Communication apprehension edit
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Communication apprehension is the level of anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated communication act, as defined by McCroskey.[1] It is connected to the idea of judgment from the audience, and self-image.[2] Communication apprehension, CA, can cause a variety of involuntary responses such as "stomach butterflies" which is your body shutting the digestive system down and going into the “fight-or-flight” response, shaking, nausea, sweating, forgetting the information, among many others. The term communication apprehension is usually connected with 'stage fright';[3] however, this response is not necessarily connected with a delivery on a stage or in front of a large audience.[4] This anxiety can be caused by any of the four forms of communication: interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication.[5] The most common and reliable test used to measure an individual’s CA level when exposed to these forms of communication is called the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension, also known as the PRCA-24 test, and it follows a survey format.[6]
Types edit
There are different types of communication apprehension, each of these types represent a specific or general situation that presents a stimuli for this anxiety response. McCroskey argues that there are four types of communication apprehension:
Trait anxiety edit
Trait anxiety is considered a personality type, which represents that the individual has an orientation to feel anxiety during the communication act regardless of the situation, audience or context.[7] This type of people will avoid exposing themselves to a communication situation, since their communication apprehension is part of their daily behavior.[5]
McCroskey and Beatty argue that some people have a higher vulnerability factor for communication apprehension due to genetics, also known as communibiology.[8] Many researchers oppose this idea and argue that it cannot be solely inherited but rather a personality trait acquired; therefore, it can be changed. However, they can compromise that around 80% of communication apprehension is obtained within our neurological structures, which are determined genetically. Furthermore, only 20% is influenced by an environmental stimulus.[9][8] Meaning that this type of communication apprehension can be improved with practice and other techniques; however, it will not be completely eliminated since it is inherited.[9]
Context anxiety edit
Context anxiety triggers communication apprehension due to a specific context. This is considered a psychological response caused by a specific context but not necessarily on others; a person can have no problem talking to her best friend but can get anxiety while talking in front of a class. The most known example for context anxiety is public speaking; almost 70% of students suffer from a certain level of communication apprehension trigger by public speaking.[5] There are other contexts that can create a similar response such as speaking in front of class, small group discussions, or meetings.[4]
Audience anxiety edit
Audience anxiety is when a specific individual or group of people creates a problem on communication, or a reverse reaction. For some people, anxiety can be caused by familiar peers, while for others it can be caused by unfamiliar faces.[5] At the beginning of a speech class, the students tend to be fearful since they see new faces which increases the levels of communication apprehension. However, once the students get to know each other they feel comfortable; decreasing or eliminating their levels of apprehension.[10]
Situation anxiety edit
Situational anxiety is a psychological reaction of a person due to a specific situation that may not have any relation with the person or context.[7] This anxiety is triggered by a special combination of audience and context that involves different dimensions and creates a unique scenario.[2] As an example, we can see a first date. Although a person may not suffer from communication apprehension; the situation of being with a person that they have feelings for, on a new environment, and being the first time they experience this situation, can increase the stress levels and create communication apprehension.
PRCA edit
The PRCA-24 is a test created to determine the communication comfort level of a speaker. This test shows that communication apprehension is not limited to public speaking since it allows you to identify different situations that can trigger anxiety, these situations belong to an apprehension triggered by context, context anxiety.[10] The four situations that are presented on the test are: group discussion, meetings, interpersonal, and public speaking.[5] Currently, the PRCA-24 is the most preferred and reliable test above all others.[11] Recently, however, there has been research done by Croucher, et al[12] questioned the multi-national sustainability of the PRCA-24 and suggest more research to be done in different countries. However, Hsiao[13] and Bankole[14], who utilized this tool in foreign countries, modifications to the PRCA-24 would make it more appropriate for non-western cultures.
This test provides an easy equation to obtain a score for each category, these scores are compared to the ranges provided at the end of the test; these ranges were obtained by a study of over 40,000 college students and over 3,000 non-students adults provided on a national sample.[1] By this comparison, the test taker can determine their level of communication apprehension for each scenario, ranking them with a low, moderate or high level of apprehension. The test is able to provide a diagnostic of context anxiety and overall communication apprehension by simply adding the sub scores and comparing the total score.
