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| 2023-01-27T12:20:05Z |
L'Oréal |
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| | | Line 271: | Line 271: | In 2003, the L'Oréal Institute for Ethnic Hair & Skin Research was inaugurated in Chicago to continue their research on African American hair and skin among other ethnicities.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/lifestyle/2012/11/09/4th-loreal-workshop-on-african-hair-and-skin-currently-underway/%7C work=Lifestyle Magazine| title=4th L'Oreal workshop on African hair and skin currently underway | date=9 November 2012}}</ref> The L'Oréal Group opened the Predictive Evaluation Center in Lyon, France in 2011. This center is devoted to evaluating the quality of the products without testing on animals.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.wizness.com/wizness/go.asp?u=/pub/NP&nid=494&lngWiz=EN%7C work=Wizness| title= L'Oreal 2011 Sustainability Report > Towards Responsible Beauty? | date=3 May 2011}}</ref> Additionally, L'Oréal built an international "Consumer Insights" division as well as, regional Research and Innovation centres in six countries: [[Japan]], China, [[India]], the United States, [[Brazil]], and [[France]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://lecercle.lesechos.fr/entrepreneur/marketing-communication/221147734/how-oreal-fights-commoditization-with-reverse-innovat%7C work=Les Echos| title=How L'Oréal fights commoditization with reverse innovation| date=8 June 2012}}</ref> The aim of these centres is to collect information on their diverse consumers in order to develop products according to their various needs. In 2011, L'Oréal announced its intention to build a Research and Innovation Center in Bom Jesus Island Rio de Janeiro, [[Brazil]]. Estimated at 30 million euros (70 million reais), this project is expected to create about 150 jobs by 2015.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/l-oreal-a-new-research-and,3682%7C work=Premium Beauty News| title=L'Oréal: a new research and innovation centre in Rio| date=20 December 2011}}</ref> | In 2003, the L'Oréal Institute for Ethnic Hair & Skin Research was inaugurated in Chicago to continue their research on African American hair and skin among other ethnicities.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/lifestyle/2012/11/09/4th-loreal-workshop-on-african-hair-and-skin-currently-underway/%7C work=Lifestyle Magazine| title=4th L'Oreal workshop on African hair and skin currently underway | date=9 November 2012}}</ref> The L'Oréal Group opened the Predictive Evaluation Center in Lyon, France in 2011. This center is devoted to evaluating the quality of the products without testing on animals.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.wizness.com/wizness/go.asp?u=/pub/NP&nid=494&lngWiz=EN%7C work=Wizness| title= L'Oreal 2011 Sustainability Report > Towards Responsible Beauty? | date=3 May 2011}}</ref> Additionally, L'Oréal built an international "Consumer Insights" division as well as, regional Research and Innovation centres in six countries: [[Japan]], China, [[India]], the United States, [[Brazil]], and [[France]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://lecercle.lesechos.fr/entrepreneur/marketing-communication/221147734/how-oreal-fights-commoditization-with-reverse-innovat%7C work=Les Echos| title=How L'Oréal fights commoditization with reverse innovation| date=8 June 2012}}</ref> The aim of these centres is to collect information on their diverse consumers in order to develop products according to their various needs. In 2011, L'Oréal announced its intention to build a Research and Innovation Center in Bom Jesus Island Rio de Janeiro, [[Brazil]]. Estimated at 30 million euros (70 million reais), this project is expected to create about 150 jobs by 2015.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/l-oreal-a-new-research-and,3682%7C work=Premium Beauty News| title=L'Oréal: a new research and innovation centre in Rio| date=20 December 2011}}</ref> |
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| The L'Oreal Global Hair Research Centre, a facility in Paris Saint-Ouen opened in March 2012. It serves as the headquarters for the international departments of hair color, hair care, and hairstyling. One of the largest investments in company R&I history, the 25,000m² Centre hosts 500 employees. These include chemists, physical-chemists, opticians, materials scientists, metrologists, rheologists, computer scientists, and statisticians. The facility offers automation, modelling, and sensory evaluation.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/networking/news/company/144637335.html?page=1 | The L'Oreal Global Hair Research Centre, a facility in Paris Saint-Ouen , opened in March 2012. It serves as the headquarters for the international departments of hair color, hair care, and hairstyling. One of the largest investments in company R&I history, the 25,000m² Centre hosts 500 employees. These include chemists, physical-chemists, opticians, materials scientists, metrologists, rheologists, computer scientists, and statisticians. The facility offers automation, modelling, and sensory evaluation.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/networking/news/company/144637335.html?page=1 | | work= Cosmetics Science Applied | title= L'Oréal Establishes its Global Hair Research Centre in Paris Saint-Ouen| date=22 October 2013}}</ref> | | work= Cosmetics Science Applied | title= L'Oréal Establishes its Global Hair Research Centre in Paris Saint-Ouen| date=22 October 2013}}</ref> |
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| 2023-01-27T12:17:16Z |
L'Oréal |
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| | | Line 328: | Line 328: | In July 2011, the British Advertising Standards Authority took action against L'Oréal, banning two airbrushed [[Lancôme]] advertisements in the UK featuring actress [[Julia Roberts]] and supermodel [[Christy Turlington]]. The agency issued the ban after British politician [[Jo Swinson]] argued that the two ads misrepresented reality and added to the self-image problem amongst females in the UK. L'Oréal acknowledged that the photos had been airbrushed but argued that the two cosmetic products could actually produce the results depicted in the ads and that the results of the products had been scientifically proven.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 2011|title=Britain bans airbrushed Julia Roberts make-up ad|publisher=CNN|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/28/airbrushed.advertisements.ban/index.html?&hpt=hp_c2%7Caccess-date=29 July 2011}}</ref> | In July 2011, the British Advertising Standards Authority took action against L'Oréal, banning two airbrushed [[Lancôme]] advertisements in the UK featuring actress [[Julia Roberts]] and supermodel [[Christy Turlington]]. The agency issued the ban after British politician [[Jo Swinson]] argued that the two ads misrepresented reality and added to the self-image problem amongst females in the UK. L'Oréal acknowledged that the photos had been airbrushed but argued that the two cosmetic products could actually produce the results depicted in the ads and that the results of the products had been scientifically proven.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 2011|title=Britain bans airbrushed Julia Roberts make-up ad|publisher=CNN|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/28/airbrushed.advertisements.ban/index.html?&hpt=hp_c2%7Caccess-date=29 July 2011}}</ref> |
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| In June 2014 the company reached an agreement with the U.S. [[Federal Trade Commission]] not to make claims about its anti-aging products unless it had credible scientific evidence supporting the claims. The settlement followed an investigation by the commission into claims being made in relation to two products, which the commission described as "false and unsubstantiated". | In June 2014, the company reached an agreement with the U.S. [[Federal Trade Commission]] not to make claims about its anti-aging products unless it had credible scientific evidence supporting the claims. The settlement followed an investigation by the commission into claims being made in relation to two products, which the commission described as "false and unsubstantiated". |
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| 2023-01-27T12:14:28Z |
L'Oréal |
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| === Hapta === | === Hapta === | At CES 2023, L'Oréal introduced its newly-developed innovation, Hapta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Edelson |first=Sharon |title=L’Oreal Unveils HAPTA And Brow Magic, Two CES Innovation Award-Winning Technologies |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/sharonedelson/2023/01/04/loreal-unveils-hapta-and-brow-magic-two-ces-innovation-award-winning-technologies/?sh=3c1a35607e42 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Lancôme va inaugurer un outil make-up pour les personnes à mobilité réduite. |url= https://journalduluxe.fr/fr/beaute/lancome-loreal-hapta-makeup-handicap |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Journal du Luxe}}</ref> This product, Hapta, consists of a 'computerized makeup applicator' which is devoted to people with limited hand and arm mobility<ref name=":1" />. Indeed, it facilitates for them the process of applying lipstick<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=L'Oréal dévoile le premier applicateur de rouge à lèvres automatisé, conçu pour les personnes à mobilité réduite |url= https://www.marieclaire.fr/hapta-applicateur-rouge-a-levres-personnes-mobilite-reduite-l-oreal-lancome,1440674.asp |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Marie Claire}}</ref>. This new applicator would able to 'mimic' different movements of a beauty routine.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=The beauty innovations spotted at CES 2023 |url= https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/the-beauty-innovations-spotted-at,21374 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Premium Beauty News}}</ref> The motive behind this innovation is to meet the beauty needs of people with limited hand and arm mobility <ref name=":1" />. According to L'Oréal, Hapta is expected to be launched by Lancôme in 2023. <ref name=":2" /> | At CES 2023, L'Oréal introduced its newly-developed innovation, Hapta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Edelson |first=Sharon |title=L’Oreal Unveils HAPTA And Brow Magic, Two CES Innovation Award-Winning Technologies |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/sharonedelson/2023/01/04/loreal-unveils-hapta-and-brow-magic-two-ces-innovation-award-winning-technologies/?sh=3c1a35607e42 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Lancôme va inaugurer un outil make-up pour les personnes à mobilité réduite. |url= https://journalduluxe.fr/fr/beaute/lancome-loreal-hapta-makeup-handicap |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Journal du Luxe}}</ref> This product, Hapta, consists of a 'computerized makeup applicator' which is devoted to people with limited hand and arm mobility<ref name=":1" />. Indeed, it facilitates for them the process of applying lipstick<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=L'Oréal dévoile le premier applicateur de rouge à lèvres automatisé, conçu pour les personnes à mobilité réduite |url= https://www.marieclaire.fr/hapta-applicateur-rouge-a-levres-personnes-mobilite-reduite-l-oreal-lancome,1440674.asp |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Marie Claire}}</ref>. This new applicator would able to 'mimic' different movements of a beauty routine through 'customizable accessories'.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=The beauty innovations spotted at CES 2023 |url= https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/the-beauty-innovations-spotted-at,21374 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Premium Beauty News}}</ref> The motive behind this innovation is to meet the beauty needs of people with limited hand and arm mobility <ref name=":1" />. According to L'Oréal, Hapta is expected to be launched by Lancôme in 2023. <ref name=":2" /> |
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| === L'Oréal brow magic === | === L'Oréal brow magic === |
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| 2023-01-27T11:30:00Z |
L'Oréal |
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| === Hapta === | === Hapta === | | At CES 2023, L'Oréal introduced its newly-developed innovation, Hapta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Edelson |first=Sharon |title=L’Oreal Unveils HAPTA And Brow Magic, Two CES Innovation Award-Winning Technologies |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/sharonedelson/2023/01/04/loreal-unveils-hapta-and-brow-magic-two-ces-innovation-award-winning-technologies/?sh=3c1a35607e42 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Lancôme va inaugurer un outil make-up pour les personnes à mobilité réduite. |url= https://journalduluxe.fr/fr/beaute/lancome-loreal-hapta-makeup-handicap |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Journal du Luxe}}</ref> This product, Hapta, consists of a 'computerized makeup applicator' which is devoted to people with limited hand and arm mobility<ref name=":1" />. Indeed, it facilitates for them the process of applying lipstick<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=L'Oréal dévoile le premier applicateur de rouge à lèvres automatisé, conçu pour les personnes à mobilité réduite |url= https://www.marieclaire.fr/hapta-applicateur-rouge-a-levres-personnes-mobilite-reduite-l-oreal-lancome,1440674.asp |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Marie Claire}}</ref>. This new applicator would able to 'mimic' different movements of a beauty routine.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=The beauty innovations spotted at CES 2023 |url= https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/the-beauty-innovations-spotted-at,21374 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Premium Beauty News}}</ref> The motive behind this innovation is to meet the beauty needs of people with limited hand and arm mobility <ref name=":1" />. According to L'Oréal, Hapta is expected to be launched by Lancôme in 2023. <ref name=":2" /> |
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| === L'Oréal brow magic === | === L'Oréal brow magic === |
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| 2023-01-27T11:24:59Z |
L'Oréal |
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| === Hapta === | === Hapta === | | |
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| === L'Oréal brow magic === | === L'Oréal brow magic === |
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| 2023-01-27T11:16:49Z |
L'Oréal |
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| L'Oréal's [[advertising slogan]], "Because I'm worth it", was created by a 23-year-old English art director and introduced in 1973 by the model and actress Joanne Dusseau.<ref>Malcolm Gladwell, « Annals of Advertising, True Colors », The New Yorker, no 36340, 22 mars 1999</ref> In the mid-2000s, this was replaced by "Because you're worth it". In late 2009, the slogan was changed again to "Because we're worth it" following motivation analysis and consumer psychology research of Dr Maxim Titorenko. The shift to "we" was made to create stronger consumer involvement in L'Oréal philosophy and lifestyle and provide more consumer satisfaction with L'Oréal products. L'Oréal also owns a Hair and Body product line for kids called [[L'Oréal Kids]], the slogan for which is "Because we're worth it too". | L'Oréal's [[advertising slogan]], "Because I'm worth it", was created by a 23-year-old English art director and introduced in 1973 by the model and actress Joanne Dusseau.<ref>Malcolm Gladwell, « Annals of Advertising, True Colors », The New Yorker, no 36340, 22 mars 1999</ref> In the mid-2000s, this was replaced by "Because you're worth it". In late-2009, the slogan was changed again to "Because we're worth it" following motivation analysis and consumer psychology research of Dr Maxim Titorenko. The shift to "we" was made to create stronger consumer involvement in L'Oréal philosophy and lifestyle and provide more consumer satisfaction with L'Oréal products. L'Oréal also owns a Hair and Body product line for kids called [[L'Oréal Kids]], the slogan for which is "Because we're worth it too". |
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| | | | Line 155: | Line 155: | In 2007, L'Oréal was ranked 353 in the [[Fortune Global 500]].<ref name="Fortune500">{{cite news|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/snapshots/6801.html |title=FORTUNE Global 500 2007: L'Oréal |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2007 |access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> The company had earned $2,585 million on sales of $19,811 million. There were 60,850 employees.<ref name="Fortune500"/> | In 2007, L'Oréal was ranked 353 in the [[Fortune Global 500]].<ref name="Fortune500">{{cite news|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/snapshots/6801.html |title=FORTUNE Global 500 2007: L'Oréal |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2007 |access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> The company had earned $2,585 million on sales of $19,811 million. There were 60,850 employees.<ref name="Fortune500"/> |
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| 2023-01-27T11:13:00Z |
L'Oréal |
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| | | Line 43: | Line 43: | ==History== | ==History== | ===Founding=== | ===Founding=== | In the early 20th century, [[Eugène Schueller|Eugène Paul Louis Schueller]] (1881–1957), a | In the early-20th century, [[Eugène Schueller|Eugène Paul Louis Schueller]] (1881–1957), a | young [[French people|French]] [[chemist]], developed a [[Hair coloring|hair dye]] formula called Oréale. Schueller formulated and manufactured his own products, which he then decided to sell to [[Paris]]ian hairdressers. On 31 July 1919, Schueller registered his company,<ref> Corporate financial reporting by Amberr Aslamm on Prezi. Prezi.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.</ref> the Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux (Safe Hair Dye Company of France). The guiding principles of the company, which eventually became L'Oréal, were research and innovation in the field of beauty. In 1920, the company employed three chemists; the team continued to grow with 100 by the year 1950, and 1,000 by the year 1984; as recently as 2021, there was an estimated total of 85,252 worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of employees of L'Oréal worldwide 2021, by geographic zone |url= https://www.statista.com/statistics/259259/number-of-employees-of-loreal-worldwide-by-geographic-zone/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> | young [[French people|French]] [[chemist]], developed a [[Hair coloring|hair dye]] formula called Oréale. Schueller formulated and manufactured his own products, which he then decided to sell to [[Paris]]ian hairdressers. On 31 July 1919, Schueller registered his company,<ref> Corporate financial reporting by Amberr Aslamm on Prezi. Prezi.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.</ref> the Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux (Safe Hair Dye Company of France). The guiding principles of the company, which eventually became L'Oréal, were research and innovation in the field of beauty. In 1920, the company employed three chemists; the team continued to grow with 100 by the year 1950, and 1,000 by the year 1984; as recently as 2021, there was an estimated total of 85,252 worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of employees of L'Oréal worldwide 2021, by geographic zone |url= https://www.statista.com/statistics/259259/number-of-employees-of-loreal-worldwide-by-geographic-zone/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> |
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| ===Joint ventures and minority interests=== | ===Joint ventures and minority interests=== | L'Oréal holds 10.41% of the shares of [[Sanofi-Aventis]], the world's number three and Europe's number one pharmaceutical company. The Laboratoires Innéov is a [[joint venture]] in nutritional cosmetics between L'Oréal and [[Nestlé]]; they draw on Nestlé's knowledge in the fields of [[nutrition]] and [[food safety]]. | L'Oréal holds 10.41% of the shares of [[Sanofi-Aventis]], the world's number three and Europe's number one pharmaceutical company. The Laboratoires Innéov is a [[joint venture]] in nutritional cosmetics between L'Oréal and [[Nestlé]]; they draw on Nestlé's knowledge in the fields of [[nutrition]] and [[food safety]]. |
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| ===Corporate social responsibility=== | ===Corporate social responsibility=== | | Line 230: | Line 230: |
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| ====Position on animal testing==== | ====Position on animal testing==== | | |
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| 2023-01-27T11:10:05Z |
L'Oréal |
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| | | Line 155: | Line 155: | In 2007, L'Oréal was ranked 353 in the [[Fortune Global 500]].<ref name="Fortune500">{{cite news|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/snapshots/6801.html |title=FORTUNE Global 500 2007: L'Oréal |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2007 |access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> The company had earned $2,585 million on sales of $19,811 million. There were 60,850 employees.<ref name="Fortune500"/> | In 2007, L'Oréal was ranked 353 in the [[Fortune Global 500]].<ref name="Fortune500">{{cite news|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/snapshots/6801.html |title=FORTUNE Global 500 2007: L'Oréal |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2007 |access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> The company had earned $2,585 million on sales of $19,811 million. There were 60,850 employees.<ref name="Fortune500"/> |
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| 2023-01-26T15:59:24Z |
Donatella Versace |
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| In 2010, Versace contributed £20,000 to the 20:20 Fashion Fund of the London fashion college, [[Central Saint Martins]], with funds going towards new equipment for the college.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Ella |title=Donatella's Gift |url= https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/csm-2020-fashion-fund-launch |website=Vogue|date=12 November 2010 }}</ref> | In 2010, Versace contributed £20,000 to the 20:20 Fashion Fund of the London fashion college, [[Central Saint Martins]], with funds going towards new equipment for the college.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Ella |title=Donatella's Gift |url= https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/csm-2020-fashion-fund-launch |website=Vogue|date=12 November 2010 }}</ref> | |
