government
Name Image Country Office Mandate start Mandate end Term length
Sirimavo Bandaranaike     Ceylon Prime Minister 21 July 1960 27 March 1965 4 years, 249 days
Coren Catherine File:Coren Catherine.PNG   Prime Minister 12 August 1964 21 September 1984 20 years, 70 days
Indira Gandhi     India Prime Minister 24 January 1966 24 April 1977 11 years, 90 days
Golda Meir     Israel Prime Minister 17 March 1969 3 June 1974 5 years, 78 days
Sirimavo Bandaranaike     Ceylon Prime Minister 29 May 1970 22 May 1972 1 year, 359 days
Sirimavo Bandaranaike     Sri Lanka Prime Minister 22 May 1972 23 July 1977 5 years, 62 days
Isabel Martínez de Perón     Argentina President 1 July 1974 24 March 1976 1 year, 267 days
Elisabeth Domitien     Central African Republic Prime Minister 2 January 1975 7 April 1976 1 year, 96 days
Margaret Thatcher     United Kingdom Prime Minister 4 May 1979 28 November 1990 11 years, 208 days
Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo     Portugal Prime Minister 1 July 1979 3 January 1980 186 days
Lidia Gueiler Tejada     Bolivia Acting President 16 November 1979 17 July 1980 244 days
Indira Gandhi     India Prime Minister 15 January 1980 31 October 1984 4 years, 290 days
Eugenia Charles     Dominica Prime Minister 21 July 1980 14 June 1995 14 years, 328 days
Gro Harlem Brundtland     Norway Prime Minister 4 February 1981 14 October 1981 252 days
Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1981 1 October 1981 183 days
Milka Planinc     Yugoslavia Prime Minister 16 May 1982 15 May 1986 3 years, 364 days
Gloriana Ranocchini     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1984 1 October 1984 183 days
Corazon Aquino     Philippines President 25 February 1986 30 June 1992 6 years, 126 days
Gro Harlem Brundtland     Norway Prime Minister 9 May 1986 16 October 1989 3 years, 160 days
Benazir Bhutto     Pakistan Prime Minister 2 December 1988 6 July 1990 1 year, 216 days
Gloriana Ranocchini     San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 1989 1 April 1990 182 days
Ertha Pascal-Trouillot     Haiti Acting President 13 March 1990 7 February 1991 331 days
Kazimira Prunskienė     Lithuania Prime Minister 11 March 1990 10 January 1991 305 days
Violeta Chamorro   Nicaragua President 25 April 1990 10 January 1997 6 years, 260 days
Gro Harlem Brundtland     Norway Prime Minister 3 November 1990 25 October 1996 5 years, 357 days
Khaleda Zia     Bangladesh Prime Minister 20 March 1991 30 March 1996 5 years, 10 days
Édith Cresson     France Prime Minister 15 May 1991 2 April 1992 323 days
Edda Ceccoli     San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 1991 1 April 1992 183 days
Hanna Suchocka   Poland Prime Minister 11 July 1992 25 October 1993 1 year, 106 days
Patricia Busignani     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1993 1 October 1993 183 days
Tansu Çiller     Turkey Prime Minister 13 June 1993 6 March 1996 2 years, 267 days
Kim Campbell     Canada Prime Minister 25 June 1993 4 November 1993 132 days
Sylvie Kinigi     Burundi Prime Minister 10 July 1993 27 October 1993 109 days
Agathe Uwilingiyimana     Rwanda Prime Minister 18 July 1993 7 April 1994 263 days
Benazir Bhutto     Pakistan Prime Minister 19 October 1993 5 November 1996 3 years, 17 days
Sylvie Kinigi     Burundi Acting President 27 October 1993 7 February 1994 103 days
Reneta Indzhova     Bulgaria Acting Prime Minister 17 October 1994 25 January 1995 100 days
Chandrika Kumaratunga     Sri Lanka Prime Minister 19 August 1994 14 November 1994 87 days
Sirimavo Bandaranaike     Sri Lanka Prime Minister 14 November 1994 10 July 2000 5 years, 239 days
