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Below are the sections that I will be adding to the existing article about Bombyx mandarina (existing article already has a lead section):

Taxonomy edit

This page is about Bombyx mandarina (scientific name). This organism is in the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Lepidoptera, family Bombycidae, and genus Bombyx Linnaeus [1]

Description edit

Color edit

Bombyx mandarina is typically a dark color -- brown [2][3]. Color is one of the differences between Bombyx mandarina (wild silkmoth) and Bombyx mori (domesticated silkmoth) because Bombyx mori is white, and according to Yu, Shen, and their research team, this could be due to TH gene expression [2][3] [4].

Head edit

Bombyx mandarina has rough-textured scales on its head. [3] This organism's head also has small labial palpi and two bipectinate antennae (one left antennae and one right antennae), and these antennae have lots of sensilla which have odor receptors on them, which help the moths with smell. [2] [5] [6][3] However, Bombyx mandarina does not have a maxillary palpi or a haustellum on its head [3].

Habitat edit

The Bombyx mandarina lives in mulberry fields, due to its diet of mulberry leaves [7] [5][2].

Life Cycle edit

The first life stage of a moth is the egg, and the egg of Bombyx mandarina is shaped like an ellipsoid with a major axis length of approximately 1.2 millimeters and a minor axis length of approximately 0.95 millimeters [8] [9] . In the micropyle, there is a star-shaped opening, which is where sperm are able to enter [9]. When this egg hatches (which takes about 9-13 days), it will be a caterpillar [8] [10] . The caterpillar is solitary and tends to disperse, and it will later turn into a pupa (whose cocoon shell weighs approximately 0.04 to 0.07 grams and has fibroin and sericin proteins), which will then become an adult moth. [8][11][12]

Diet edit

As larvae, silkmoths consume mulberry, which is important because they emit many compounds [2][5] . Silkmoths are able to find and move towards their food because one of the compounds called cis-jasmone is able to turn on a receptor on the silkworm’s antennae [5] . This receptor's name is BmOr-56 [5].

Enemies edit

Exorista sorbillans (which has the common name uzi fly) is harmful to Bombyx mandarina because Exorista sorbillans is endoparasitic [13][14].

Protective behavior edit

When wild silk moths look for food (mulberry leaves), they need to careful to protect themselves from their enemies in the wild, so they behave differently than the domesticated silk moth would; for instance, Komoto describes how the domesticated silk moths will begin waving, but that this would not work for wild silk moths because that would draw attention and make them more visible to predators or enemies. [2][11] For wild silk moths, one of the behaviors that they exhibit in order to protect themselves is that they will try to stretch out parts of their body in a way that makes them look like the twigs of the host plant so that they can blend in and not draw attention to themselves.  [11] Another example of a protective behavior that Bombyx mandarina can use to protect themselves and avoid being detected is being still and motionless [11].

Physiology edit

Vision edit

Kryuchov and his team performed an experiment using AFM analysis (atomic force microscopy analysis), and one of the key results involved determining various aspects and characteristics of Bombyx mandarina cornea. [15] For instance, these researchers determined that Bombyx mandarina eyes are characterized by surface dimples on the cornea (which are important for various reasons, such as that they are able to provide anti reflection benefits for the Bombyx mandarina), that certain proteins on the chitin (such as CPR 83, CPH 30, CPR 19, and CPR 150) are needed in order to form their nano coating pattern (as described by the Turing reaction-diffusion model), and that they are approximately quasi-random (which is important because this means that the organisms is able to have more anti-reflective properties). [15]

Olfaction edit

Olfaction is an important process to Bombyx mandarina for a variety of reasons, such as its role in helping the organism with finding a host plant, finding a mate by detecting bombykol, et cetera. [2][5][10][16] [17] This wild silk moth is very similar to the domesticated silk moth, but they do have some differences. Research, such as the article “Captive Breeding for Thousands of Years has Impaired Olfactory Functions in Silkmoths,” has shown that there are some physiological differences that have arisen due to domestication [17]. The researchers demonstrate that the wild silkmoths had a greater amount of sensilia on their antennae, could smell better, and could find a host plant better [17] [2] .

Flight edit

Bombyx mandarina has a wingspan of approximately 19-64 millimeters, and its wings are triangle-shaped [3]. Although domesticated silkmoths like Bombyx mori are no longer able to fly, wild silkmoths like Bombyx mandarina can. [2][3]

Mating edit

Sex pheromones edit

In the study “Evaluation of Bombykol as the Sex Pheromone of Bombyx Mandarina(Lepidoptera : Bombycidae),” the researchers discuss that it was previously unclear what the correct sex pheromone was, but their results allowed them to confirm that it was the pheromone called bombykol[16], which the macroglomerular complex of the brain detects in the in the dorsal part  [18] .

Mate searching behavior edit

A different study by Dr. Kuwahara investigated the attraction patterns of males to the females’ sex pheromone (bombykol) [10]. The researchers did field trapping in order to look at the flight times of the males moths, and they observed that it was most prominent in the morning time [10] . When the males were approaching the sex pheromone in this study, the researchers found that the males flew in a zig-zagging pattern and then would start to flutter their wings in order to find the bombykol [10] .

Interaction with Humans edit

Humans have had a significant impact on silkworms, and this goes back thousands of years [19][20]. Humans’ domestication of the wild silkworm was very purposeful; starting in China thousands of years ago, the domesticated form of the silkworm was used for its ability to produce silk [19][20] . This is called sericulture [20]. Then, due to the Silk Road, this process spread to other countries [19] [20].