| | In 2021, £200,000 were donated by Donatella and her daughter to help during the pandemic of COVID-19. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Donatella Versace’s Fight to End COVID-19 |url= https://www.borgenmagazine.com/donatella-versaces-fight-to-end-covid-19/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=BORGEN Magazine}}</ref> The donation went to the San Raffaele Hospital's intensive care in Milan, Italy.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| ==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== |
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| 2023-01-26T15:43:50Z |
Prada |
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| === Environmental sustainability === | === Environmental sustainability === | | The luxury Group, Prada, allied with UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in 2019 to introduce an 'educational program', SEA BEYOND, about sea-peservation. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO-IOC AND PRADA GROUP TOGETHER FOR SEA BEYOND |url= https://ioc.unesco.org/news/unesco-ioc-and-prada-group-together-sea-beyond |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=UNESCO-IOC}}</ref> The rationale behind such an educational project is to sensibilize the youth and make them aware of 'ocean pollution' and the importance of preserving the sea. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Project by UNESCO and Prada Group receives the Oceans Award at CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards 2022 |url= https://oceandecade.org/news/project-by-unesco-and-prada-group-receives-the-oceans-award-at-cnmi-sustainable-fashion-awards-2022/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Ocean Decade}}</ref > At the Sustainable Fashion Awards 2022, the project SEA BEYOND, which simultaneously included 'ocean-literacy' and 'sustainable fashion', received an award.<ref name=":2" /> |
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| ==Controversies== | ==Controversies== |
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| 2023-01-26T15:37:52Z |
Prada |
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| === Environmental sustainability === | === Environmental sustainability === | The luxury Group, Prada, allied with UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in 2019 to introduce an 'educational program', SEA BEYOND, about sea-peservation. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO-IOC AND PRADA GROUP TOGETHER FOR SEA BEYOND |url= https://ioc.unesco.org/news/unesco-ioc-and-prada-group-together-sea-beyond |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=UNESCO-IOC}}</ref> | |
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| ==Controversies== | ==Controversies== |
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| 2023-01-26T15:27:10Z |
Prada |
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| The Challenger Selection Series that was the [[Louis Vuitton Cup]], will now be known as the Prada Cup, and the America's Cup Match will be presented by Prada. It will be held in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], January 2021. | The Challenger Selection Series that was the [[Louis Vuitton Cup]], will now be known as the Prada Cup, and the America's Cup Match will be presented by Prada. It will be held in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], January 2021. | |
| | === Environmental sustainability === | | The luxury Group, Prada, allied with UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in 2019 to introduce an 'educational program', SEA BEYOND, about sea-peservation. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO-IOC AND PRADA GROUP TOGETHER FOR SEA BEYOND |url= https://ioc.unesco.org/news/unesco-ioc-and-prada-group-together-sea-beyond |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=UNESCO-IOC}}</ref> |
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| ==Controversies== | ==Controversies== |
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| 2023-01-20T15:37:25Z |
Lancôme |
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| Presently, popular south Korean Singer and Actress [[Bae Suzy]] is the Asia Pacific Brand Ambassador and also Lancome's Global Muse. | Presently, popular south Korean Singer and Actress [[Bae Suzy]] is the Asia Pacific Brand Ambassador and also Lancome's Global Muse. | |
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| ==Digital marketing in Lancôme== | ==Digital marketing in Lancôme== |
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| 2023-01-20T15:25:01Z |
L'Oréal |
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| | | Line 278: | Line 278: | === Hapta === | === Hapta === | | | |
| | === L'Oréal brow magic === | | Another innovation by L'Oréal was announced at CES 2023 which is L'Oreal Brow Magic<ref name=":1" />. This innovation is considered to be the 'first at-home' electronic applicator to facilitate eyebrow-makeup<ref name=":1" />. In fact, it offers its users with immediate special and 'bespoke' brows <ref name=":1" />. |
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| ==Controversy== | ==Controversy== |
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| 2023-01-20T14:34:34Z |
L'Oréal |
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| === Hapta === | === Hapta === | | |
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| ==Controversy== | ==Controversy== |
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| 2023-01-20T14:24:39Z |
L'Oréal |
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| | | Line 275: | Line 275: | ===Perso=== | ===Perso=== | | | |
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| ==Controversy== | ==Controversy== |
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| 2023-01-12T14:33:35Z |
Wallyscar |
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| At the beginning of 2022, Wallyscar released the 216, definitely, the pick-up version of the [[Ford Festiva|Wallyscar 619]]. | At the beginning of 2022, Wallyscar released the 216, definitely, the pick-up version of the [[Ford Festiva|Wallyscar 619]]. | |
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| 2023-01-12T14:15:04Z |
Nestlé Purina PetCare |
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| | In February 2022, it was announced that Uber Pet and Nestlé Purina collaborated together to facilitate the movement and travels of pet-owners. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elster |first=Luisa |date=10 February 2022 |title=Uber Pet et Nestlé Purina s’associent pour faciliter les déplacements de votre animal de compagnie |url= https://www.uber.com/fr-CH/newsroom/uberpet-nestlepurina/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=Uber}}</ref> |
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| 2023-01-11T17:00:09Z |
Nestlé Purina PetCare |
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| Also in 2022, Purina formed a partnership with Spot Pet which sought to catalyze ensuring the wellbeing of pets.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 10 October 2022 |title=Purina partners with pet insurance company |url= https://www. petfoodprocessing. net/ articles/ 16253-purina- partners- with- pet- insurance- company |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Pet Food Processing}}</ref> By the end of 2022, Purina celebrated its 50 years of active production at its pet food factory in Dunkirk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |first=Jordan |date=27 December 2022 |title=Purina marks 50 years of pet food production in Dunkirk |url= https:/ /www. petfoodprocessing.net/articles/16499-purina-marks-50-years-of-pet-food-production-in-dunkirk |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Pet Food Processing}}</ref> | In March 2022, Purina , along with officials from the [[American Pet Products Association]], offered Pet Alliance of Greater Orlando with a $10,000 donation<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date= 30 March 2022 |title= Global Pet Expo and Purina Donate to Florida Shelter |url= https://www. petproductnews. com/ news/ global-pet-expo-and-purina- donate- to- florida- shelter/article_b8c2e9fe- af99-11ec-842c-cb59727e7aa0.html |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Pet Product News}}</ref> . In fact, the donation sought to help Pet Alliance of Greater Orlando reconstruct its 'facility' after the fire that shattered its 'public veterinary' and the majority of its 'shelter'<ref name= ": 2" / >. | |
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| 2023-01-11T16:36:49Z |
Nestlé Purina PetCare |
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| By the end of 2022, Purina celebrated its 50 years of active production at its pet food factory in Dunkirk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |first=Jordan |date= 27 December 2022 |title=Purina marks 50 years of pet food production in Dunkirk |url= https://www. petfoodprocessing. net/ articles/ 16499-purina- marks- 50- years- of- pet- food- production- in-dunkirk |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Pet Food Processing}}</ref> Also in 2022, Purina formed a partnership with Spot Pet which sought to catalyze ensuring the wellbeing of pets.<ref >{{Cite web |date= 10 October 2022 |title=Purina partners with pet insurance company |url=https:/ /www. petfoodprocessing.net/articles/16253-purina-partners-with-pet-insurance-company |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Pet Food Processing}}</ref> | In January 2022, Purina took the #BettyWhiteChallenge in honor of the actress and pet -lover, Betty White<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= 14 January 2022 |title=Purina and Petfinder Take #BettyWhiteChallenge |url= https://www. petproductnews. com/ news/purina- and- petfinder- take- bettywhitechallenge/article_2d899a70- 7553- 11ec- 8197- 577737ad7ab2.html |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Pet Product News}}</ref> . Purina joined the challenge through donating to organizations devoted to animals<ref name= ":1" / >. | |
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| 2023-01-11T16:24:08Z |
Nestlé Purina PetCare |
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Nestlé Purina PetCare |
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Nestlé Purina PetCare |
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Nestlé Purina PetCare |
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| 2023-01-11T14:43:55Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 67: | Line 67: | 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd., then currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> | 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd., then currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> |
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| 2023-01-11T14:26:28Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 74: | Line 74: | 2021: In January 2021, Schneider Electric acquired DC Systems to enable customers evolve 'simplicity and resiliency' for pertinent uses and establish microgrids in certain 'unreliable public grid environments'.<ref name=":3" /> | 2021: In January 2021, Schneider Electric acquired DC Systems to enable customers evolve 'simplicity and resiliency' for pertinent uses and establish microgrids in certain 'unreliable public grid environments'.<ref name=":3" /> |
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| 2023-01-10T15:55:15Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| === Aveva acquisition === | === Aveva acquisition === |
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| 2023-01-10T15:29:12Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| === Aveva acquisition === | === Aveva acquisition === | | Line 447: | Line 447: |
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| == Operational technology == | == Operational technology == | | |
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| ==See also== | ==See also== |
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| 2023-01-09T17:25:04Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 36: | Line 36: | Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to exclusively concentrate on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. | Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to exclusively concentrate on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. |
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| Since then, Legrand has made more than 100<ref>{{cite web |title=LEGRAND |url= https://www.neobusiness-na.fr/partner/ece832ec-7326-ec11-ae72-c896658c7478 |website=Neo Business}}</ref> targeted acquisitions becoming a large and diversified maker of electrical wiring devices with more than 150,000 product items. As of 2006, it has bases in 70 countries and sales in 180 countries. | Since then, Legrand has made more than 100<ref>{{cite web |title=LEGRAND |url= https://www.neobusiness-na.fr/partner/ece832ec-7326-ec11-ae72-c896658c7478 |website=Neo Business}}</ref> targeted acquisitions becoming a large and diversified maker of electrical and digital building infrastructures and connectes devices with more than 300,000 product items. As of 2021, it has bases in 90 countries <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legrand scholarship program is designed for Indian students aspiring to pursue a Master’s programme at one of the French higher education institutions. The students with an annual family income that is below 8 lakhs are eligible to apply for the scholarship. |url=https://www.inde.campusfrance.org/legrand-scholarship-program |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Campus France India}}</ref> and sales in 180 countries <ref>{{Cite web |last=Molina |first=Denise |date=4 June 2022 |title=Legrand s’inscrit dans le long terme |url=https://www.morningstar.fr/fr/news/224463/legrand-sinscrit-dans-le-long-terme.aspx |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Morningstar}}</ref>. |
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| === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | 1966: First subsidiary outside France established in [[Belgium]]. | 1966: First subsidiary outside France established in [[Belgium]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2015 |title=Legrand |url=https://www.lsa-conso.fr/legrand,223233 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=LSA}}</ref>. |
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| 1977: Development outside Europe with the takeover of Pial in [[Brazil]]. | 1977: Development outside Europe with the takeover of Pial in [[Brazil]] . |
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| 1980: Bought from GEC in Liverpool, UK. Plugs and sockets company formally Fluvent, transferred works to Milton Keynes, UK | |
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| 1984: First subsidiary in the [[United States]] with Pass & Seymour. | 1984: First subsidiary in the [[United States]] with Pass & Seymour. |
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| 1989: Acquisition of [[Bticino]], [[Italy|Italy's]] largest electrical equipment manufacturer. | |
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| 1996: Acquired Fael in [[Poland]], Luminex in [[Colombia]], MDS in [[India]], and WattStopper in the United States. | |
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| | | 1998: Acquisition of Ortronics, a US leader in [[structured cabling]] and Voice Data Image (VDI). | |
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| 2000: Acquisition of Wiremold in the United States (doubling the Group's size there), and Horton Controls, a US lighting controls company, merged into its WattStopper brand, and Quintela and Tegui in [[Spain]]. | 2000: Acquisition of Wiremold in the United States (doubling the Group's size there), and Horton Controls, a US lighting controls company, merged into its WattStopper brand, and Quintela and Tegui in [[Spain]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2000 |title=Legrand voit grand. |url=https://www.liberation.fr/futurs/2000/07/18/legrand-voit-grand_330432/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Libération}}</ref> |
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| === Schneider-Legrand merger === | === Schneider-Legrand merger === | | |
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| === Internationalization in the 21st century === | === Internationalization in the 21st century === | | Line 71: | Line 71: | 2007: Acquisition of HPM, No. 2 in electrical wiring devices in Australia, and Kontaktor, the leading Russian manufacturer of power circuit breakers. Took over MACSE, the Mexican leader in cable trays, UStec, US specialist in residential networks, TCL Wuxi, Chinese specialist in modular circuit breakers and Alpes Technologies (Annecy, France), specialist in energy compensation and measurement. | 2007: Acquisition of HPM, No. 2 in electrical wiring devices in Australia, and Kontaktor, the leading Russian manufacturer of power circuit breakers. Took over MACSE, the Mexican leader in cable trays, UStec, US specialist in residential networks, TCL Wuxi, Chinese specialist in modular circuit breakers and Alpes Technologies (Annecy, France), specialist in energy compensation and measurement. |
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| 2008: Acquisition of PW Industries, a US cable tray specialist; HDL, the No. 1 in Brazil producer of residential access control (entry phones); Estap, the Turkish leader in VDI enclosures, and Electrak, UK specialist in ground-laid cable trays. | 2008: Acquisition of PW Industries, a US cable tray specialist; HDL, the No. 1 in Brazil producer of residential access control (entry phones); Estap, the Turkish leader in VDI enclosures, and Electrak, UK specialist in ground-laid cable trays. The end of the shareholder pact between KKR and Wendel Investissement. Rumors of a possible takeover of Legrand by a competitor (Siemens, ABB or General Electric) abound. In April 2008, KKR and Wendel Investissement decided to renew their shareholder pact until 2012. |
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| 2009: Legrand was severely affected by the economic crisis. The group saw a 15.6% fall in its turnover (to €3.6 billion). It still managed to maintain its operating margin at 17.6%, as against 17.7% in 2008. A return to growth was forecast for the second half of 2010. | 2009: Legrand was severely affected by the economic crisis. The group saw a 15.6% fall in its turnover (to €3.6 billion). It still managed to maintain its operating margin at 17.6%, as against 17.7% in 2008. A return to growth forecasted for the second half of 2010. |
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| 2010: | 2010: | | Line 90: | Line 90: |
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| 2015: | 2015: | | | Legrand North America acquired [[Raritan Inc.]], completed in September. | |
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| 2017: In June, Legrand started procedures to purchase Milestone AV, the manufacturer of AV racks and mounts in the US and overseas. Milestone manufactures products under the brand names Chief, Sanus, Echogear, Da-Lite, Projecta, and Vaddio. In November, Legrand North America acquired [[Server Technology]]. | 2017: In June, Legrand started procedures to purchase Milestone AV, the manufacturer of AV racks and mounts in the US and overseas. Milestone manufactures products under the brand names Chief, Sanus, Echogear, Da-Lite, Projecta, and Vaddio. In November, Legrand North America acquired [[Server Technology]]. |
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| 2023-01-09T16:06:44Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| == Operational technology == | == Operational technology == | In January 2023, Shneider Electric's interest to develop the area of Operational Technology was concretized through its partnership with BitSight, a specialist in the field of cybersecurity<ref name=":4" />. In fact, their collaboration seeks to realize a unique 'global Operational Technology (OT) Risk Identification and Threat Intelligence capability' that aims to consolidate 'industrial security'<ref name=":4" />. | |
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| ==See also== | ==See also== |
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| 2023-01-09T15:58:02Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| === Aveva acquisition === | === Aveva acquisition === | | Line 445: | Line 445: | == Research and development investment == | == Research and development investment == | | | |
| | == Operational technology == | | In January 2023, Shneider Electric's interest to develop the area of Operational Technology was concretized through its partnership with BitSight, a specialist in the field of cybersecurity<ref name=":4" />. In fact, their collaboration seeks to realize a unique 'global Operational Technology (OT) Risk Identification and Threat Intelligence capability' that aims to consolidate 'industrial security'<ref name=":4" />. |
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| ==See also== | ==See also== |
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| 2023-01-09T15:32:21Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| === Aveva acquisition === | === Aveva acquisition === |
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| 2023-01-05T18:10:39Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| 2020: | 2020: | | | Acquisition of [[Focal Point LLC]], a private architectural lighting manufacturer based in [[Chicago]].<ref> Legrand acquires Focal Point</ref> | |