Claudette Werleigh     Haiti Prime Minister 7 November 1995 27 February 1996 112 days
Hasina Wazed     Bangladesh Prime Minister 23 June 1996 15 July 2001 5 years, 22 days
Ruth Perry     Liberia Chairperson of the Council of State 3 September 1996 2 August 1997 333 days
Rosalía Arteaga Serrano     Ecuador Acting President 9 February 1997 11 February 1997 2 days
Janet Jagan     Guyana Prime Minister 6 March 1997 19 December 1997 288 days
Jenny Shipley     New Zealand Prime Minister 5 December 1997 5 December 1999 2 years, 0 days
Anne Enger     Norway Acting Prime Minister 30 August 1998 23 September 1998 24 days
Rosa Zafferani     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1999 1 October 1999 183 days
Irena Degutienė     Lithuania Acting Prime Minister 4 May 1999 18 May 1999 14 days
Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa     Mongolia Acting Prime Minister 22 July 1999 30 July 1999 8 days
Mireya Moscoso     Panama President 1 September 1999 1 September 2004 5 years, 0 days
Irena Degutienė     Lithuania Acting Prime Minister 27 October 1999 3 November 1999 7 days
Helen Clark     New Zealand Prime Minister 5 December 1999 19 November 2008 8 years, 350 days
Maria Domenica Michelotti     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2000 1 October 2000 183 days
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo     Philippines President 20 January 2001 30 June 2010 9 years, 161 days
Mame Madior Boye     Senegal Prime Minister 3 March 2001 4 November 2002 1 year, 246 days
Megawati Sukarnoputri     Indonesia President 23 July 2001 20 October 2004 3 years, 89 days
Khaleda Zia     Bangladesh Prime Minister 10 October 2001 29 October 2006 5 years, 19 days
Chang Sang     South Korea Acting Prime Minister 11 July 2002 31 July 2002 20 days
Maria das Neves     São Tomé and Príncipe Prime Minister 3 October 2002 18 September 2004 1 year, 351 days
Anneli Jäätteenmäki     Finland Prime Minister 17 April 2003 24 June 2003 68 days
Beatriz Merino     Peru Prime Minister 28 June 2003 15 December 2003 170 days
Valeria Ciavatta     San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2003 1 April 2004 183 days
Luisa Diogo     Mozambique Prime Minister 17 February 2004 16 January 2010 5 years, 333 days
Radmila Šekerinska     Macedonia Acting Prime Minister 12 May 2004 12 June 2004 31 days
Radmila Šekerinska     Macedonia Acting Prime Minister 3 November 2004 15 December 2004 42 days
Yulia Tymoshenko     Ukraine Prime Minister 24 January 2005 6 September 2005 225 days
Fausta Morganti     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2005 1 October 2005 183 days
Cynthia Pratt     Bahamas Acting Prime Minister 4 May 2005 6 June 2005 32 days
Maria do Carmo Silveira     São Tomé and Príncipe Prime Minister 8 June 2005 21 April 2006 317 days
Angela Merkel     Germany Chancellor 22 November 2005 Incumbent 18 years, 159 days
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf     Liberia President 16 January 2006 Incumbent 18 years, 104 days
Michelle Bachelet     Chile President 11 March 2006 11 March 2010 4 years, 0 days
Portia Simpson-Miller     Jamaica Prime Minister 30 March 2006 11 September 2007 1 year, 165 days
Han Myeong-sook     South Korea Prime Minister 19 April 2006 7 March 2007 322 days
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner     Argentina President 10 December 2007 Incumbent 16 years, 141 days
Yulia Tymoshenko     Ukraine Prime Minister 18 December 2007 3 March 2010 2 years, 75 days
Zinaida Greceanîi     Moldova Prime Minister 31 March 2008 14 September 2009 1 year, 167 days
Rosa Zafferani     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2008 1 October 2008 183 days
