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From 2000 to 2012, the National Marine Fisheries Service reported an average of 11 large whales entangled in ghost nets every year along the US west coast. From 2002 to 2010, 870 nets were recovered in Washington (state) with over 32,000 marine animals trapped inside. Ghost gear is estimated to account for 10% (640,000 tonnes) of all marine litter.[1]
An estimated 46% of the Great Pacific garbage patch consists of fishing related plastics.[2] Fishing nets account for about 1% of the total mass of all marine macroplastics larger than 200 millimetres (7.9 in), and plastic fishing gear overall constitutes over two-thirds of the total mass.[3]
According to the SeaDoc Society, each ghost net kills $20,000 worth of Dungeness crab over 10 years. The Virginia Institute of Marine Science calculated that ghost crab pots capture 1.25 million blue crabs each year in the Chesapeake Bay alone.[1]
In May 2016, the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) recovered 10 tonnes of abandoned nets within the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone and Torres Strait protected zone perimeters. One protected turtle was rescued.[4]
The northern Australian olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea, is a genetically distinct variation of the olive ridley sea turtle. Ghost nets pose a threat to the continued existence of the northern Australian variety. Without further action to preserve the northern Australian olive ridley sea turtle, the population could face extinction.[5]
Researches in Brazil used social media to estimate how ghost nets have negatively affected the Brazilian marine biota. Footage of ghost nets found on Google and YouTube were obtained and analyzed to arrive at the results of the study. They have found that ghost nets have an adverse affect on several marine species, including large marine animals such as the Bryde's whale and Guiana dolphin.[6]
References edit
- ^ a b Hannah Gould, Hidden problem of 'ghost gear': the abandoned fishing nets clogging up oceans, Theguardian.com, 10 September 2015
- ^ Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A.; Levivier, A.; Noble, K.; Debeljak, P.; Maral, H.; Schoeneich-Argent, R.; Brambini, R.; Reisser, J. (22 March 2018). "Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4666. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4666L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w. PMC 5864935. PMID 29568057.
- ^ Eriksen, Marcus; Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; Carson, Henry S.; Thiel, Martin; Moore, Charles J.; Borerro, Jose C.; Galgani, Francois; Ryan, Peter G.; Reisser, Julia (2014-12-10). "Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e111913. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k1913E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913. PMC 4262196. PMID 25494041.
- ^ Ghost net busters, Afma.gov.au, 3 May 2016
- ^ Jensen, Michael P.; Limpus, Colin J.; Whiting, Scott D.; Guinea, Michael; Prince, Robert I. T.; Dethmers, Kiki E. M.; Adnyana, Ida Bagus Windia; Kennett, Rod; FitzSimmons, Nancy N. (2013-10-09). "Defining olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea management units in Australia and assessing the potential impact of mortality in ghost nets". Endangered Species Research. 21 (3): 241–253. doi:10.3354/esr00521. ISSN 1863-5407.
- ^ Azevedo-Santos, Valter M.; Marques, Larissa M.; Teixeira, Clarissa R.; Giarrizzo, Tommaso; Barreto, Rodrigo; Rodrigues-Filho, Jorge L. (2021-11-01). "Digital media reveal negative impacts of ghost nets on Brazilian marine biodiversity". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 172: 112821. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112821. ISSN 0025-326X.