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| 2021: | 2021: | | Acquisition of Ensto Building systems division of [[Ensto]], a private electrification, lighting and EV charging manufacturer based in [[Finland]], optical networking components provider Champion One, passive data communication solution specialist Compose, and Borri, a global provider of power solutions and single phase and three phase UPS systems<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=L'électricien de Limoges, Legrand, fait deux nouvelles acquisitions pour renforcer sa présence en Europe du Nord |url= https://www.lepopulaire.fr/limoges-87000/economie/l-electricien-de-limoges-legrand-fait-deux-nouvelles-acquisitions-pour-renforcer-sa-presence-en-europe-du-nord_13992608/ |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Le Populaire du Centre}}</ref>. Legrand faced the risk of raw material shortages<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |title=Challenges in raw material and component supply, Legrand CEO says |url= https://www.cnbc.com/video/2021/07/30/challenges-in-raw-material-and-component-supply-legrand-ceo-says.html |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=Legrand : Au premier semestre, le résultat opérationnel ajusté grimpe à 838 ME |url= https://www.boursedirect.fr/fr/actualites/categorie/resultats/legrand-au-premier-semestre-le-resultat-operationnel-ajuste-grimpe-a-838-me-boursier-9c4807d82e82eb140a829012f028745c18c31241 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Bourse Direct}}</ref>. Simultaneously, in a post-pandemic context, Legrand established record results, notably in the Data Center, Connected Products and Energy Efficiency sectors<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2022 |title=Résultats record pour Legrand après la pandémie |url= https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/resultats-record-pour-legrand-apres-la-pandemie-20220210 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref>. Legrand launched a new brand "Legrand Care", a new structure that gathers Assisted Living and Healthcare brands<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2021 |title=Legrand : Lancement de la marque mondiale 'Legrand Care' |url= https://www.tradingsat.com/actualites/informations-societes/legrand-lancement-de-la-marque-mondiale-legrand-care--995051.html |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=BFM Bourse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2021 |title=Legrand Care : assistance à l'autonomie et santé connectée |url= https://www.senioractu.com/Legrand-Care-assistance-a-l-autonomie-et-sante-connectee_a24143.html |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Senioractu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legrand lance « Legrand Care », sa nouvelle marque mondiale spécialisée dans le secteur de l’assistance à l’autonomie et de la santé connectée |url= https://www.silvereco.fr/legrand-lance-legrand-care-sa-nouvelle-marque-mondiale-specialisee-dans-le-secteur-de-lassistance-a-lautonomie-et-de-la-sante-connectee/311521503 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=SilverEco}}</ref>. Legrand and the CEA Center in Grenoble unveiled a wireless and battery-free connected switch<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Legrand et le CEA unissent leurs expertises et développent une nouvelle génération d'interrupteur sans fil et sans pile |url= https://www.cea.fr/presse/Pages/actualites-communiques/ntic/legrand-cea-commande-sans-pile-sans-fil.aspx |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=CEA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chardenon |first=Aude |date=11 February 2021 |title=Legrand lance une nouvelle génération d'interrupteurs sans fil et sans pile, conçue avec le CEA |url= https://www.usine-digitale.fr/article/legrand-lance-une-nouvelle-generation-d-interrupteurs-sans-fil-et-sans-pile-concue-avec-le-cea.N1060129 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=L'Usine Digitale}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Legrand et le CEA de Grenoble ont créé un interrupteur connecté sans fil |url= https://www.ledauphine.com/economie/2021/02/15/isere-legrand-et-le-cea-de-grenoble-ont-cree-un-interrupteur-connecte-sans-fil |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Le Dauphiné libéré}}</ref>. Legrand announced that it would buy 450,000 of its own shares<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2022 |title=Legrand : va racheter 450 000 de ses propres actions |url= https://www.zonebourse.com/cours/action/LEGRAND-16719/actualite/Legrand-va-racheter-450-000-de-ses-propres-actions-39865853/ |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Zonebourse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2022 |title=Legrand va racheter 450 000 de ses propres actions |url= https://bourse.lefigaro.fr/actu-conseils/legrand-va-racheter-450-000-de-ses-propres-actions-20220325 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref>. Legrand acquired Emos, a company based in the Czech Republic<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2022 |title=Legrand vise une marge ajustée autour de 20% en 2022 après des résultats records en 2021 |url= https://investir.lesechos.fr/actu-des-valeurs/la-vie-des-actions/legrand-vise-une-marge-ajustee-autour-de-20-en-2022-apres-des-resultats-records-en-2021-1856778 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Investir - Les Echos}}</ref>. Legrand announced two acquisitions: Ensto Building Systems based in Provoo in Finland, and Ecotap based in Boxtel, the Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=L'électricien de Limoges, Legrand, fait deux nouvelles acquisitions pour renforcer sa présence en Europe du Nord |url= https://www.lepopulaire.fr/limoges-87000/economie/l-electricien-de-limoges-legrand-fait-deux-nouvelles-acquisitions-pour-renforcer-sa-presence-en-europe-du-nord_13992608/ |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Le Populaire du Centre}}</ref>. | Acquisition of Ensto Building systems division of [[Ensto]], a private electrification, lighting and EV charging manufacturer based in [[Finland]]. | | | |
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| | | == Stock market == | | |
| * 1970: listed on the [[Paris stock exchange]] for the first time. | | | === Failed takeover by Schneider Electric === | * 2001: friendly share exchange/acquisition offer made by [[Schneider Electric]] for Legrand. This was vetoed by the [[European Commission]] due to the risk of distortion of competition. As the exchange of shares had already taken place, Schneider was obliged to resell all Legrand stock. | | | In 2001, Legrand was subject to a friendly takeover bid by Schneider Electric for all of its capital. Schneider Electric acquired up to 98,1% of Legrand's capital. If minority stakeholders and eventually the company's management opposed the bid, a veto from the European Commission about competition issues would cause the transaction to definitely fail. The exchange of shares having been carried out, Schneider was forced to resell all of them. The shares were sold to venture capitalists Wendel Investissement and [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts|KKR]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2002 |title=Schneider-Electric renonce à fusionner avec Legrand |url= https://www.letemps.ch/economie/schneiderelectric-renonce-fusionner-legrand |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Le Temps}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2003 |title=Schneider cède Legrand au consortium Wendel-KKR pour 3,6 milliards d'euros |url= https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2002/12/03/schneider-cede-legrand-au-consortium-wendel-kkr-pour-3-6-milliards-d-euros_300658_1819218.html |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Le Monde}}</ref> | * 2003: purchase of the entire share capital by the investment funds [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts]] (KKR) and [[Wendel Investissement]]. Legrand is withdrawn from the quoted market. | | * 2006: return to the [[stock market]] with 20% of the capital or 57.7 million new shares for an additional capital of €1 billion. KKR and Wendel Investissement remain majority shareholders, each holding 30% of shares, while 16% are held by minority shareholders and 5% by management and employees. | | At the end of 2006, the minority shareholders (banks and institutions) sell their holding via an accelerated private institutional placement, thereby taking traded shares to 35% of the capital and increasing the share's liquidity. | | * 2007: Legrand appoints [[Thierry de La Tour d'Artaise]], [[CEO]] of [[Groupe SEB]], and [[Gérard Lamarche]], CFO of [[Suez (company, 1997–2008)|Groupe Suez]], to its board of directors. | | * 2008: End of the shareholder pact between KKR and Wendel Investissement. Rumours of a possible takeover of Legrand by a competitor (Siemens, ABB or General Electric) abound. In April 2008, KKR and Wendel Investissement decide to renew their shareholder pact until 2012. | |
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| == Corporate Affairs == | == Corporate Affairs == |
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| 2023-01-05T16:09:01Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 439: | Line 439: | In 2016 Schneider Electric launched the next generation of EcoStruxure – an [[Internet of things|IoT]]-enabled architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schneider Electric Rolls Out a Series of EcoStruxure Platforms {{!}} ARC Advisory Group |url= https://www.arcweb.com/blog/schneider-electric-rolls-out-series-ecostruxure-platforms |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=arcweb.com}}</ref> The EcoStruxure platform uses [[Microsoft Azure]]. | In 2016 Schneider Electric launched the next generation of EcoStruxure – an [[Internet of things|IoT]]-enabled architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schneider Electric Rolls Out a Series of EcoStruxure Platforms {{!}} ARC Advisory Group |url= https://www.arcweb.com/blog/schneider-electric-rolls-out-series-ecostruxure-platforms |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=arcweb.com}}</ref> The EcoStruxure platform uses [[Microsoft Azure]]. |
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| == Research and development investment == | == Research and development investment == |
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| 2023-01-05T15:42:51Z |
Amal Clooney |
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| == Personal life == | == Personal life == |
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| 2023-01-05T15:25:01Z |
Fendi |
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| | | Line 83: | Line 83: | In 2013, Fendi pledged more than 2 million euros to sponsor projects, including a clean-up of the [[Quattro Fontane]]<ref>Rachel Sanderson (January 30, 2013), Brand Italy puts a price tag on history [[Financial Times]].</ref> and the restoration of the [[Trevi Fountain]] in Rome, and held the company's 90th anniversary show over the fountain using a plexiglas floor.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theweek.co.uk/92079/fendi-why-the-fashion-house-is-investing-in-romes-patrimony%7Ctitle=Fendi: why the fashion house is investing in Rome's patrimony|date=5 March 2018|publisher=The Week|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-22/fendi-touts-dolce-vita-as-owner-lvmh-relies-on-brand.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Andrew | last=Roberts | title=Fendi Touts Dolce Vita as Owner LVMH Relies on Brand | date=23 June 2014}}</ref> In 2018, Fendi signed a partnership with the [[Galleria Borghese]] to support the museum's exhibitions for the following three years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wwd.com/eye/celebrity-real-estate/fendi-inks-partnership-with-galleria-borghese-10982852/%7Ctitle=Fendi Inks Partnership With Rome's Galleria Borghese|author=Luisa Zargani|date=13 September 2017|publisher=WWD|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> In 2019, it committed 2.5 million euros to restore the [[Temple of Venus and Roma]], when it held its couture show at the site.<ref>Vanessa Friedman (July 5, 2019), Fendi, the Legacy of Empire — and Lagerfeld [[New York Times]].</ref> | In 2013, Fendi pledged more than 2 million euros to sponsor projects, including a clean-up of the [[Quattro Fontane]]<ref>Rachel Sanderson (January 30, 2013), Brand Italy puts a price tag on history [[Financial Times]].</ref> and the restoration of the [[Trevi Fountain]] in Rome, and held the company's 90th anniversary show over the fountain using a plexiglas floor.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theweek.co.uk/92079/fendi-why-the-fashion-house-is-investing-in-romes-patrimony%7Ctitle=Fendi: why the fashion house is investing in Rome's patrimony|date=5 March 2018|publisher=The Week|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-22/fendi-touts-dolce-vita-as-owner-lvmh-relies-on-brand.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Andrew | last=Roberts | title=Fendi Touts Dolce Vita as Owner LVMH Relies on Brand | date=23 June 2014}}</ref> In 2018, Fendi signed a partnership with the [[Galleria Borghese]] to support the museum's exhibitions for the following three years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wwd.com/eye/celebrity-real-estate/fendi-inks-partnership-with-galleria-borghese-10982852/%7Ctitle=Fendi Inks Partnership With Rome's Galleria Borghese|author=Luisa Zargani|date=13 September 2017|publisher=WWD|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> In 2019, it committed 2.5 million euros to restore the [[Temple of Venus and Roma]], when it held its couture show at the site.<ref>Vanessa Friedman (July 5, 2019), Fendi, the Legacy of Empire — and Lagerfeld [[New York Times]].</ref> |
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| == Controversy == | == Controversy == |
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| 2022-12-31T14:19:07Z |
User talk:Hajer-12 |
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| Hi {{u|Hajer-12}}, thanks for your work improving the Alstom article. However, to prevent vast numbers of minor edits clogging up editors' watchlists, may I ask if you would consider grouping multiple small improvements into one edit? For example, in the last 50 minutes, your 9 edits to this page could, theoretically, have been grouped into just one edit. Feel free to use the 'Preview edit' box when using the Source editor to do this. Not a major issue, but just a little tip for the future! Thanks again, [[User:Mattdaviesfsic|Mattdaviesfsic]] ([[User talk:Mattdaviesfsic|talk]]) 18:13, 18 December 2022 (UTC) | Hi {{u|Hajer-12}}, thanks for your work improving the Alstom article. However, to prevent vast numbers of minor edits clogging up editors' watchlists, may I ask if you would consider grouping multiple small improvements into one edit? For example, in the last 50 minutes, your 9 edits to this page could, theoretically, have been grouped into just one edit. Feel free to use the 'Preview edit' box when using the Source editor to do this. Not a major issue, but just a little tip for the future! Thanks again, [[User:Mattdaviesfsic|Mattdaviesfsic]] ([[User talk:Mattdaviesfsic|talk]]) 18:13, 18 December 2022 (UTC) | |
| | :Hello, thank you for your feedback! I have just started and thought I should take it slowly on Alstom. You will notice that on Legrand, upon which I have done deeper research, I am grouping together the important changes. Well-noted and I am implementing :)! [[User:Hajer-12|Hajer-12]] ([[User talk:Hajer-12#top|talk]]) 14:19, 31 December 2022 (UTC) |
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| 2022-12-31T14:05:46Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| 2017: In June, Legrand started procedures to purchase Milestone AV, the manufacturer of AV racks and mounts in the US and overseas. Milestone manufactures products under the brand names Chief, Sanus, Echogear, Da-Lite, Projecta, and Vaddio. In November, Legrand North America acquired [[Server Technology]]. | 2017: In June, Legrand started procedures to purchase Milestone AV, the manufacturer of AV racks and mounts in the US and overseas. Milestone manufactures products under the brand names Chief, Sanus, Echogear, Da-Lite, Projecta, and Vaddio. In November, Legrand North America acquired [[Server Technology]]. | |
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| 2022-12-31T13:51:09Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| 2014: | 2014: |
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| 2022-12-31T13:35:27Z |
Celine (brand) |
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| In 2005, the Italian designer Roberto Menichetti was named creative director. | In 2005, the Italian designer, Roberto Menichetti, was named creative director. |
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| A year later, the [[Croats|Croatian]] designer, Ivana Omazic, directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> | A year later, the [[Croats|Croatian]] designer, Ivana Omazic, directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-31T13:34:42Z |
Celine (brand) |
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| | | Line 56: | Line 56: | In 2005, the Italian designer Roberto Menichetti was named creative director. | In 2005, the Italian designer Roberto Menichetti was named creative director. |
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| A year later, the [[Croats|Croatian]] designer Ivana Omazic directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> | A year later, the [[Croats|Croatian]] designer , Ivana Omazic , directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> |
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| ==Phoebe Philo: a decade as creative director== | ==Phoebe Philo: a decade as creative director== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:33:37Z |
Celine (brand) |
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| In 2005, Italian designer Roberto Menichetti was named creative director. | In 2005, the Italian designer Roberto Menichetti was named creative director. |
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| A year later, the [[Croats|Croatian]] designer Ivana Omazic directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> | A year later, the [[Croats|Croatian]] designer Ivana Omazic directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-31T13:32:57Z |
Celine (brand) |
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| | | Line 56: | Line 56: | In 2005, Italian designer Roberto Menichetti was named creative director. | In 2005, Italian designer Roberto Menichetti was named creative director. |
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| A year later, [[Croats|Croatian]] designer Ivana Omazic directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> | A year later, the [[Croats|Croatian]] designer Ivana Omazic directed the design studio. Omazic was a former consultant for the brand and previously worked with Romeo Gigli, [[Prada]], [[Jil Sander]] and Miu Miu. Omazic designed for Céline until 2008, after further disappointments for the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Elva|date=2008-10-02|title=Celine's Ivana Omazic Takes Final Bow|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-09%7Cissn=0099-9660}}</ref> |
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| ==Phoebe Philo: a decade as creative director== | ==Phoebe Philo: a decade as creative director== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:31:02Z |
Celine (brand) |
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| The brand's founders wished to be part of a charitable association, so Richard Vipiana established the Céline-Pasteur Prize, a sponsor for the [[American Hospital of Paris]] in 1973.<ref>Vogue France, Céline</ref> | The brand's founders wished to be part of a charitable association, so , Richard Vipiana established the Céline-Pasteur Prize, a sponsor for the [[American Hospital of Paris]] in 1973.<ref>Vogue France, Céline</ref> |
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| ==Acquisition by LVMH== | ==Acquisition by LVMH== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:29:25Z |
Celine (brand) |
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| Celine (formerly spelled Céline, and stylized in [[all caps]]) is a French luxury [[ready-to-wear]] and [[leather]] goods brand owned by the [[LVMH]] group since 1996. It was founded in 1945 by Céline Vipiana. Since November 2015, the headquarters are located at 16 rue Vivienne in the [[2nd arrondissement of Paris]] at the Hôtel Colbert de Torcy, which has [[Monument historique|French Historic Monument classification]].<ref name="The House">Robert Murphy, The House That Céline Built March 25, 2015</ref> Séverine Merle is the Chief Executive Officer since April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/celine-recruits-next-ceo-plots-online-sales-10816290/%7Ctitle=Céline Finds Next CEO; Plots Online Sales}}</ref> | Celine (formerly spelled Céline, and stylized in [[all caps]]) is a French luxury [[ready-to-wear]] and [[leather]] goods brand owned by the [[LVMH]] group since 1996. It was founded in 1945 by Céline Vipiana. Since November 2015, the headquarters are located at 16 rue Vivienne in the [[2nd arrondissement of Paris]] at the Hôtel Colbert de Torcy, which has [[Monument historique|French Historic Monument classification]].<ref name="The House">Robert Murphy, The House That Céline Built March 25, 2015</ref> Séverine Merle has been the Chief Executive Officer since April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/celine-recruits-next-ceo-plots-online-sales-10816290/%7Ctitle=Céline Finds Next CEO; Plots Online Sales}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-31T13:26:50Z |
Celine (brand) |
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| ==Retail== | ==Retail== | The brand owns almost 178 stores worldwide and is distributed through a selective network including department stores such as [[Barneys New York]] (New York), [[Bergdorf Goodman]] (New York), [[Harrods]] (London) and [[Galeries Lafayette]] (Paris).{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} | The brand owns almost 178 stores worldwide <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muret |first=Dominique |date=8 November 2022 |title=Celine ouvre une sixième boutique au cœur de Paris |url=https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Celine-ouvre-une-sixieme-boutique-au-coeur-de-paris,1456668.html |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=Fashion Network}}</ref> and is distributed through a selective network including department stores such as [[Barneys New York]] (New York), [[Bergdorf Goodman]] (New York), [[Harrods]] (London) and [[Galeries Lafayette]] (Paris).{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:16:48Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| ===[[BMW]] Administration Building (2001–2005)=== | ===[[BMW]] Administration Building (2001–2005)=== | In 2002 she won the competition to design a new administrative building for the factory of the auto manufacturer [[BMW]] in Leipzig, Germany. The three assembly buildings adjoining it were designed by other architects; her building served as the entrance and what she called the "nerve centre" of the complex. As with the [[Phaeno Science Center]], the building is hoisted above street level on leaning concrete pylons. The interior contains a series of levels and floors which seem to cascade, sheltered by tilting concrete beams and a roof supported by steel beams in the shape of an 'H'. The open interior inside was intended, she wrote, to avoid "the traditional segregation of working groups" and to show the "global transparence of the internal organisation" of the enterprise, and wrote that she had given particular attention to the parking lot in front of the building, with the intent, she wrote, of "transforming it into a dynamic spectacle of its own".{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=43}} | In 2002, she won the competition to design a new administrative building for the factory of the auto manufacturer [[BMW]] in Leipzig, Germany. The three assembly buildings adjoining it were designed by other architects; her building served as the entrance and what she called the "nerve centre" of the complex. As with the [[Phaeno Science Center]], the building is hoisted above street level on leaning concrete pylons. The interior contains a series of levels and floors which seem to cascade, sheltered by tilting concrete beams and a roof supported by steel beams in the shape of an 'H'. The open interior inside was intended, she wrote, to avoid "the traditional segregation of working groups" and to show the "global transparence of the internal organisation" of the enterprise, and wrote that she had given particular attention to the parking lot in front of the building, with the intent, she wrote, of "transforming it into a dynamic spectacle of its own".{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=43}} |
