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| Male (above) and female (below) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Cardinalidae |
| Genus: | Cyanoloxia |
| Species: | C. cyanoides
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| Binomial name | |
| Cyanoloxia cyanoides Lafresnaye, 1847
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| Synonyms | |
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Cyanoloxia cyanoides | |
The blue-black grosbeak (Cyanoloxia cyanoides) is a species of songbird in the
Cardinalidae family.
The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society places this species in genus Cyanoloxia.[2] In addition, in 2018 the committee split the eastern lowland population into a new species, Amazonian grosbeak (Cyanoloxia rothschildii).[2]
Description edit
The blue-black grosbeak is sexually dimorphic. Females have dark brown plumage which can have a slight reddish hue. Males are dark blue with lighter blue eyebrows and shoulder patches on their wings. The forehead, the area just above the beak, is also a lighter shade of blue.[3][4]
Taxonomy and Systematics edit
The blue-black grosbeak is found in the family Cardinalidae, within the order Passeriformes. Although it is still sometimes placed in the genus Cyanocompsa, it was found that this genus is paraphyletic and contains members of the genus Amaurospiza and Cyanoloxia.[5]
There are three subspecies in this taxa: Cyanoloxia cyanoides cyanoides, Cyanoloxia cyanoides caerulescens, and Cyanoloxia cyanoides concreta. Although these three subspecies are very similar, there are slight differences between them. Males all have dark blue plumage, however, C.c. concreta has the darkest of the three and is also the largest. Next, in terms of size and coloration, is C.c. caerulescens, followed by C.c. cyanoides, which has the smallest size and brightest plumage.[6][7]
Originally there was a fourth subspecies, C.c. rothschildii, the only subspecies found to the east of the Andes.[6] However, after examining the genetics of this subspecies, it was determined that C.c. rothschildii would be considered a separate species, Cyanoloxia rothschildii.[2]
Habitat and Distribution edit
The distribution of the blue-black grosbeak is limited to the Central and South American. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.[8]
Both C.c. caerulescens and C.c. concreta are found in Mexico and Central America, while C.c. cyanoides can be found from Panama to northern South America.[6]
They prefer habitats which are dense with tall trees and undergrowth because this provides sufficient cover. Although not generally seen, the blue-black grosbeak can be found at edges of broadleaf forests.[4][9]
Behaviour edit
Vocalization edit
Often times blue-black grosbeaks won't be seen since they prefer to stay hidden among the vegetation, so most of the time their presence is known only when they vocalize. Their song is composed of about six whistles with decreasing pitch and ends with a "seee seee sewee suwee sweet suuu."[9] There are slight differences in the songs between the three different subspecies.[4][6]
The call is a sharp "shek" or "chit" and will often be repeated many times.[9]
Diet edit
Blue-black grosbeaks are omnivorous; they have been known to eat seeds and fruits, as well as insects like ants and caterpillars.[3][4]
They crush the seeds before they consume them.[4]
Reproduction edit
The blue-black grosbeak construct little cup nests to lay their eggs in and normally have a clutch size of 2.[10]
The breeding season of the blue-black grosbeak takes place during the spring and summer months, however the peak period of the breeding season differs slightly between populations located in different areas.[3]
External Links edit
Gallery edit
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Male in Costa Rica -
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.jpg)
References edit
- ^ "Cyanoloxia cyanoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013.2. 2012. 2012.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|assessor-link=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|assessor=ignored (help) - ^ a b c "Updates & Corrections – August 2018 | Clements Checklist". www.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-15.
- ^ a b c "Blue-black Grosbeak - Introduction". neotropical.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-15.
{{cite web}}: Text "Neotropical Birds Online" ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e L., Hilty, Steven (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Gwynne, John A., Tudor, Guy., Grajal, Alejandro., McQueen, Larry B., Webb, Sophie., Kleinbaum, Michel. (2nd ed ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400834099. OCLC 649913131.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Klicka, John; Burns, Kevin; Spellman, Garth M. (2007-12). "Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1014–1032. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006. ISSN 1055-7903.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d García, Natalia C.; Barreira, Ana S.; Lavinia, Pablo D.; Tubaro, Pablo L. (2016-06-01). "Congruence of phenotypic and genetic variation at the subspecific level in a Neotropical passerine". Ibis. 158 (4): 844–856. doi:10.1111/ibi.12386. ISSN 0019-1019.
- ^ Stoddard, Mary Caswell; Prum, Richard O. (2008-06). "Evolution of Avian Plumage Color in a Tetrahedral Color Space: A Phylogenetic Analysis of New World Buntings". The American Naturalist. 171 (6): 755–776. doi:10.1086/587526. ISSN 0003-0147.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); no-break space character in|first2=at position 8 (help); no-break space character in|first=at position 5 (help) - ^ "Cyanoloxia cyanoides (Blue-black Grosbeak)". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2018-10-15.
- ^ a b c C.),, Vallely, A. C. (Andrew. Birds of Central America : Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Dyer, Dale,. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 9780691184159. OCLC 1054128595.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Skutch, Alexander F. (1985). "Clutch Size, Nesting Success, and Predation on Nests of Neotropical Birds, Reviewed". Ornithological Monographs (36): 575–594. doi:10.2307/40168306.