Michèle Pierre-Louis     Haiti Prime Minister 5 September 2008 11 November 2009 1 year, 67 days
Assunta Meloni     San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2008 1 April 2009 182 days
Hasina Wazed     Bangladesh Prime Minister 6 January 2009 Incumbent 15 years, 114 days
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir     Iceland Prime Minister 1 February 2009 Incumbent 15 years, 88 days
Jadranka Kosor     Croatia Prime Minister 6 July 2009 23 December 2011 14 years, 298 days
Cécile Manorohanta     Madagascar Acting Prime Minister 18 December 2009 20 December 2009 2 days
Roza Otunbayeva     Kyrgyzstan President 7 April 2010 17 December 2010 254 days
Laura Chinchilla     Costa Rica President 8 May 2010 Incumbent 13 years, 357 days
Kamla Persad-Bissessar     Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister 26 May 2010 Incumbent 13 years, 339 days
Mari Kiviniemi     Finland Prime Minister 22 June 2010 22 June 2011 1 year, 0 days
Julia Gillard     Australia Prime Minister 24 June 2010 Incumbent 13 years, 310 days
Iveta Radičová     Slovakia Prime Minister 8 July 2010 4 April 2012 1 year, 271 days
Dilma Rousseff     Brazil President 1 January 2011 Incumbent 13 years, 119 days
Rosario Fernández     Peru Prime Minister 19 March 2011 28 July 2011 131 days
Maria Luisa Berti     San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2011 1 October 2011 183 days
Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé     Mali Prime Minister 3 April 2011 22 March 2012 354 days
Yingluck Shinawatra     Thailand Prime Minister 5 August 2011 Incumbent 12 years, 268 days
Helle Thorning-Schmidt     Denmark Prime Minister 3 October 2011 Incumbent 12 years, 209 days
Portia Simpson-Miller     Jamaica Prime Minister 5 January 2012 Incumbent 12 years, 115 days
Adiato Djaló Nandigna     Guinea-Bissau Acting Prime Minister 10 February 2012 12 April 2012 62 days
Joyce Banda     Malawi President 7 April 2012 Incumbent 12 years, 22 days
Denise Bronzetti     San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2012 Incumbent 11 years, 211 days
Kenniston
Region Capital
City of Kenniston
 
Flag
Nickname: 
City of Kings
Coordinates: 40°39′51″N 73°56′19″W / 40.66417°N 73.93861°W / 40.66417; -73.93861[5]
CountrySaint Augustine
DepartementKenniston
RegionKenniston Main French: Kenniston Principal
Settled1669
Incorporated1892
Government
 • TypeMayor
 • BodyKenniston City Council
 • MayorAlistair Dessaynak (I)
Area
 • Total140.45 sq mi (363.8 km2)
Elevation
20 ft (6 m)
Population
 (Saint Augustine Census 2012)
 • Total1,267,589
 • Density9,025.2/sq mi (3,484.6/km2)
 • 
22,085,649 (1st)
DemonymNew Yorker
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
Area code(s)212, 718, 917, 646, 347, 929
FIPS code36-51000
GNIS feature ID975772
Websitewww.nyc.gov
Young Island
 
Geography
LocationCaribbean Sea
Coordinates13°07′N 61°20′W / 13.117°N 61.333°W / 13.117; -61.333
Area0.05 km2 (0.019 sq mi)
Length0.37 km (0.23 mi)
Width0.23 km (0.143 mi)
Coastline1.06 km (0.659 mi)
Highest elevation24 m (79 ft)
Administration
  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference IMF_GDP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference IMF GDP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Human Development Report 2011" (PDF). United Nations. 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  4. ^ including female representatives of heads of state, such as Governors-General and French Representatives of Andorra
  5. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
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