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| In 2004, she won the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]], the most prestigious award in architecture, though she had only completed four buildings – the Vitra Fire Station, the Ski Lift in Innsbruck Austria, the Car Park and Terminus Hoenheim North in France, and the Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2004%7Ctitle=Selected Works: Zaha Hadid |publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In making the announcement, [[Thomas Pritzker]], the head of the jury, announced: "Although her body of work is relatively small, she has achieved great acclaim and her energy and ideas show even greater promise for the future."<ref name=pritzker>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/announcement-zaha-hadid%7Ctitle=2004 Pritzker Prize announcement|publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | In 2004, she won the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]], the most prestigious award in architecture, though she had only completed four buildings – the Vitra Fire Station, the Ski Lift in Innsbruck Austria, the Car Park and Terminus Hoenheim North in France, and the Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2004%7Ctitle=Selected Works: Zaha Hadid |publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In making the announcement, [[Thomas Pritzker]], the head of the jury, announced: "Although her body of work is relatively small, she has achieved great acclaim and her energy and ideas show even greater promise for the future."<ref name=pritzker>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/announcement-zaha-hadid%7Ctitle=2004 Pritzker Prize announcement|publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-31T13:15:38Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| ===Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion (2005–2008)=== | ===Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion (2005–2008)=== | Between 1997 and 2010, Hadid ventured into the engineers' domain of bridge construction, a field also occupied by other top architects including [[Norman Foster]] and [[Santiago Calatrava]]. Between 2005 and 2008 she designed and built the Bridge-Pavilion of [[Zaragoza]], which was both an exhibit hall and a bridge, created for [[Expo 2008]], an event on the themes of water and durable development. The concrete bridge span on which the pavilion rests is 85 metres long, as measured from the Exposition site to an island in the Ebro River. The bridge carries or is attached to four tunnel-like exhibition spaces she termed "pods", which spread onto the island, for a total length of 275 metres. The pods are covered with a skin of 26,000 triangular shingles, many of which open to let in air and light. The bridge-pavilion, characteristic of her designs and buildings of the period, is composed entirely of diagonal slopes and curves, with no right-angles of orthogonal forms. By its curving shape and low profile, the bridge-pavilion fits smoothly into the grassy landscape along the river.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=51}} | Between 1997 and 2010, Hadid ventured into the engineers' domain of bridge construction, a field also occupied by other top architects including [[Norman Foster]] and [[Santiago Calatrava]]. Between 2005 and 2008, she designed and built the Bridge-Pavilion of [[Zaragoza]], which was both an exhibit hall and a bridge, created for [[Expo 2008]], an event on the themes of water and durable development. The concrete bridge span on which the pavilion rests is 85 metres long, as measured from the Exposition site to an island in the Ebro River. The bridge carries or is attached to four tunnel-like exhibition spaces she termed "pods", which spread onto the island, for a total length of 275 metres. The pods are covered with a skin of 26,000 triangular shingles, many of which open to let in air and light. The bridge-pavilion, characteristic of her designs and buildings of the period, is composed entirely of diagonal slopes and curves, with no right-angles of orthogonal forms. By its curving shape and low profile, the bridge-pavilion fits smoothly into the grassy landscape along the river.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=51}} |
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| ===Sheikh Zayed Bridge (1997–2010)=== | ===Sheikh Zayed Bridge (1997–2010)=== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:14:10Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| ===Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion (2005–2008)=== | ===Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion (2005–2008)=== | Between 1997 and 2010 Hadid ventured into the engineers' domain of bridge construction, a field also occupied by other top architects including [[Norman Foster]] and [[Santiago Calatrava]]. Between 2005 and 2008 she designed and built the Bridge-Pavilion of [[Zaragoza]], which was both an exhibit hall and a bridge, created for [[Expo 2008]], an event on the themes of water and durable development. The concrete bridge span on which the pavilion rests is 85 metres long, as measured from the Exposition site to an island in the Ebro River. The bridge carries or is attached to four tunnel-like exhibition spaces she termed "pods", which spread onto the island, for a total length of 275 metres. The pods are covered with a skin of 26,000 triangular shingles, many of which open to let in air and light. The bridge-pavilion, characteristic of her designs and buildings of the period, is composed entirely of diagonal slopes and curves, with no right-angles of orthogonal forms. By its curving shape and low profile, the bridge-pavilion fits smoothly into the grassy landscape along the river.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=51}} | Between 1997 and 2010, Hadid ventured into the engineers' domain of bridge construction, a field also occupied by other top architects including [[Norman Foster]] and [[Santiago Calatrava]]. Between 2005 and 2008 she designed and built the Bridge-Pavilion of [[Zaragoza]], which was both an exhibit hall and a bridge, created for [[Expo 2008]], an event on the themes of water and durable development. The concrete bridge span on which the pavilion rests is 85 metres long, as measured from the Exposition site to an island in the Ebro River. The bridge carries or is attached to four tunnel-like exhibition spaces she termed "pods", which spread onto the island, for a total length of 275 metres. The pods are covered with a skin of 26,000 triangular shingles, many of which open to let in air and light. The bridge-pavilion, characteristic of her designs and buildings of the period, is composed entirely of diagonal slopes and curves, with no right-angles of orthogonal forms. By its curving shape and low profile, the bridge-pavilion fits smoothly into the grassy landscape along the river.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=51}} |
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| ===Sheikh Zayed Bridge (1997–2010)=== | ===Sheikh Zayed Bridge (1997–2010)=== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:13:03Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| | | Line 70: | Line 70: | In 2002 she won the competition to design a new administrative building for the factory of the auto manufacturer [[BMW]] in Leipzig, Germany. The three assembly buildings adjoining it were designed by other architects; her building served as the entrance and what she called the "nerve centre" of the complex. As with the [[Phaeno Science Center]], the building is hoisted above street level on leaning concrete pylons. The interior contains a series of levels and floors which seem to cascade, sheltered by tilting concrete beams and a roof supported by steel beams in the shape of an 'H'. The open interior inside was intended, she wrote, to avoid "the traditional segregation of working groups" and to show the "global transparence of the internal organisation" of the enterprise, and wrote that she had given particular attention to the parking lot in front of the building, with the intent, she wrote, of "transforming it into a dynamic spectacle of its own".{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=43}} | In 2002 she won the competition to design a new administrative building for the factory of the auto manufacturer [[BMW]] in Leipzig, Germany. The three assembly buildings adjoining it were designed by other architects; her building served as the entrance and what she called the "nerve centre" of the complex. As with the [[Phaeno Science Center]], the building is hoisted above street level on leaning concrete pylons. The interior contains a series of levels and floors which seem to cascade, sheltered by tilting concrete beams and a roof supported by steel beams in the shape of an 'H'. The open interior inside was intended, she wrote, to avoid "the traditional segregation of working groups" and to show the "global transparence of the internal organisation" of the enterprise, and wrote that she had given particular attention to the parking lot in front of the building, with the intent, she wrote, of "transforming it into a dynamic spectacle of its own".{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|page=43}} |
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| In 2004 she won the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]], the most prestigious award in architecture, though she had only completed four buildings – the Vitra Fire Station, the Ski Lift in Innsbruck Austria, the Car Park and Terminus Hoenheim North in France, and the Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2004%7Ctitle=Selected Works: Zaha Hadid |publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In making the announcement, [[Thomas Pritzker]], the head of the jury, announced: "Although her body of work is relatively small, she has achieved great acclaim and her energy and ideas show even greater promise for the future."<ref name=pritzker>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/announcement-zaha-hadid%7Ctitle=2004 Pritzker Prize announcement|publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | In 2004 , she won the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]], the most prestigious award in architecture, though she had only completed four buildings – the Vitra Fire Station, the Ski Lift in Innsbruck Austria, the Car Park and Terminus Hoenheim North in France, and the Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2004%7Ctitle=Selected Works: Zaha Hadid |publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In making the announcement, [[Thomas Pritzker]], the head of the jury, announced: "Although her body of work is relatively small, she has achieved great acclaim and her energy and ideas show even greater promise for the future."<ref name=pritzker>{{cite web|url= https://www.pritzkerprize.com/announcement-zaha-hadid%7Ctitle=2004 Pritzker Prize announcement|publisher=Pritzker Architecture Prize|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> |
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| ==Major projects (2006–2010)== | ==Major projects (2006–2010)== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:11:40Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| ===Ordrupgaard Museum extension (2001–2005)=== | ===Ordrupgaard Museum extension (2001–2005)=== | In 2001 she began another museum project, an extension of the [[Ordrupgaard]] Museum near Copenhagen, Denmark, a museum featuring a collection of 19th century French and Danish art in the 19th-century mansion of its collector. The new building is 87 metres long and 20 metres wide, and is connected by a five-metre wide passage to the old museum. There are no right angles – only diagonals – in the concrete shell of the museum. The floor-to-ceiling glass walls of the gallery make the garden the backdrop of the exhibits.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=37–39}} | In 2001, she began another museum project, an extension of the [[Ordrupgaard]] Museum near Copenhagen, Denmark, a museum featuring a collection of 19th century French and Danish art in the 19th-century mansion of its collector. The new building is 87 metres long and 20 metres wide, and is connected by a five-metre wide passage to the old museum. There are no right angles – only diagonals – in the concrete shell of the museum. The floor-to-ceiling glass walls of the gallery make the garden the backdrop of the exhibits.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=37–39}} |
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| ===[[BMW]] Administration Building (2001–2005)=== | ===[[BMW]] Administration Building (2001–2005)=== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:10:24Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| ===Phaeno Science Center (2000–2005)=== | ===Phaeno Science Center (2000–2005)=== | In 2000 she won an international competition for the [[Phaeno Science Center]],<ref name=PhaenoCCA>{{cite web |title=Finding aid for the Zaha Hadid Architects Phaeno Science Centre project records |url= https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/archives/468014/zaha-hadid-architects-phaeno-science-centre-project-records |website=[[Canadian Centre for Architecture]] |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> in [[Wolfsburg]], Germany (2002–2005). The new museum was only a little larger than the Cincinnati Museum, with 9,000 square metres of space, but the plan was much more ambitious. It was similar in concept to the buildings of [[Le Corbusier]], raised up seven metres on concrete pylons. Unlike Corbusier's buildings, she planned for the space under the building to be filled with activity, and each of the 10 massive inverted cone-shaped columns that hold up the building contains a cafe, a shop, or a museum entrance. The tilting columns reach up through the building and also support the roof. The museum structure resembles an enormous ship, with sloping walls and asymmetric scatterings of windows, and the interior, with its angular columns and exposed steel roof framework, gives the illusion of being inside a working vessel or laboratory.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=37–39}} | In 2000 , she won an international competition for the [[Phaeno Science Center]],<ref name=PhaenoCCA>{{cite web |title=Finding aid for the Zaha Hadid Architects Phaeno Science Centre project records |url= https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/archives/468014/zaha-hadid-architects-phaeno-science-centre-project-records |website=[[Canadian Centre for Architecture]] |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> in [[Wolfsburg]], Germany (2002–2005). The new museum was only a little larger than the Cincinnati Museum, with 9,000 square metres of space, but the plan was much more ambitious. It was similar in concept to the buildings of [[Le Corbusier]], raised up seven metres on concrete pylons. Unlike Corbusier's buildings, she planned for the space under the building to be filled with activity, and each of the 10 massive inverted cone-shaped columns that hold up the building contains a cafe, a shop, or a museum entrance. The tilting columns reach up through the building and also support the roof. The museum structure resembles an enormous ship, with sloping walls and asymmetric scatterings of windows, and the interior, with its angular columns and exposed steel roof framework, gives the illusion of being inside a working vessel or laboratory.{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=37–39}} |
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| ===Ordrupgaard Museum extension (2001–2005)=== | ===Ordrupgaard Museum extension (2001–2005)=== |
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| 2022-12-31T13:08:59Z |
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| ==Early life, academic career and family== | ==Early life, academic career and family== | Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], to an upper-class Iraqi family.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, [[Mohammed Hadid|Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid]], was a wealthy industrialist from [[Mosul]]. He co-founded the left-liberal [[Ahali group|al-Ahali group]] in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name=":0"/> He was the co-founder of the [[National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)|National Democratic Party]] in Iraq<ref name=":0"/> and served as minister of finance after the [[Abolition of monarchy|overthrow of the monarch]] after the [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état]] for the government of General [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]. Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= https://www..com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Hadid-Zaha.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid Biography|publisher=.com|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> while her brother [[Foulath Hadid]] was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary – 'Foulath Hadid: Writer and expert on Arab affairs'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=11 October 2012|access-date=22 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient [[Sumer]]ian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In the 1960sn, Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/14/zaha-hadid-woman-arab-double-edged-sword%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid: 'Being an Arab and a woman is a double-edged sword'|author=Qureshi, Huma|date=14 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iraqi-british-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65-1292731%7Ctitle=Iraqi-British Architect Zaha Hadid Dies of Heart Attack at 65|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Fontana-Giusti|first=Gordana|date=June 2016|title=Zaha Hadid: 1950–2016|journal=Architectural Research Quarterly|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=95–98|doi=10.1017/S1359135516000348|issn=1359-1355|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadid was unmarried with no children.<ref name=":4" /> | Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], to an upper-class Iraqi family.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, [[Mohammed Hadid|Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid]], was a wealthy industrialist from [[Mosul]]. He co-founded the left-liberal [[Ahali group|al-Ahali group]] in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name=":0"/> He was the co-founder of the [[National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)|National Democratic Party]] in Iraq<ref name=":0"/> and served as minister of finance after the [[Abolition of monarchy|overthrow of the monarch]] after the [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état]] for the government of General [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]. Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= https://www..com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Hadid-Zaha.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid Biography|publisher=.com|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> while her brother [[Foulath Hadid]] was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary – 'Foulath Hadid: Writer and expert on Arab affairs'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=11 October 2012|access-date=22 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient [[Sumer]]ian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In the 1960s, Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/14/zaha-hadid-woman-arab-double-edged-sword%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid: 'Being an Arab and a woman is a double-edged sword'|author=Qureshi, Huma|date=14 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iraqi-british-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65-1292731%7Ctitle=Iraqi-British Architect Zaha Hadid Dies of Heart Attack at 65|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Fontana-Giusti|first=Gordana|date=June 2016|title=Zaha Hadid: 1950–2016|journal=Architectural Research Quarterly|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=95–98|doi=10.1017/S1359135516000348|issn=1359-1355|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadid was unmarried with no children.<ref name=":4" /> |
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| Hadid studied mathematics at the [[American University of Beirut]] before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]].<ref name=":1"/> There she studied with [[Rem Koolhaas]], [[Elia Zenghelis]] and [[Bernard Tschumi]].<ref name=":0"/> Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3645888/A-warped-perspective.html%7Ctitle=A warped perspective|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 August 2005|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the [[Joinery (woodworking)|joinery]] she knew we could fix that later. She was right.'<ref name=":0"/> Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik, was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's [[Hungerford Bridge]] executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Russian [[Suprematism|suprematist]] artist [[Kazimir Malevich]].{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=7–17}} | Hadid studied mathematics at the [[American University of Beirut]] before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]].<ref name=":1"/> There she studied with [[Rem Koolhaas]], [[Elia Zenghelis]] and [[Bernard Tschumi]].<ref name=":0"/> Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3645888/A-warped-perspective.html%7Ctitle=A warped perspective|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 August 2005|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the [[Joinery (woodworking)|joinery]] she knew we could fix that later. She was right.'<ref name=":0"/> Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik, was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's [[Hungerford Bridge]] executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Russian [[Suprematism|suprematist]] artist [[Kazimir Malevich]].{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=7–17}} |
