History of antioxidants [1]


Trixylylphosphate

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Project Osprey/sandbox4
 
Names
Other names
  • tris(dimethylphenyl) phosphate
  • Tri-dimethyl phenyl phosphate
  • Tri-xylenyl phosphate
Identifiers
EC Number
  • 246-677-8
Properties
C24H27O4P
Molar mass 410.450 g·mol−1
Appearance Viscous liquid
Density 1.142
Melting point −20 °C (−4 °F; 253 K)
Boiling point 394 °C (741 °F; 667 K)
20 µg/L
Hazards
GHS labelling:
 
Danger
H360F
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Trixylyl phosphate (TXP) is an aromatic phosphate ester historically used as a hydraulic fluid.

Chirality

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Molecular symmetry elements
Rotational
axis (Cn)
Improper rotational elements (Sn)
  Chiral
no Sn
Achiral
mirror plane
S1 = σ
Achiral
inversion centre
S2 = i
C1      
C2      

Uric

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Tautomers of uric acid
 
 
 
Lactam form Lactim form


Tautomers of uric acid
 
 
  pKa1
 
 
Lactam form Lactim form Urate ion

Thermosets example table

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Name Properties Applications
Example Example Example
Example Example Example
Example Example Example

formaldehyde base

  • Diallyl-phthalate (DAP)
  • Epoxy resin
  • Epoxy novolac resins


  • Polyester resin fiberglass systems: sheet molding compounds and bulk molding compounds; filament winding; wet lay-up lamination; repair compounds and protective coatings.
  • Polyurethanes: insulating foams, mattresses, coatings, adhesives, car parts, print rollers, shoe soles, flooring, synthetic fibers, etc. Polyurethane polymers are formed by combining two bi- or higher functional monomers/oligomers.
  • Polyurea/polyurethane hybrids used for abrasion resistant waterproofing coatings.
  • Vulcanized rubber.
  • Bakelite, a phenol-formaldehyde resin used in electrical insulators and plasticware.
  • Duroplast, light but strong material, similar to Bakelite used for making car parts.
  • Urea-formaldehyde foam used in plywood, particleboard and medium-density fiberboard.
  • Melamine resin used on worktop surfaces.[1]
  • Diallyl-phthalate (DAP) used in high temperature and mil-spec electrical connectors and other components. Usually glass filled.
  • Epoxy resin [2] used as the matrix component in many fiber reinforced plastics such as glass-reinforced plastic and graphite-reinforced plastic; casting; electronics encapsulation; construction; protective coatings; adhesives; sealing and joining.
  • Epoxy novolac resins used for printed circuit boards, electrical encapsulation, adhesives and coatings for metal.
  • Benzoxazines, used alone or hybridised with epoxy and phenolic resins, for structural prepregs, liquid molding and film adhesives for composite construction, bonding and repair.
  • Polyimides and Bismaleimides used in printed circuit boards and in body parts of modern aircraft, aerospace composite structures, as a coating material and for glass reinforced pipes.
  • Cyanate esters or polycyanurates for electronics applications with need for dielectric properties and high glass temperature requirements in aerospace structural composite components.
  • Mold or mold runners (the black plastic part in integrated circuits or semiconductors).
  • Furan resins used in the manufacture of sustainable biocomposite construction,[3] cements, adhesives, coatings and casting/foundry resins.
  • Silicone resins used for thermoset polymer matrix composites and as ceramic matrix composite precursors.
  • Thiolyte, an electrical insulating thermoset phenolic laminate material.
  • Vinyl ester resins used for wet lay-up laminating, molding and fast setting industrial protection and repair materials.


table

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Polymer Production (Mt)
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) 64
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) 52
polypropylene (PP) 68
Polystyrene (PS) 25
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 38
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 33
Polyurethane (PUR) 27
PP&A Fibers[4] 59
All Others 16
Additives 25
Total 407
Global plastic production by polymer type (2015)[5]
  1. ^ Roberto C. Dante, Diego A. Santamaría and Jesús Martín Gil (2009). "Crosslinking and thermal stability of thermosets based on novolak and melamine". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 114 (6): 4059–4065. doi:10.1002/app.31114.
  2. ^ Enrique Guzman; Joël Cugnoni; Thomas Gmür (2014). "Multi-factorial models of a carbon fibre/epoxy composite subjected to accelerated environmental ageing". Composite Structures. 111 (4): 179–192. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.12.028.
  3. ^ T Malaba, J Wang, Journal of Composites, vol. 2015, Article ID 707151, 8 pages, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/707151
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference PP&A was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Geyer2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).