Typical Behavioral Patterns edit
There are three typical behavioral patterns found in people who suffer from a high level of CA.
Communication avoidance can be seen when people lead their lives in a way that avoids any communication as it would bring them discomfort. For example, they will avoid jobs that involve a lot of communication or choose to live in areas where the chances of communication opportunities are lower.[15]
The second behavioral pattern comes into play when people with CA are faced with a circumstance where they were not able to use communication avoidance. In this case, the individual would use communication withdrawal, which can be utter silence or the absolute minimal communication. Examples are only speaking when spoken to or to answer questions and keeping responses short.[15]
The third behavioral pattern is communication disruption when a person with CA attempts to communicate, however, the discomfort is shown with their verbal disfluencies and poor communicative strategies. It happens when an attempt is made to take on an uncomfortable situation that involves communication.[16]
- ^ a b James C. McCorskey, Michael J. Beatty (1986). "Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment" (PDF). New York, NY: Plenum Press: 219–293.
- ^ a b "Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking". Creative Commons license. 2011.
- ^ Communication yearbook. 6. Burgoon, Michael., Doran, Noel E. New York: Routledge. 2012. ISBN 9780203856246. OCLC 1086529318.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b Holbrook, Hilary Taylor (1987-00-00). "Communication Apprehension: The Quiet Student in Your Classroom. ERIC Digest". www.ericdigests.org. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e "Communication apprehension and individual learning style preference: Correlations and dimensions - ProQuest". search.proquest.com. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
- ^ Karl E. Payton, Joyce A. Scott (2013). "Communication Apprehension among Homeschooled
College Freshmen". Focus on Colleges, Universities, and Schools. 7.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 46 (help) - ^ a b Witt, P. L, Brown, K. C, Roberts, J. B, Weisel, J., Sawyer, C., Behnke, R. (2006). "Somatic anxiety patterns before, during and after giving a public speech. Southern Communication Journal": 71, 87–100.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b McCroskey, James C.; Beatty, Michael J. (2000-1). "The communibiological perspective: Implications for communication in instruction". Communication Education. 49 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1080/03634520009379187. ISSN 0363-4523.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Justin P. Boren, Alice E. Veksler (2011). "A decade of research exploring biology and communication: The brain, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems" (PDF). Communication Research Trends: 1–31.
- ^ a b Karen Kangas Dwyer, Robert E. Carlson, Jennifer Dalbey (2003). "Impact of High School Preparation on College Oral Communication Apprehension". Basic Communication Course Annual. 15.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 50 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Aneakpoonsinsuk, Panyaporn (2017). "Communication apprehension among Thai customs personnel at International Airports in Thailand" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Croucher, Kelly, Rahmani, Jackson, Galy-Badenas, Lando, Chibita, Nyiranasbimana, Eskiçorapçı, Turdubaeva, Condon, Stanalieva, Orunbekov, Stephen, Stephanie, Diyako, Kelsea, Flora, Agnes, Monica, Venantie, Elira, Nadirabegim, Shawn, Gulzada, Bakyt (2019). "A multi-national validity analysis of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24)". Annals of the International Communication Association.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hsiao, T. (2010). [file:///C:/Users/Rachel%20Eifert/Documents/2019%20Summer/Speech/Informative%20Speech/Articles/TESTING%20RIVAL%20MEASUREMENT%20MODELS%20OF%20THE.pdf "Testing Rival Measurement Models of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension in Two Taiwanese Samples"] (PDF). Psychological Reports.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Bankole, Emmanuel Temitope (2019). "Communication Apprehension, Age, and Education as Predictors of Marital Conflict Among Couples in Ado- Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria". Nigerian Journal of Social Psychology.
- ^ a b McCroskey, James (1986). "The Communication Apprehension Perspective" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Richmond, Virginia P., 1949- (2013). Communication apprehension, avoidance, and effectiveness. McCroskey, James C., Wrench, Jason S. (6th ed ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN 9780205118045. OCLC 779877111.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)