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| 2022-12-31T13:07:39Z |
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| ==Early life, academic career and family== | ==Early life, academic career and family== | Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], to an upper-class Iraqi family.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, [[Mohammed Hadid|Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid]], was a wealthy industrialist from [[Mosul]]. He co-founded the left-liberal [[Ahali group|al-Ahali group]] in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name=":0"/> He was the co-founder of the [[National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)|National Democratic Party]] in Iraq<ref name=":0"/> and served as minister of finance after the [[Abolition of monarchy|overthrow of the monarch]] after the [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état]] for the government of General [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]. Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= https://www..com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Hadid-Zaha.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid Biography|publisher=.com|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> while her brother [[Foulath Hadid]] was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary – 'Foulath Hadid: Writer and expert on Arab affairs'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=11 October 2012|access-date=22 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient [[Sumer]]ian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In the 1960s Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/14/zaha-hadid-woman-arab-double-edged-sword%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid: 'Being an Arab and a woman is a double-edged sword'|author=Qureshi, Huma|date=14 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iraqi-british-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65-1292731%7Ctitle=Iraqi-British Architect Zaha Hadid Dies of Heart Attack at 65|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Fontana-Giusti|first=Gordana|date=June 2016|title=Zaha Hadid: 1950–2016|journal=Architectural Research Quarterly|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=95–98|doi=10.1017/S1359135516000348|issn=1359-1355|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadid was unmarried with no children.<ref name=":4" /> | Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], to an upper-class Iraqi family.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, [[Mohammed Hadid|Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid]], was a wealthy industrialist from [[Mosul]]. He co-founded the left-liberal [[Ahali group|al-Ahali group]] in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name=":0"/> He was the co-founder of the [[National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)|National Democratic Party]] in Iraq<ref name=":0"/> and served as minister of finance after the [[Abolition of monarchy|overthrow of the monarch]] after the [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état]] for the government of General [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]. Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= https://www..com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Hadid-Zaha.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid Biography|publisher=.com|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> while her brother [[Foulath Hadid]] was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary – 'Foulath Hadid: Writer and expert on Arab affairs'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=11 October 2012|access-date=22 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient [[Sumer]]ian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In the 1960sn, Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/14/zaha-hadid-woman-arab-double-edged-sword%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid: 'Being an Arab and a woman is a double-edged sword'|author=Qureshi, Huma|date=14 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iraqi-british-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65-1292731%7Ctitle=Iraqi-British Architect Zaha Hadid Dies of Heart Attack at 65|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Fontana-Giusti|first=Gordana|date=June 2016|title=Zaha Hadid: 1950–2016|journal=Architectural Research Quarterly|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=95–98|doi=10.1017/S1359135516000348|issn=1359-1355|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadid was unmarried with no children.<ref name=":4" /> |
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| Hadid studied mathematics at the [[American University of Beirut]] before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]].<ref name=":1"/> There she studied with [[Rem Koolhaas]], [[Elia Zenghelis]] and [[Bernard Tschumi]].<ref name=":0"/> Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3645888/A-warped-perspective.html%7Ctitle=A warped perspective|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 August 2005|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the [[Joinery (woodworking)|joinery]] she knew we could fix that later. She was right.'<ref name=":0"/> Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik, was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's [[Hungerford Bridge]] executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Russian [[Suprematism|suprematist]] artist [[Kazimir Malevich]].{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=7–17}} | Hadid studied mathematics at the [[American University of Beirut]] before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]].<ref name=":1"/> There she studied with [[Rem Koolhaas]], [[Elia Zenghelis]] and [[Bernard Tschumi]].<ref name=":0"/> Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3645888/A-warped-perspective.html%7Ctitle=A warped perspective|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 August 2005|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the [[Joinery (woodworking)|joinery]] she knew we could fix that later. She was right.'<ref name=":0"/> Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik, was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's [[Hungerford Bridge]] executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Russian [[Suprematism|suprematist]] artist [[Kazimir Malevich]].{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=7–17}} |
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| | | Line 22: | Line 22: | |website = {{URL|www.zaha-hadid.com}} | |website = {{URL|www.zaha-hadid.com}} | }} | }} | Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|RA}} ({{lang-ar|زها حديد}} Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an [[British Iraqis|Iraqi-British]] architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late-20th and early-21st centuries. Born in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaha Hadid {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]] in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by [[Suprematism]] and the [[Russian avant-garde]], Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaha Hadid: Inspiration and Process in Architecture|publisher=[[Moleskine]]|year=2011|isbn=9788866130048|editor-last=Serrazanetti|editor-first=Francesca|editor-last2=Schubert|editor-first2=Matteo|location=China|pages=56|quote=Technology's rapid development and our ever-changing lifestyles created a fundamentally new and exhilarating backdrop for building, and in this new world context I felt we must reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism – not to resurrect them, but to unveil new fields of building.}}</ref> | Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|RA}} ({{lang-ar|زها حديد}} Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an [[British Iraqis|Iraqi-British]] architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late-20th and early-21st centuries. Born in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaha Hadid {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]] in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by [[Suprematism]] and the [[Russian avant-garde]], Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaha Hadid: Inspiration and Process in Architecture|publisher=[[Moleskine]]|year=2011|isbn=9788866130048|editor-last=Serrazanetti|editor-first=Francesca|editor-last2=Schubert|editor-first2=Matteo|location=China|pages=56|quote=Technology's rapid development and our ever-changing lifestyles created a fundamentally new and exhilarating backdrop for building, and in this new world context I felt we must reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism – not to resurrect them, but to unveil new fields of building.}}</ref> |
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| She was described by [[The Guardian]] as the "Queen of the curve",<ref name="Queen of curve">{{cite news|title=Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid died at aged 65 from heart attack|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/mar/31/star-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-aged-65%7Cwork=The Guardian|date=29 November 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/arts/design/zaha-hadid-architect-dies.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid, Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=31 March 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her major works include the [[London Aquatics Centre]] for the 2012 Olympics, the [[Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum|Broad Art Museum]], Rome's [[MAXXI|MAXXI Museum]], and the [[Guangzhou Opera House]].<ref name=Kamin>{{cite news|title=Visionary architect 1st woman to win Pritzker|work=Chicago Tribune|date=1 April 2016|author=Kamin, Blair|page=7}}</ref> Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the [[2017 Brit Awards]]. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the [[Daxing International Airport]] in Beijing, and the [[Al Wakrah Stadium]] (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dame Zaha Hadid's Brit Awards statuette design unveiled|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38160633%7Cwork=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="FIFA 2022 Stadium" /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/asia/china-beijing-daxing-airport.html%7Ctitle=Big New Airport Shows China's Strengths (and Weaknesses)|author=Johnson, Ian|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | She was described by [[The Guardian]] as the "Queen of the curve",<ref name="Queen of curve">{{cite news|title=Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid died at aged 65 from heart attack|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/mar/31/star-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-aged-65%7Cwork=The Guardian|date=29 November 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/arts/design/zaha-hadid-architect-dies.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid, Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=31 March 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her major works include the [[London Aquatics Centre]] for the 2012 Olympics, the [[Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum|Broad Art Museum]], Rome's [[MAXXI|MAXXI Museum]], and the [[Guangzhou Opera House]].<ref name=Kamin>{{cite news|title=Visionary architect 1st woman to win Pritzker|work=Chicago Tribune|date=1 April 2016|author=Kamin, Blair|page=7}}</ref> Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the [[2017 Brit Awards]]. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the [[Daxing International Airport]] in Beijing, and the [[Al Wakrah Stadium]] (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dame Zaha Hadid's Brit Awards statuette design unveiled|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38160633%7Cwork=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="FIFA 2022 Stadium" /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/asia/china-beijing-daxing-airport.html%7Ctitle=Big New Airport Shows China's Strengths (and Weaknesses)|author=Johnson, Ian|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | | Line 29: | Line 29: |
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| ==Early life, academic career and family== | ==Early life, academic career and family== | Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], to an upper class Iraqi family.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, [[Mohammed Hadid|Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid]], was a wealthy industrialist from [[Mosul]]. He co-founded the left-liberal [[Ahali group|al-Ahali group]] in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name=":0"/> He was the co-founder of the [[National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)|National Democratic Party]] in Iraq<ref name=":0"/> and served as minister of finance after the [[Abolition of monarchy|overthrow of the monarch]] after the [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état]] for the government of General [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]. Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= https://www..com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Hadid-Zaha.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid Biography|publisher=.com|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> while her brother [[Foulath Hadid]] was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary – 'Foulath Hadid: Writer and expert on Arab affairs'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=11 October 2012|access-date=22 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient [[Sumer]]ian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In the 1960s Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/14/zaha-hadid-woman-arab-double-edged-sword%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid: 'Being an Arab and a woman is a double-edged sword'|author=Qureshi, Huma|date=14 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iraqi-british-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65-1292731%7Ctitle=Iraqi-British Architect Zaha Hadid Dies of Heart Attack at 65|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Fontana-Giusti|first=Gordana|date=June 2016|title=Zaha Hadid: 1950–2016|journal=Architectural Research Quarterly|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=95–98|doi=10.1017/S1359135516000348|issn=1359-1355|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadid was unmarried with no children.<ref name=":4" /> | Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], to an upper -class Iraqi family.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, [[Mohammed Hadid|Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid]], was a wealthy industrialist from [[Mosul]]. He co-founded the left-liberal [[Ahali group|al-Ahali group]] in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name=":0"/> He was the co-founder of the [[National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)|National Democratic Party]] in Iraq<ref name=":0"/> and served as minister of finance after the [[Abolition of monarchy|overthrow of the monarch]] after the [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état]] for the government of General [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]. Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= https://www..com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Hadid-Zaha.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid Biography|publisher=.com|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> while her brother [[Foulath Hadid]] was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/foulath-hadid-writer-and-expert-on-arab-affairs-8207992.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary – 'Foulath Hadid: Writer and expert on Arab affairs'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=11 October 2012|access-date=22 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient [[Sumer]]ian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In the 1960s Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/14/zaha-hadid-woman-arab-double-edged-sword%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid: 'Being an Arab and a woman is a double-edged sword'|author=Qureshi, Huma|date=14 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iraqi-british-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65-1292731%7Ctitle=Iraqi-British Architect Zaha Hadid Dies of Heart Attack at 65|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Fontana-Giusti|first=Gordana|date=June 2016|title=Zaha Hadid: 1950–2016|journal=Architectural Research Quarterly|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=95–98|doi=10.1017/S1359135516000348|issn=1359-1355|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadid was unmarried with no children.<ref name=":4" /> |
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| Hadid studied mathematics at the [[American University of Beirut]] before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]].<ref name=":1"/> There she studied with [[Rem Koolhaas]], [[Elia Zenghelis]] and [[Bernard Tschumi]].<ref name=":0"/> Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3645888/A-warped-perspective.html%7Ctitle=A warped perspective|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 August 2005|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the [[Joinery (woodworking)|joinery]] she knew we could fix that later. She was right.'<ref name=":0"/> Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik, was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's [[Hungerford Bridge]] executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Russian [[Suprematism|suprematist]] artist [[Kazimir Malevich]].{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=7–17}} | Hadid studied mathematics at the [[American University of Beirut]] before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]].<ref name=":1"/> There she studied with [[Rem Koolhaas]], [[Elia Zenghelis]] and [[Bernard Tschumi]].<ref name=":0"/> Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3645888/A-warped-perspective.html%7Ctitle=A warped perspective|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 August 2005|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the [[Joinery (woodworking)|joinery]] she knew we could fix that later. She was right.'<ref name=":0"/> Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik, was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's [[Hungerford Bridge]] executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Russian [[Suprematism|suprematist]] artist [[Kazimir Malevich]].{{Sfn|Jodidio|2016|pages=7–17}} |
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| 2022-12-31T13:03:32Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| | | Line 22: | Line 22: | |website = {{URL|www.zaha-hadid.com}} | |website = {{URL|www.zaha-hadid.com}} | }} | }} | Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|RA}} ({{lang-ar|زها حديد}} Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an [[British Iraqis|Iraqi-British]] architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late 20th and early-21st centuries. Born in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaha Hadid {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]] in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by [[Suprematism]] and the [[Russian avant-garde]], Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaha Hadid: Inspiration and Process in Architecture|publisher=[[Moleskine]]|year=2011|isbn=9788866130048|editor-last=Serrazanetti|editor-first=Francesca|editor-last2=Schubert|editor-first2=Matteo|location=China|pages=56|quote=Technology's rapid development and our ever-changing lifestyles created a fundamentally new and exhilarating backdrop for building, and in this new world context I felt we must reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism – not to resurrect them, but to unveil new fields of building.}}</ref> | Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|RA}} ({{lang-ar|زها حديد}} Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an [[British Iraqis|Iraqi-British]] architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late -20th and early-21st centuries. Born in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaha Hadid {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]] in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by [[Suprematism]] and the [[Russian avant-garde]], Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaha Hadid: Inspiration and Process in Architecture|publisher=[[Moleskine]]|year=2011|isbn=9788866130048|editor-last=Serrazanetti|editor-first=Francesca|editor-last2=Schubert|editor-first2=Matteo|location=China|pages=56|quote=Technology's rapid development and our ever-changing lifestyles created a fundamentally new and exhilarating backdrop for building, and in this new world context I felt we must reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism – not to resurrect them, but to unveil new fields of building.}}</ref> |