Conservation edit

According to researchers Craig, Weber, and Akai, even though there are existing measures like PES and REDD, production of wild silk could be even more beneficial than those measures because of its important applications for conserving and restoring habitats. [21]

References edit

  1. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Bombyx mori". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bisch-Knaden, Sonja; Daimon, Takaaki; Shimada, Toru; Hansson, Bill S.; Sachse, Silke (2014-01-07). "Anatomical and functional analysis of domestication effects on the olfactory system of the silkmoth Bombyx mori". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132582. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2582. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3843842. PMID 24258720.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Heppner, John B. (2008). Capinera, John L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands. pp. 3375–3376. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4198. ISBN 9781402062421.
  4. ^ Yu, H.-S.; Shen, Y.-H.; Yuan, G.-X.; Hu, Y.-G.; Xu, H.-E.; Xiang, Z.-H.; Zhang, Z. (2011-06-01). "Evidence of Selection at Melanin Synthesis Pathway Loci during Silkworm Domestication". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (6): 1785–1799. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr002. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 21212153.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Tanaka, K.; Uda, Y.; Ono, Y.; Nakagawa, T.; Suwa, M.; Yamaoka, R.; Touhara, K. (2009). "Highly Selective Tuning of a Silkworm Olfactory Receptor to a Key Mulberry Leaf Volatile". Current Biology. 19 (11): 881–890. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.04.035. PMID 19427209. S2CID 2414559 – via Science Direct.
  6. ^ Wanner, K. W.; Anderson, A. R.; Trowell, S. C.; Theilmann, D. A.; Robertson, H. M.; Newcomb, R. D. (2007-02-01). "Female-biased expression of odourant receptor genes in the adult antennae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori". Insect Molecular Biology. 16 (1): 107–119. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00708.x. ISSN 1365-2583. PMID 17257213. S2CID 21961087.
  7. ^ Goldsmith, Marian R.; Shimada, Toru; Abe, Hiroaki (2005). "The Genetics and Genomics of the Silkworm, Bombyx Mori". Annual Review of Entomology. 50 (1): 71–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130456. PMID 15355234. S2CID 44514698.
  8. ^ a b c Hossler, Eric W. (2010). "Caterpillars and moths". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 62 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.060. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 20082886.
  9. ^ a b Kawaguchi, Yutaka (15 April 1996). "Comparison of Chorion Structure of Eggs from Bombyx mori, Bombyx mandarina (Lepidoptera:Bombycidae) and Their First Filial Generation". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 31 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1303/aez.31.407.
  10. ^ a b c d e Kuwahara, Yasumasa (1984). "Flight Time of Bombyx mandarina Males to a Pheromone Trap Baited with Bombykol". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 19 (3): 400–401. doi:10.1303/aez.19.400.
  11. ^ a b c d Kômoto, Natuo (2016). "Behavior of the larvae of wild mulberry silkworm Bombyx mandarina, domesticated silkworm B. mori and their hybrid". Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology.
  12. ^ Liu, Chun; Hu, Wenbo; Cheng, Tingcai; Peng, Zhangchuan; Mita, Kazuei; Xia, Qingyou (2017-10-01). "Osiris9a is a major component of silk fiber in lepidopteran insects". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 89 (Supplement C): 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.09.002. PMID 28887014.
  13. ^ Iwanaga, Masashi; Arai, Rika; Shibano, Yuka; Kawasaki, Hideki; Imanishi, Shigeo (2009-06-01). "Establishment and characterization of the Bombyx mandarina cell line". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 101 (2): 124–129. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.05.004. PMID 19460387.
  14. ^ Puttaraju, H.P.; Prakash, B.M. (2005-11-11). "Effects of Wolbachia in the uzifly, Exorista sorbillans, a parasitoid of the silkworm, Bombyx mori". Journal of Insect Science. 5: 30. doi:10.1093/jis/5.1.30. ISSN 1536-2442. PMC 1615237. PMID 17119612.
  15. ^ a b Kryuchkov, Mikhail; Lehmann, Jannis; Schaab, Jakob; Cherepanov, Vsevolod; Blagodatski, Artem; Fiebig, Manfred; Katanaev, Vladimir L. (2017-09-06). "Alternative moth-eye nanostructures: antireflective properties and composition of dimpled corneal nanocoatings in silk-moth ancestors". Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 15 (1): 61. doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0297-y. ISSN 1477-3155. PMC 5588701. PMID 28877691.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ a b Kuwahara, Yasumasa; Mori, Naoki; Yamada, Shigeki; Nemoto, Tadashi (1984). "Evaluation of Bombykol as the Sex Pheromone of Bombyx mandarina(Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 19 (2): 265–267. doi:10.1303/aez.19.265.
  17. ^ a b c "Captive Breeding for Thousands of Years has Impaired Olfactory Functions in Silkmoths". www.mpg.de. MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
  18. ^ Namiki, Shigehiro; Daimon, Takaaki; Iwatsuki, Chika; Shimada, Toru; Kanzaki, Ryohei (2014-4). "Antennal lobe organization and pheromone usage in bombycid moths". Biology Letters. 10 (4). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0096. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4013697. PMID 24759369. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ a b c Sun, Wei; Yu, HongSong; Shen, YiHong; Banno, Yutaka; Xiang, ZhongHuai; Zhang, Ze (2012-06-01). "Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the silkworm". Science China Life Sciences. 55 (6): 483–496. doi:10.1007/s11427-012-4334-7. ISSN 1674-7305. PMID 22744178. S2CID 14720918.
  20. ^ a b c d Peigler, Richard S. (1993-07-01). "Wild Silks of the World". American Entomologist. 39 (3): 151–162. doi:10.1093/ae/39.3.151. ISSN 1046-2821.
  21. ^ "Wild silk: wild silk enterprise programs to alleviate poverty and protect habitats - Handbook of Natural Fibres: Types, Properties and Factors Affecting Breeding and Cultivation - 18". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
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