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| She was described by [[The Guardian]] as the "Queen of the curve",<ref name="Queen of curve">{{cite news|title=Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid died at aged 65 from heart attack|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/mar/31/star-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-aged-65%7Cwork=The Guardian|date=29 November 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/arts/design/zaha-hadid-architect-dies.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid, Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=31 March 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her major works include the [[London Aquatics Centre]] for the 2012 Olympics, the [[Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum|Broad Art Museum]], Rome's [[MAXXI|MAXXI Museum]], and the [[Guangzhou Opera House]].<ref name=Kamin>{{cite news|title=Visionary architect 1st woman to win Pritzker|work=Chicago Tribune|date=1 April 2016|author=Kamin, Blair|page=7}}</ref> Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the [[2017 Brit Awards]]. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the [[Daxing International Airport]] in Beijing, and the [[Al Wakrah Stadium]] (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dame Zaha Hadid's Brit Awards statuette design unveiled|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38160633%7Cwork=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="FIFA 2022 Stadium" /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/asia/china-beijing-daxing-airport.html%7Ctitle=Big New Airport Shows China's Strengths (and Weaknesses)|author=Johnson, Ian|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | She was described by [[The Guardian]] as the "Queen of the curve",<ref name="Queen of curve">{{cite news|title=Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid died at aged 65 from heart attack|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/mar/31/star-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-aged-65%7Cwork=The Guardian|date=29 November 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/arts/design/zaha-hadid-architect-dies.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid, Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=31 March 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her major works include the [[London Aquatics Centre]] for the 2012 Olympics, the [[Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum|Broad Art Museum]], Rome's [[MAXXI|MAXXI Museum]], and the [[Guangzhou Opera House]].<ref name=Kamin>{{cite news|title=Visionary architect 1st woman to win Pritzker|work=Chicago Tribune|date=1 April 2016|author=Kamin, Blair|page=7}}</ref> Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the [[2017 Brit Awards]]. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the [[Daxing International Airport]] in Beijing, and the [[Al Wakrah Stadium]] (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dame Zaha Hadid's Brit Awards statuette design unveiled|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38160633%7Cwork=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="FIFA 2022 Stadium" /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/asia/china-beijing-daxing-airport.html%7Ctitle=Big New Airport Shows China's Strengths (and Weaknesses)|author=Johnson, Ian|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-31T13:02:02Z |
Zaha Hadid |
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| | | Line 22: | Line 22: | |website = {{URL|www.zaha-hadid.com}} | |website = {{URL|www.zaha-hadid.com}} | }} | }} | Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|RA}} ({{lang-ar|زها حديد}} Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an [[British Iraqis|Iraqi-British]] architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Born in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaha Hadid {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]] in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by [[Suprematism]] and the [[Russian avant-garde]], Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaha Hadid: Inspiration and Process in Architecture|publisher=[[Moleskine]]|year=2011|isbn=9788866130048|editor-last=Serrazanetti|editor-first=Francesca|editor-last2=Schubert|editor-first2=Matteo|location=China|pages=56|quote=Technology's rapid development and our ever-changing lifestyles created a fundamentally new and exhilarating backdrop for building, and in this new world context I felt we must reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism – not to resurrect them, but to unveil new fields of building.}}</ref> | Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|RA}} ({{lang-ar|زها حديد}} Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an [[British Iraqis|Iraqi-British]] architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late 20th and early -21st centuries. Born in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaha Hadid {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]] in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by [[Suprematism]] and the [[Russian avant-garde]], Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zaha Hadid: Inspiration and Process in Architecture|publisher=[[Moleskine]]|year=2011|isbn=9788866130048|editor-last=Serrazanetti|editor-first=Francesca|editor-last2=Schubert|editor-first2=Matteo|location=China|pages=56|quote=Technology's rapid development and our ever-changing lifestyles created a fundamentally new and exhilarating backdrop for building, and in this new world context I felt we must reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism – not to resurrect them, but to unveil new fields of building.}}</ref> |
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| She was described by [[The Guardian]] as the "Queen of the curve",<ref name="Queen of curve">{{cite news|title=Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid died at aged 65 from heart attack|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/mar/31/star-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-aged-65%7Cwork=The Guardian|date=29 November 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/arts/design/zaha-hadid-architect-dies.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid, Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=31 March 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her major works include the [[London Aquatics Centre]] for the 2012 Olympics, the [[Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum|Broad Art Museum]], Rome's [[MAXXI|MAXXI Museum]], and the [[Guangzhou Opera House]].<ref name=Kamin>{{cite news|title=Visionary architect 1st woman to win Pritzker|work=Chicago Tribune|date=1 April 2016|author=Kamin, Blair|page=7}}</ref> Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the [[2017 Brit Awards]]. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the [[Daxing International Airport]] in Beijing, and the [[Al Wakrah Stadium]] (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dame Zaha Hadid's Brit Awards statuette design unveiled|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38160633%7Cwork=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="FIFA 2022 Stadium" /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/asia/china-beijing-daxing-airport.html%7Ctitle=Big New Airport Shows China's Strengths (and Weaknesses)|author=Johnson, Ian|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | She was described by [[The Guardian]] as the "Queen of the curve",<ref name="Queen of curve">{{cite news|title=Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid died at aged 65 from heart attack|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/mar/31/star-architect-zaha-hadid-dies-aged-65%7Cwork=The Guardian|date=29 November 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/arts/design/zaha-hadid-architect-dies.html%7Ctitle=Zaha Hadid, Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=31 March 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her major works include the [[London Aquatics Centre]] for the 2012 Olympics, the [[Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum|Broad Art Museum]], Rome's [[MAXXI|MAXXI Museum]], and the [[Guangzhou Opera House]].<ref name=Kamin>{{cite news|title=Visionary architect 1st woman to win Pritzker|work=Chicago Tribune|date=1 April 2016|author=Kamin, Blair|page=7}}</ref> Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the [[2017 Brit Awards]]. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the [[Daxing International Airport]] in Beijing, and the [[Al Wakrah Stadium]] (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dame Zaha Hadid's Brit Awards statuette design unveiled|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38160633%7Cwork=BBC News|date=1 December 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="FIFA 2022 Stadium" /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/asia/china-beijing-daxing-airport.html%7Ctitle=Big New Airport Shows China's Strengths (and Weaknesses)|author=Johnson, Ian|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 2018|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-28T15:08:00Z |
Benoît Coquart |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | | {{Infobox person | | | name = Benoît Coquart | | | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|11|30}} | | | nationality = French | | | education = [[Sciences Po|Institute of Political Studies of Paris]]<br/>[[ESSEC Business School]] | | | occupation = CEO of Legrand | | }} | {{Short description|Leader of CAC 40 who already has a French Wikipedia page }} | {{Short description|Leader of CAC 40 who already has a French Wikipedia page }} | Benoît Coquart is a French businessman who has been serving as CEO of [[Legrand (company)|Legrand]] since 2018. | Benoît Coquart is a French businessman who has been serving as CEO of [[Legrand (company)|Legrand]] since 2018. |
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| 2022-12-28T14:35:27Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 132: | Line 132: | * medical {{CO2}} for [[laparoscopy]]. | * medical {{CO2}} for [[laparoscopy]]. |
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| The group also provides hygiene and disinfection solutions, through its German subsidiary {{illm|Schulke|de}} (Germany), as well as sterilization of surgical instruments, to fight against [[nosocomial]] diseases. Finally, through its subsidiary Air liquide Medical Systems, Air Liquide is also a manufacturer of medical equipment (ventilation, anesthesia, valve regulator). | The Group also provides hygiene and disinfection solutions, through its German subsidiary {{illm|Schulke|de}} (Germany), as well as sterilization of surgical instruments, to fight against [[nosocomial]] diseases. Finally, through its subsidiary Air liquide Medical Systems, Air Liquide is also a manufacturer of medical equipment (ventilation, anesthesia, valve regulator). |
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| For its activities in research and development in the health sector, Air Liquide formed partnerships with several international research centers such as MGH ([[Massachusetts General Hospital]], Boston, USA), ICM ([[Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière|Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière]], France), [[Pasteur Institute]], (France) or [[KU Leuven|Leuven University]] (Belgium).<ref name=":0" /> Air Liquide Healthcare employs over 250 researchers for its R&D activities. | For its activities in research and development in the health sector, Air Liquide formed partnerships with several international research centers such as MGH ([[Massachusetts General Hospital]], Boston, USA), ICM ([[Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière|Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière]], France), [[Pasteur Institute]], (France) or [[KU Leuven|Leuven University]] (Belgium).<ref name=":0" /> Air Liquide Healthcare employs over 250 researchers for its R&D activities. | | Line 138: | Line 138: | Air liquide allocates part of its research activities to the development of e-health solutions, particularly in remote medical monitoring and remote support of patients through connected measurement devices, for patients with COPD, diabetes or sleep apnea. | Air liquide allocates part of its research activities to the development of e-health solutions, particularly in remote medical monitoring and remote support of patients through connected measurement devices, for patients with COPD, diabetes or sleep apnea. |
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| In 2019, this specialty accounted for 18% of Air Liquide's Gas & Services revenue.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} | In 2019, this specialty accounted for 18% of Air Liquide's Gas & Services revenue.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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| 2022-12-28T14:22:42Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 197: | Line 197: | * 1995 - 2001 : Alain Joly | * 1995 - 2001 : Alain Joly | * 2001 - 2006 : Alain Joly (Chairman of the supervisory board) and Benoît Potier (Chairman of the executive board) | * 2001 - 2006 : Alain Joly (Chairman of the supervisory board) and Benoît Potier (Chairman of the executive board) | * 2006 - 2022 : [[Benoît Potier]] (remains chairman of the board of directors) | * 2006 - 2022 : [[Benoît Potier]] (remains Chairman of the board of directors) | * 2022 (current) : François Jackow | * 2022 (current) : François Jackow |
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| 2022-12-28T14:22:11Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 196: | Line 196: | * 1985 - 1995 : Édouard de Royère | * 1985 - 1995 : Édouard de Royère | * 1995 - 2001 : Alain Joly | * 1995 - 2001 : Alain Joly | * 2001 - 2006 : Alain Joly (Chairman of the supervisory board) and Benoît Potier (chairman of the executive board) | * 2001 - 2006 : Alain Joly (Chairman of the supervisory board) and Benoît Potier (Chairman of the executive board) | * 2006 - 2022 : [[Benoît Potier]] (remains chairman of the board of directors) | * 2006 - 2022 : [[Benoît Potier]] (remains chairman of the board of directors) | * 2022 (current) : François Jackow | * 2022 (current) : François Jackow |
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| 2022-12-28T14:21:31Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 196: | Line 196: | * 1985 - 1995 : Édouard de Royère | * 1985 - 1995 : Édouard de Royère | * 1995 - 2001 : Alain Joly | * 1995 - 2001 : Alain Joly | * 2001 - 2006 : Alain Joly (chairman of the supervisory board) and Benoît Potier (chairman of the executive board) | * 2001 - 2006 : Alain Joly (Chairman of the supervisory board) and Benoît Potier (chairman of the executive board) | * 2006 - 2022 : [[Benoît Potier]] (remains chairman of the board of directors) | * 2006 - 2022 : [[Benoît Potier]] (remains chairman of the board of directors) | * 2022 (current) : François Jackow | * 2022 (current) : François Jackow |
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| 2022-12-28T14:20:33Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 190: | Line 190: |
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| === CEOs === | === CEOs === | | |
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| * 1902 - 1945 : Paul Delorme | * 1902 - 1945 : Paul Delorme |
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| 2022-12-28T14:19:57Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 182: | Line 182: | *[[Xavier Huillard]], current CEO of [[Vinci SA|Vinci]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Xavier Huillard]], current CEO of [[Vinci SA|Vinci]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Bertrand Dumazy]], current Chairman and CEO of [[Edenred]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Bertrand Dumazy]], current Chairman and CEO of [[Edenred]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Aiman Ezzat]], current chairman and CEO of [[Capgemini]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Aiman Ezzat]], current Chairman and CEO of [[Capgemini]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Annette Bronder]], current COO of [[Swiss Re]] (term ends 2024) | *[[Annette Bronder]], current COO of [[Swiss Re]] (term ends 2024) | *[[Fatima Tighlaline]], Air Liquide employee, representative of employees on the Board (term ends 2024) | *[[Fatima Tighlaline]], Air Liquide employee, representative of employees on the Board (term ends 2024) |
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| 2022-12-28T14:19:10Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 181: | Line 181: | *[[Philippe Dubrulle]], Air Liquide employee, representative of employees on the Board (term ends 2026) | *[[Philippe Dubrulle]], Air Liquide employee, representative of employees on the Board (term ends 2026) | *[[Xavier Huillard]], current CEO of [[Vinci SA|Vinci]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Xavier Huillard]], current CEO of [[Vinci SA|Vinci]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Bertrand Dumazy]], current chairman and CEO of [[Edenred]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Bertrand Dumazy]], current Chairman and CEO of [[Edenred]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Aiman Ezzat]], current chairman and CEO of [[Capgemini]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Aiman Ezzat]], current chairman and CEO of [[Capgemini]] (term ends 2025) | *[[Annette Bronder]], current COO of [[Swiss Re]] (term ends 2024) | *[[Annette Bronder]], current COO of [[Swiss Re]] (term ends 2024) |
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| 2022-12-28T14:18:31Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 176: | Line 176: | | |
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| *[[Benoît Potier]], chairman of the board (term ends 2026) | *[[Benoît Potier]], Chairman of the board (term ends 2026) | *[[François Jackow]], current CEO of Air Liquide (term ends 2026) | *[[François Jackow]], current CEO of Air Liquide (term ends 2026) | *[[Annette Winkler]], current CEO of [[Smart (marque)|Smart Automobile]] (term ends 2026) | *[[Annette Winkler]], current CEO of [[Smart (marque)|Smart Automobile]] (term ends 2026) |
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| 2022-12-28T14:17:41Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 190: | Line 190: |
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| === CEOs === | === CEOs === | | |
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| * 1902 - 1945 : Paul Delorme | * 1902 - 1945 : Paul Delorme |
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| 2022-12-28T14:16:57Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 190: | Line 190: |
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| === CEOs === | === CEOs === | | |
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| * 1902 - 1945 : Paul Delorme | * 1902 - 1945 : Paul Delorme |
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| 2022-12-28T14:13:03Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 79: | Line 79: |
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| === Recent developments === | === Recent developments === | In 2013, Air Liquide created ALIAD, a venture capital investor, with the objective to invest in start-ups and future technologies specializing in the [[energy transition]], health and digital sectors. The company was established the same year in the Air Liquide innovation laboratory in Paris, the i-Lab, launched in 2013 to support and share innovation across the group.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.maddyness.com/2015/03/18/air-liquide-startup/%7Ctitle=La recette d'Air Liquide pour une collaboration réussie avec ses startups|last=Puren|first=Vincent|date=March 18, 2015|website=Maddyness}}</ref> | In 2013, Air Liquide created ALIAD, a venture capital investor, with the objective to invest in start-ups and future technologies specializing in the [[energy transition]], health and digital sectors. The company was established the same year in the Air Liquide innovation laboratory in Paris, the i-Lab, launched in 2013 to support and share innovation across the Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.maddyness.com/2015/03/18/air-liquide-startup/%7Ctitle=La recette d'Air Liquide pour une collaboration réussie avec ses startups|last=Puren|first=Vincent|date=March 18, 2015|website=Maddyness}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-28T14:10:48Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 40: | Line 40: | In 1938, Air Liquide acquired La oxígena S.A.and started its activities in [[Argentina]]. In 1943, under the aegis of engineer [[Émile Gagnan]] (an employee of Air Liquide) and Lieutenant-Commander ([[ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant]]) [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]], Air Liquide manufactured scuba set prototypes that Cousteau and [[Frédéric Dumas]] used to shoot the underwater film [[Épaves]] (Shipwrecks), directed by Cousteau the same year. They were the first modern [[diving regulator]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} | In 1938, Air Liquide acquired La oxígena S.A.and started its activities in [[Argentina]]. In 1943, under the aegis of engineer [[Émile Gagnan]] (an employee of Air Liquide) and Lieutenant-Commander ([[ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant]]) [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]], Air Liquide manufactured scuba set prototypes that Cousteau and [[Frédéric Dumas]] used to shoot the underwater film [[Épaves]] (Shipwrecks), directed by Cousteau the same year. They were the first modern [[diving regulator]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} |
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| In 1945, after the Second World War, Jean Delorme, the son of Paul Delorme and the second President of the group, wanted to renovate and develop industrial tools. In 1946, Air Liquide founded [[La Spirotechnique]] , a design and marketing company for regulators and other diving equipment. The same year, La Spirotechnique launched the CG45, the first modern diving regulator to be marketed. This marked the beginning of the popularization of scuba diving. | In 1945, after the Second World War, Jean Delorme, the son of Paul Delorme and the second President of the Group, wanted to renovate and develop industrial tools. In 1946, Air Liquide founded [[La Spirotechnique]] , a design and marketing company for regulators and other diving equipment. The same year, La Spirotechnique launched the CG45, the first modern diving regulator to be marketed. This marked the beginning of the popularization of scuba diving. |
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| === 1950s: Large industries and Space research activities === | === 1950s: Large industries and Space research activities === |
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| 2022-12-28T14:09:53Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 40: | Line 40: | In 1938, Air Liquide acquired La oxígena S.A.and started its activities in [[Argentina]]. In 1943, under the aegis of engineer [[Émile Gagnan]] (an employee of Air Liquide) and Lieutenant-Commander ([[ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant]]) [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]], Air Liquide manufactured scuba set prototypes that Cousteau and [[Frédéric Dumas]] used to shoot the underwater film [[Épaves]] (Shipwrecks), directed by Cousteau the same year. They were the first modern [[diving regulator]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} | In 1938, Air Liquide acquired La oxígena S.A.and started its activities in [[Argentina]]. In 1943, under the aegis of engineer [[Émile Gagnan]] (an employee of Air Liquide) and Lieutenant-Commander ([[ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant]]) [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]], Air Liquide manufactured scuba set prototypes that Cousteau and [[Frédéric Dumas]] used to shoot the underwater film [[Épaves]] (Shipwrecks), directed by Cousteau the same year. They were the first modern [[diving regulator]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} |
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| In 1945, after the Second World War, Jean Delorme, the son of Paul Delorme and the second president of the group, wanted to renovate and develop industrial tools. In 1946, Air Liquide founded [[La Spirotechnique]] , a design and marketing company for regulators and other diving equipment. The same year, La Spirotechnique launched the CG45, the first modern diving regulator to be marketed. This marked the beginning of the popularization of scuba diving. | In 1945, after the Second World War, Jean Delorme, the son of Paul Delorme and the second President of the group, wanted to renovate and develop industrial tools. In 1946, Air Liquide founded [[La Spirotechnique]] , a design and marketing company for regulators and other diving equipment. The same year, La Spirotechnique launched the CG45, the first modern diving regulator to be marketed. This marked the beginning of the popularization of scuba diving. |
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| === 1950s: Large industries and Space research activities === | === 1950s: Large industries and Space research activities === |
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| 2022-12-28T14:06:49Z |
Air Liquide |
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| | | Line 26: | Line 26: | Air Liquide S.A. ({{IPA-fr|ɛʁ likid}}; {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛər|_|l|ᵻ|ˈ|k|iː|d}}; literally "[[liquid air]]"), is a French [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] company which supplies [[industrial gas]]es and services to various industries including medical, chemical and electronic manufacturers. Founded in 1902, after [[Linde plc|Linde]] it is the second largest supplier of industrial gases by revenues and has operations in over 80 countries.<ref>{{cite news| title=Der neue Linde-Konzern lässt den bisherigen Marktführer hinter sich| url= https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/linde-und-praxair-der-neue-linde-konzern-laesst-den-bisherigen-marktfuehrer-hinter-sich/24055964.html%7C trans-title=The new Linde Group leaves the previous market leader behind| first=Axel| last=Höpner| date=1 March 2019| newspaper=[[Handelsblatt]]| location=[[Düsseldorf]]| language=de| access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.airliquide.com/group%7C title=Group| date=28 November 2017| website=Air Liquide| access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> It has headquarters at the [[7th arrondissement of Paris]].<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.airliquide.com/legal-notice%7C title=Legal notice| date=22 April 2015| website=Air Liquide| access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Air Liquide owned the patent for [[Aqua-Lung]] until it [[patent law#Term of patent|expired]]. | Air Liquide S.A. ({{IPA-fr|ɛʁ likid}}; {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛər|_|l|ᵻ|ˈ|k|iː|d}}; literally "[[liquid air]]"), is a French [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] company which supplies [[industrial gas]]es and services to various industries including medical, chemical and electronic manufacturers. Founded in 1902, after [[Linde plc|Linde]] it is the second largest supplier of industrial gases by revenues and has operations in over 80 countries.<ref>{{cite news| title=Der neue Linde-Konzern lässt den bisherigen Marktführer hinter sich| url= https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/linde-und-praxair-der-neue-linde-konzern-laesst-den-bisherigen-marktfuehrer-hinter-sich/24055964.html%7C trans-title=The new Linde Group leaves the previous market leader behind| first=Axel| last=Höpner| date=1 March 2019| newspaper=[[Handelsblatt]]| location=[[Düsseldorf]]| language=de| access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.airliquide.com/group%7C title=Group| date=28 November 2017| website=Air Liquide| access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> It has headquarters at the [[7th arrondissement of Paris]].<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.airliquide.com/legal-notice%7C title=Legal notice| date=22 April 2015| website=Air Liquide| access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Air Liquide owned the patent for [[Aqua-Lung]] until it [[patent law#Term of patent|expired]]. |
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| Air Liquide's headquarters are in Paris, and it also has major sites in Japan, [[Houston]], [[Newark, Delaware]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Shanghai]] and [[Dubai]]. The company's research and development ([[R&D]]) targets the creation of industrial gases, and also gases that are used in products such as healthcare items, electronic chips, foods, and chemicals. The major R&D groups within Air Liquide focus on analysis, bioresources (foods and chemicals), combustion, membranes, modeling, and the production of [[hydrogen]] (H<sub>2</sub>) gas. | Air Liquide's headquarters are in Paris. It also has major sites in Japan, [[Houston]], [[Newark, Delaware]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Shanghai]] and [[Dubai]]. The company's research and development ([[R&D]]) targets the creation of industrial gases, and also gases that are used in products such as healthcare items, electronic chips, foods, and chemicals. The major R&D groups within Air Liquide focus on analysis, bioresources (foods and chemicals), combustion, membranes, modeling, and the production of [[hydrogen]] (H<sub>2</sub>) gas. |
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| ==History== | ==History== | | Line 266: | Line 266: | |{{formatnum:3794}} | |{{formatnum:3794}} | |----- | |----- | | [[Net Results]] | | [[Net Results]] | | 460 | | 460 | | 703 | | 703 |
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| 2022-12-27T15:32:24Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 78: | Line 78: | | | * Creation of the EV PLUG alliance between Legrand, [[Schneider Electric]] and Scame ([[Italy]]) to create a common, dominant standard in [[Europe]] for [[electric vehicle]] charging systems. | * Creation of the EV PLUG alliance between Legrand, [[Schneider Electric]] and Scame ([[Italy]]) to create a common, dominant standard in [[Europe]] for [[electric vehicle]] charging systems. | * Resumption of the acquisitions strategy with the takeover of Inform in [[Turkey]] (leader in UPS) and of IndoAsian Switchgear in [[India]] (specialist in modular circuit breakers). December 2010: takeover of the Italian company Meta System Energy, specialist in UPS. | * Legrand acquires Inform in Istanbul, [[Turkey]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Houelleur |first=Yann |date=9 July 2010 |title=Legrand se renforce en Turquie |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/legrand-se-renforce-en-turquie.N135481 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=L'Usine Nouvelle}}</ref> and IndoAsian Switchgear in [[India]] (specialist in modular circuit breakers). December 2010: takeover of the Italian company Meta System Energy, specialist in UPS. |
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| | | 2011: | | * Takeover of the US company Electrorack, specialist in VDI enclosures, and Intervox Systèmes, French leader in assisted living for dependent persons. | | * In April, Legrand strengthened its position in emerging markets and the energy security market with the acquisition of SMS, Brazil's No. 1 in UPS. | | * In May, the takeover of the American company Middle Atlantic Products (MAP - 520 employees and sales of $107 million), a company specialising in digital infrastructures (enclosures for audio and video applications), enabled Legrand to strengthen its offering in this niche to customers in the hotel and conference centre market. In the last 12 months, Legrand made seven acquisitions totalling additional sales of €300 million. In November 2011: entered Prestons, New South Wales, with HPM | |
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| | | 2012: | | |
| Takeover of Numeric UPS of India in 2012. | | | |
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| 2014: | 2014: |
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| 2022-12-27T14:47:28Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 12: | Line 12: | | location = [[Limoges]], [[France]] | | location = [[Limoges]], [[France]] | | key_people = [[Benoît Coquart]] <small>([[chief executive officer|CEO]])</small> | | key_people = [[Benoît Coquart]] <small>([[chief executive officer|CEO]])</small> | | industry = [[Electrical equipment]] | | industry = [[Electrical equipment]], [[Network equipment]] | | products = | | products = | | revenue = €6.994 billion (2021) | | revenue = €6.994 billion (2021) |
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| 2022-12-27T14:44:15Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 19: | Line 19: | | assets = | | assets = | | equity = | | equity = | | num_employees = 39,000 <small>(2019)</small> | | num_employees = Around 38,000 <small>(2021)</small> | | homepage = | | homepage = | }} | }} |
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| 2022-12-27T14:39:01Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 16: | Line 16: | | revenue = €6.994 billion (2021) | | revenue = €6.994 billion (2021) | | operating_income = | | operating_income = | | net_income = €835 million | | net_income = €905 million | | assets = | | assets = | | equity = | | equity = |
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| 2022-12-27T14:35:41Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 11: | Line 11: | | founder = Frédéric Legrand | | founder = Frédéric Legrand | | location = [[Limoges]], [[France]] | | location = [[Limoges]], [[France]] | | key_people = [[Benoît Coquart]] <small>([[Chairman]] and [[chief executive officer|CEO]])</small> | | key_people = [[Benoît Coquart]] <small>([[chief executive officer|CEO]])</small> | | industry = [[Electrical equipment]] | | industry = [[Electrical equipment]] | | products = | | products = |
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| 2022-12-27T14:05:43Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 71: | Line 71: | | | | | |
| | 2021: In January 2021, Schneider Electric acquired DC Systems to enable customers evolve 'simplicity and resiliency' for pertinent uses and establish microgrids in certain 'unreliable public grid environments'<ref name=":3" />. |
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| 2022-12-27T13:48:51Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| 2022: In May 2022, Schneider Electric revealed the EcoStructure™ Plant Advisor Platform which is devoted for 'the cement and mining industry'<ref name=":3" />. | |
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| === Aveva acquisition === | === Aveva acquisition === |
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| 2022-12-27T13:47:47Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | 2022: In May 2022, Schneider Electric revealed the EcoStructure™ Plant Advisor Platform which is devoted for 'the cement and mining industry'<ref name=":3" />. | | | | |
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| === Aveva acquisition === | === Aveva acquisition === |
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| 2022-12-27T13:41:45Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| 2022-12-27T13:38:51Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| 2022-12-25T14:03:40Z |
Thomson Reuters |
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| | | Line 69: | Line 69: | |year=2009 | |year=2009 | |publisher=European Commission | |publisher=European Commission | }}</ref> against Thomson Reuters concerning a potential infringement of the EC Treaty's rules on abuse of a dominant market position (Article 82). The Commission investigated Thomson Reuters' practices in the area of real-time market datafeeds, and in particular, whether customers or competitors were prevented from translating Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) to alternative identification codes of other datafeed suppliers (so-called 'mapping') to the detriment of competition. In December 2012, the European Commission adopted a decision that renders legally binding the commitments offered by Thomson Reuters to create a new licence ("ERL") allowing customers, for a monthly fee, to use Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) in applications for data sourced from Thomson Reuters' real time consolidated datafeed competitors to which they have moved.<ref>{{cite web | }}</ref> against Thomson Reuters concerning a potential infringement of the EC Treaty's rules on abuse of a dominant market position (Article 82). The Commission investigated Thomson Reuters' practices in the area of real-time market datafeeds, and particularly, whether customers or competitors were prevented from translating Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) to alternative identification codes of other datafeed suppliers (so-called 'mapping') to the detriment of competition. In December 2012, the European Commission adopted a decision that renders legally binding the commitments offered by Thomson Reuters to create a new licence ("ERL") allowing customers, for a monthly fee, to use Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) in applications for data sourced from Thomson Reuters' real time consolidated datafeed competitors to which they have moved.<ref>{{cite web | | | |title=Antitrust: Commission renders legally binding commitments from Thomson Reuters | |title=Antitrust: Commission renders legally binding commitments from Thomson Reuters |
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| 2022-12-25T14:01:13Z |
Thomson Reuters |
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| | | Line 69: | Line 69: | |year=2009 | |year=2009 | |publisher=European Commission | |publisher=European Commission | }}</ref> against Thomson Reuters concerning a potential infringement of the EC Treaty's rules on abuse of a dominant market position (Article 82). The Commission investigated Thomson Reuters' practices in the area of real-time market datafeeds, and in particular whether customers or competitors were prevented from translating Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) to alternative identification codes of other datafeed suppliers (so-called 'mapping') to the detriment of competition. In December 2012, the European Commission adopted a decision that renders legally binding the commitments offered by Thomson Reuters to create a new licence ("ERL") allowing customers, for a monthly fee, to use Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) in applications for data sourced from Thomson Reuters' real time consolidated datafeed competitors to which they have moved.<ref>{{cite web | }}</ref> against Thomson Reuters concerning a potential infringement of the EC Treaty's rules on abuse of a dominant market position (Article 82). The Commission investigated Thomson Reuters' practices in the area of real-time market datafeeds, and in particular, whether customers or competitors were prevented from translating Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) to alternative identification codes of other datafeed suppliers (so-called 'mapping') to the detriment of competition. In December 2012, the European Commission adopted a decision that renders legally binding the commitments offered by Thomson Reuters to create a new licence ("ERL") allowing customers, for a monthly fee, to use Reuters Instrument Codes (RICs) in applications for data sourced from Thomson Reuters' real time consolidated datafeed competitors to which they have moved.<ref>{{cite web | | | |title=Antitrust: Commission renders legally binding commitments from Thomson Reuters | |title=Antitrust: Commission renders legally binding commitments from Thomson Reuters |
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| 2022-12-25T13:58:30Z |
Thomson Reuters |
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| | | Line 84: | Line 84: | ==Commercial products and activities== | ==Commercial products and activities== | === Operations === | === Operations === | | |
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| 2022-12-25T13:56:54Z |
Thomson Reuters |
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| | | Line 80: | Line 80: | [[File:Thompsonreuters.jpg|thumb|230px|New York building as seen from [[Times Square]]]]Historically, no single individual has been permitted to own more than 15% of Reuters, under the first of the Reuters Principles, which states, "Reuters shall at no time pass into the hands of any one interest, group or faction."<ref> International alliance of journalist unions questions Thomson–Reuters deal {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080507150518/http://www.eursoc.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1607/An_international_alliance_of_journalist_unions_question_Thomson-Reuters_deal..html |date=May 7, 2008 }}</ref> However, that restriction was waived for the purchase by Thomson, whose family holding company, the Woodbridge Company currently owns 53% of the enlarged business. Robert Peston, business editor at [[BBC News]], stated that this has worried Reuters journalists, both because they are concerned that Reuters' journalism business will be marginalized by the financial data provision business of the combined company, and because of the threat to Reuters's reputation for unbiased journalism by the appearance of one majority shareholder. | [[File:Thompsonreuters.jpg|thumb|230px|New York building as seen from [[Times Square]]]]Historically, no single individual has been permitted to own more than 15% of Reuters, under the first of the Reuters Principles, which states, "Reuters shall at no time pass into the hands of any one interest, group or faction."<ref> International alliance of journalist unions questions Thomson–Reuters deal {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080507150518/http://www.eursoc.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1607/An_international_alliance_of_journalist_unions_question_Thomson-Reuters_deal..html |date=May 7, 2008 }}</ref> However, that restriction was waived for the purchase by Thomson, whose family holding company, the Woodbridge Company currently owns 53% of the enlarged business. Robert Peston, business editor at [[BBC News]], stated that this has worried Reuters journalists, both because they are concerned that Reuters' journalism business will be marginalized by the financial data provision business of the combined company, and because of the threat to Reuters's reputation for unbiased journalism by the appearance of one majority shareholder. |
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| [[Pehr G. Gyllenhammar|Pehr Gyllenhammar]], chairman of the Reuters Founders Share Company, explained that the Reuters Trust's First Principle had been waived for the Thomson family because of the poor financial circumstances that Reuters had been in, stating, "The future of Reuters takes precedence over the principles. If Reuters were not strong enough to continue on its own, the principles would have no meaning." He stated, not having met David Thomson but having discussed the matter with Geoff Beattie, the president of Woodbridge, that the Thomson family had agreed to vote as directed by the Reuters Founders Share Company on any matter that the trustees might deem to threaten the five principles of the Reuters Trust. Woodbridge will be allowed an exemption from the First Principle as long as it remains controlled by the Thomson family.<ref>{{cite news|title= Reuters agrees to Thomson buyout|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6656525.stm%7Cdate=May 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thomson accepts Reuters voting code|author=Andrew Edgecliffe-Johnson |date=May 16, 2007|publisher=The Financial Times Ltd|work=[[Financial Times]]|url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/6460287a-03e4-11dc-a931-000b5df10621.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thomson accepts Reuters voting code|date=May 17, 2007|work=[[Financial Times]]|publisher=eFinancialNews Ltd|url= http://www.financialnews-us.com/?page=ushome&contentid=2347839512%7Caccess-date=May 17, 2007|archive-date=February 10, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080210042008/http://www.financialnews-us.com/?page=ushome&contentid=2347839512%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: Why Reuters is news|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6634531.stm%7Cdate=May 15, 2007}}</ref> | [[Pehr G. Gyllenhammar|Pehr Gyllenhammar]], Chairman of the Reuters Founders Share Company, explained that the Reuters Trust's First Principle had been waived for the Thomson family because of the poor financial circumstances that Reuters had been in, stating, "The future of Reuters takes precedence over the principles. If Reuters were not strong enough to continue on its own, the principles would have no meaning." He stated, not having met David Thomson but having discussed the matter with Geoff Beattie, the president of Woodbridge, that the Thomson family had agreed to vote as directed by the Reuters Founders Share Company on any matter that the trustees might deem to threaten the five principles of the Reuters Trust. Woodbridge will be allowed an exemption from the First Principle as long as it remains controlled by the Thomson family.<ref>{{cite news|title= Reuters agrees to Thomson buyout|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6656525.stm%7Cdate=May 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thomson accepts Reuters voting code|author=Andrew Edgecliffe-Johnson |date=May 16, 2007|publisher=The Financial Times Ltd|work=[[Financial Times]]|url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/6460287a-03e4-11dc-a931-000b5df10621.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thomson accepts Reuters voting code|date=May 17, 2007|work=[[Financial Times]]|publisher=eFinancialNews Ltd|url= http://www.financialnews-us.com/?page=ushome&contentid=2347839512%7Caccess-date=May 17, 2007|archive-date=February 10, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080210042008/http://www.financialnews-us.com/?page=ushome&contentid=2347839512%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: Why Reuters is news|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6634531.stm%7Cdate=May 15, 2007}}</ref> |
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| ==Commercial products and activities== | ==Commercial products and activities== |
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| 2022-12-25T13:51:41Z |
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| | | Line 102: | Line 102: | The company has been highly acquisitive, completing over 200 acquisitions between 2008 and 2018.<ref name=Blackstone2018/> This includes, in July 2009, Thomson Reuters' acquisition of Streamlogics.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.streamlogics.com/press_release_7_2_09.html%7Ctitle=Press release|access-date=May 19, 2010|archive-date=July 23, 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100723155043/http://www.streamlogics.com/press_release_7_2_09.html%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref> Founded in 1999, Streamlogics is a provider of customizable, high volume, real time data mining solutions{{buzzword inline|date=September 2019}} <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.streamlogic.com/solutions.html%7Ctitle=Streamlogic: Solutions|website=www.streamlogic.com}}</ref> for hundreds of enterprises across several verticals including financial services, technology and health care/life sciences. Streamlogics' webcasting solutions{{buzzword inline|date=September 2019}} are used for training and certification, marketing and lead generation, and corporate communications.<ref>{{cite web|author=Information Today |url= http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/Digest/Thomson-Reuters-Acquires-Streamlogics-55095.asp |title=Thomson Reuters Acquires Streamlogics |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |date=July 9, 2009 |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> In August of that year, it bought Vhayu Technologies. Vhayu is a provider of [[Commodity tick|tick]] data services, and Thomson Reuters had been distributing its Velocity product under the Reuters Tick Capture Engine label for the four years prior to the acquisition.<ref> Vhayu Technologies Acquired by Thomson Reuters {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012181808/http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/health-care/vhayu-technologies-acquired-thomson-reuters/ |date=October 12, 2009 }} August 3, 2009, Fox Business</ref> | The company has been highly acquisitive, completing over 200 acquisitions between 2008 and 2018.<ref name=Blackstone2018/> This includes, in July 2009, Thomson Reuters' acquisition of Streamlogics.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.streamlogics.com/press_release_7_2_09.html%7Ctitle=Press release|access-date=May 19, 2010|archive-date=July 23, 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100723155043/http://www.streamlogics.com/press_release_7_2_09.html%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref> Founded in 1999, Streamlogics is a provider of customizable, high volume, real time data mining solutions{{buzzword inline|date=September 2019}} <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.streamlogic.com/solutions.html%7Ctitle=Streamlogic: Solutions|website=www.streamlogic.com}}</ref> for hundreds of enterprises across several verticals including financial services, technology and health care/life sciences. Streamlogics' webcasting solutions{{buzzword inline|date=September 2019}} are used for training and certification, marketing and lead generation, and corporate communications.<ref>{{cite web|author=Information Today |url= http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/Digest/Thomson-Reuters-Acquires-Streamlogics-55095.asp |title=Thomson Reuters Acquires Streamlogics |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |date=July 9, 2009 |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> In August of that year, it bought Vhayu Technologies. Vhayu is a provider of [[Commodity tick|tick]] data services, and Thomson Reuters had been distributing its Velocity product under the Reuters Tick Capture Engine label for the four years prior to the acquisition.<ref> Vhayu Technologies Acquired by Thomson Reuters {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012181808/http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/health-care/vhayu-technologies-acquired-thomson-reuters/ |date=October 12, 2009 }} August 3, 2009, Fox Business</ref> |
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| Additionally, on September 21, 2009, Thomson Reuters bought Hugin Group, the European [[Investor relations|IR]] and [[Public relations|PR]] distribution group, from [[NYSE Euronext]]. Terms have not been disclosed, but it has been reported in Danish newspapers that the price was between €40 million and €42m.<ref> Thomson Reuters acquires Hugin Group from NYSE Euronext {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307195959/http://communicatemagazine.co.uk/index.php?catid=1:stories&id=424:thomson-reuters-to-acquire-hugin-group-from-nyse-euronext&itemid=115&option=com_content&view=article |date=March 7, 2016 }} Communicate magazine September 21, 2009</ref> It also bought the Abacus software business from [[Deloitte]], a provider of corporate taxation software for the U.K., [[Ireland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Hong Kong]], as well as Indirect Tax Reporting software for 20 E.U . countries. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed.<ref> Press Releases. Thomson Reuters (June 30, 2013). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.</ref> | Additionally, on September 21, 2009, Thomson Reuters bought Hugin Group, the European [[Investor relations|IR]] and [[Public relations|PR]] distribution group, from [[NYSE Euronext]]. Terms have not been disclosed, but it has been reported in Danish newspapers that the price was between €40 million and €42m.<ref> Thomson Reuters acquires Hugin Group from NYSE Euronext {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307195959/http://communicatemagazine.co.uk/index.php?catid=1:stories&id=424:thomson-reuters-to-acquire-hugin-group-from-nyse-euronext&itemid=115&option=com_content&view=article |date=March 7, 2016 }} Communicate magazine September 21, 2009</ref> It also bought the Abacus software business from [[Deloitte]], a provider of corporate taxation software for the U.K., [[Ireland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Hong Kong]], as well as Indirect Tax Reporting software for 20 E.U countries. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed.<ref> Press Releases. Thomson Reuters (June 30, 2013). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.</ref> |
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| 2022-12-25T13:48:35Z |
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| | | Line 247: | Line 247: | In November 2019, two groups of legal scholars and [[human rights activists]] called on Thomson Reuters to cease providing [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] and [[Palantir Technologies]] access to information through [[Westlaw]], which has enabled the [[deportation]] of [[illegal immigrants]]. A company representative replied that Thomson Reuters will help the American government and police in active criminal investigations and against threats to national security or public safety.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theintercept.com/2019/11/14/ice-lexisnexis-thomson-reuters-database/%7Ctitle=LAWYERS AND SCHOLARS TO LEXISNEXIS, THOMSON REUTERS: STOP HELPING ICE DEPORT PEOPLE|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/magazine/ice-surveillance-deportation.html%7Ctitle=How ICE Picks Its Targets in the Surveillance Age|date=October 2, 2019|first=McKenzie|last=Funk|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, a group of Thomson Reuters shareholders criticized the company's involvement with ICE for immigrant tracking.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/21/21266431/thomson-reuters-ice-clear-software%7Ctitle=Thomson Reuters faces pressure over ICE contracts|date=2020-05-21|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The Verge|last=Lyons|first=Kim}}</ref> | In November 2019, two groups of legal scholars and [[human rights activists]] called on Thomson Reuters to cease providing [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] and [[Palantir Technologies]] access to information through [[Westlaw]], which has enabled the [[deportation]] of [[illegal immigrants]]. A company representative replied that Thomson Reuters will help the American government and police in active criminal investigations and against threats to national security or public safety.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theintercept.com/2019/11/14/ice-lexisnexis-thomson-reuters-database/%7Ctitle=LAWYERS AND SCHOLARS TO LEXISNEXIS, THOMSON REUTERS: STOP HELPING ICE DEPORT PEOPLE|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/magazine/ice-surveillance-deportation.html%7Ctitle=How ICE Picks Its Targets in the Surveillance Age|date=October 2, 2019|first=McKenzie|last=Funk|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, a group of Thomson Reuters shareholders criticized the company's involvement with ICE for immigrant tracking.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/21/21266431/thomson-reuters-ice-clear-software%7Ctitle=Thomson Reuters faces pressure over ICE contracts|date=2020-05-21|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The Verge|last=Lyons|first=Kim}}</ref> |
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| In 2020, three Reuters investigative journalists, Raphael Satter, Christopher Bing and Jack Stubbs, who were conducting an investigation about a hack-for-hire company based in India forcefully took a photograph of Kumar, a small scale Indian herbal businessman for an alleged hacker Sumit Gupta of [[Dark Basin|Belltrox]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2020-06-10 |title=BellTroX: How an Obscure Indian Firm Ran A Global Spying Operation |url= https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/belltrox-indian-it-company-sumit-gupta-hack-for-hire-spying |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Kumar had showed his identity proof that he is not the alleged hacker but one of the three journalists took his photograph and used in their story. The businessman was questioned by the police, his reputation damaged, suffered business loss and later relocated to a small town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Regina |date=2020-06-29 |title=Reuters goofs up, shows innocent Delhi man as wanted Indian hacker behind global spy racket |url= https://theprint.in/india/reuters-goofs-up-shows-innocent-delhi-man-as-wanted-indian-hacker-behind-global-spy-racket/450999/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Reuters later admitted to an error of mistaken identity caused by the businessman’s sharing of same address with the alleged hacker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-09 |title=Exclusive: Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide |language=en |work=Reuters |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-cyber-mercenaries-exclusive-idINKBN23G1GQ |access-date=2022-11-11}}</ref> | In 2020, three Reuters investigative journalists, Raphael Satter, Christopher Bing and Jack Stubbs, who were conducting an investigation about a hack-for-hire company based in India , forcefully took a photograph of Kumar, a small scale Indian herbal businessman for an alleged hacker Sumit Gupta of [[Dark Basin|Belltrox]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2020-06-10 |title=BellTroX: How an Obscure Indian Firm Ran A Global Spying Operation |url= https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/belltrox-indian-it-company-sumit-gupta-hack-for-hire-spying |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Kumar had showed his identity proof that he is not the alleged hacker but one of the three journalists took his photograph and used in their story. The businessman was questioned by the police, his reputation damaged, suffered business loss and later relocated to a small town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Regina |date=2020-06-29 |title=Reuters goofs up, shows innocent Delhi man as wanted Indian hacker behind global spy racket |url= https://theprint.in/india/reuters-goofs-up-shows-innocent-delhi-man-as-wanted-indian-hacker-behind-global-spy-racket/450999/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Reuters later admitted to an error of mistaken identity caused by the businessman’s sharing of same address with the alleged hacker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-09 |title=Exclusive: Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide |language=en |work=Reuters |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-cyber-mercenaries-exclusive-idINKBN23G1GQ |access-date=2022-11-11}}</ref> |
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| ==See also== | ==See also== |
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| 2022-12-25T13:47:06Z |
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| | | Line 247: | Line 247: | In November 2019, two groups of legal scholars and [[human rights activists]] called on Thomson Reuters to cease providing [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] and [[Palantir Technologies]] access to information through [[Westlaw]], which has enabled the [[deportation]] of [[illegal immigrants]]. A company representative replied that Thomson Reuters will help the American government and police in active criminal investigations and against threats to national security or public safety.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theintercept.com/2019/11/14/ice-lexisnexis-thomson-reuters-database/%7Ctitle=LAWYERS AND SCHOLARS TO LEXISNEXIS, THOMSON REUTERS: STOP HELPING ICE DEPORT PEOPLE|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/magazine/ice-surveillance-deportation.html%7Ctitle=How ICE Picks Its Targets in the Surveillance Age|date=October 2, 2019|first=McKenzie|last=Funk|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, a group of Thomson Reuters shareholders criticized the company's involvement with ICE for immigrant tracking.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/21/21266431/thomson-reuters-ice-clear-software%7Ctitle=Thomson Reuters faces pressure over ICE contracts|date=2020-05-21|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The Verge|last=Lyons|first=Kim}}</ref> | In November 2019, two groups of legal scholars and [[human rights activists]] called on Thomson Reuters to cease providing [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] and [[Palantir Technologies]] access to information through [[Westlaw]], which has enabled the [[deportation]] of [[illegal immigrants]]. A company representative replied that Thomson Reuters will help the American government and police in active criminal investigations and against threats to national security or public safety.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theintercept.com/2019/11/14/ice-lexisnexis-thomson-reuters-database/%7Ctitle=LAWYERS AND SCHOLARS TO LEXISNEXIS, THOMSON REUTERS: STOP HELPING ICE DEPORT PEOPLE|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/magazine/ice-surveillance-deportation.html%7Ctitle=How ICE Picks Its Targets in the Surveillance Age|date=October 2, 2019|first=McKenzie|last=Funk|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, a group of Thomson Reuters shareholders criticized the company's involvement with ICE for immigrant tracking.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/21/21266431/thomson-reuters-ice-clear-software%7Ctitle=Thomson Reuters faces pressure over ICE contracts|date=2020-05-21|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The Verge|last=Lyons|first=Kim}}</ref> |
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| In 2020, three Reuters investigative journalists, Raphael Satter, Christopher Bing and Jack Stubbs who were conducting an investigation about a hack-for-hire company based in India forcefully took a photograph of Kumar, a small scale Indian herbal businessman for an alleged hacker Sumit Gupta of [[Dark Basin|Belltrox]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2020-06-10 |title=BellTroX: How an Obscure Indian Firm Ran A Global Spying Operation |url= https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/belltrox-indian-it-company-sumit-gupta-hack-for-hire-spying |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Kumar had showed his identity proof that he is not the alleged hacker but one of the three journalists took his photograph and used in their story. The businessman was questioned by the police, his reputation damaged, suffered business loss and later relocated to a small town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Regina |date=2020-06-29 |title=Reuters goofs up, shows innocent Delhi man as wanted Indian hacker behind global spy racket |url= https://theprint.in/india/reuters-goofs-up-shows-innocent-delhi-man-as-wanted-indian-hacker-behind-global-spy-racket/450999/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Reuters later admitted to an error of mistaken identity caused by the businessman’s sharing of same address with the alleged hacker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-09 |title=Exclusive: Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide |language=en |work=Reuters |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-cyber-mercenaries-exclusive-idINKBN23G1GQ |access-date=2022-11-11}}</ref> | In 2020, three Reuters investigative journalists, Raphael Satter, Christopher Bing and Jack Stubbs , who were conducting an investigation about a hack-for-hire company based in India forcefully took a photograph of Kumar, a small scale Indian herbal businessman for an alleged hacker Sumit Gupta of [[Dark Basin|Belltrox]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2020-06-10 |title=BellTroX: How an Obscure Indian Firm Ran A Global Spying Operation |url= https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/belltrox-indian-it-company-sumit-gupta-hack-for-hire-spying |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Kumar had showed his identity proof that he is not the alleged hacker but one of the three journalists took his photograph and used in their story. The businessman was questioned by the police, his reputation damaged, suffered business loss and later relocated to a small town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Regina |date=2020-06-29 |title=Reuters goofs up, shows innocent Delhi man as wanted Indian hacker behind global spy racket |url= https://theprint.in/india/reuters-goofs-up-shows-innocent-delhi-man-as-wanted-indian-hacker-behind-global-spy-racket/450999/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Reuters later admitted to an error of mistaken identity caused by the businessman’s sharing of same address with the alleged hacker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-09 |title=Exclusive: Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide |language=en |work=Reuters |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-cyber-mercenaries-exclusive-idINKBN23G1GQ |access-date=2022-11-11}}</ref> |
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| ==See also== | ==See also== |
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| Former divisions: Intellectual Property & Science, Financial & Risk, Thomson Healthcare, and Scholarly & [[Thomson Scientific|Scientific]] Research. | Former divisions: Intellectual Property & Science, Financial & Risk, Thomson Healthcare, and Scholarly & [[Thomson Scientific|Scientific]] Research. |
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| | | Line 41: | Line 41: | {{main|Thomson Corporation}} | {{main|Thomson Corporation}} |
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| The forerunner of the Thomson company was founded by [[Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet|Roy Thomson]] in 1934 in Ontario as the publisher of [[The Timmins Daily Press]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Svengalis |first=Kendall F. |title=The IALL International Handbook of Legal Information Management |date=2016-03-03 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-02821-5 |editor-last=Danner |editor-first=Richard A. |page=239 |chapter=Globalisation and Commercial Legal Publishing |doi=10.4324/9781315556963 |editor-last2=Winterton |editor-first2=Jules}}</ref> In 1953, Thomson acquired the [[The Scotsman|Scotsman]] newspaper and moved to Scotland the following year. He consolidated his media position in Scotland in 1957, when he won the [[government-granted monopoly|franchise]] for [[Scottish Television]]. In 1959, he bought the Kemsley Group, a purchase that eventually gave him control of the [[Sunday Times]]. He separately acquired the [[The Times|Times]] in 1967. He moved into the airline business in 1965, when he acquired [[Britannia Airways]] and into oil and gas exploration in 1971, when he participated in a consortium to exploit reserves in the [[North Sea]]. Following the death of Thomson, the company withdrew from national newspapers and broadcast media, selling the Times, the Sunday Times to [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[News International]] in 1981, and instead moved into publishing, buying [[Sweet & Maxwell]] in 1988. The company at this time was known as the [[International Thomson Organisation]] Ltd (ITOL).<ref name="History of The Thomson Corporation"> The Thomson Corporation History. FundingUniverse.</ref> | The forerunner of the Thomson company was founded by [[Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet|Roy Thomson]] in 1934 in Ontario , as the publisher of [[The Timmins Daily Press]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Svengalis |first=Kendall F. |title=The IALL International Handbook of Legal Information Management |date=2016-03-03 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-02821-5 |editor-last=Danner |editor-first=Richard A. |page=239 |chapter=Globalisation and Commercial Legal Publishing |doi=10.4324/9781315556963 |editor-last2=Winterton |editor-first2=Jules}}</ref> In 1953, Thomson acquired the [[The Scotsman|Scotsman]] newspaper and moved to Scotland the following year. He consolidated his media position in Scotland in 1957, when he won the [[government-granted monopoly|franchise]] for [[Scottish Television]]. In 1959, he bought the Kemsley Group, a purchase that eventually gave him control of the [[Sunday Times]]. He separately acquired the [[The Times|Times]] in 1967. He moved into the airline business in 1965, when he acquired [[Britannia Airways]] and into oil and gas exploration in 1971, when he participated in a consortium to exploit reserves in the [[North Sea]]. Following the death of Thomson, the company withdrew from national newspapers and broadcast media, selling the Times, the Sunday Times to [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[News International]] in 1981, and instead moved into publishing, buying [[Sweet & Maxwell]] in 1988. The company at this time was known as the [[International Thomson Organisation]] Ltd (ITOL).<ref name="History of The Thomson Corporation"> The Thomson Corporation History. FundingUniverse.</ref> |
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| In 1989, ITOL merged with Thomson Newspapers, forming The Thomson Corporation. In 1996, The Thomson Corporation acquired [[West Publishing]], a purveyor of legal research and services including [[Westlaw]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url= http://www.thomsonreuters.com/about/company_history/ |title=Thomson Reuters History |publisher=Thomson Reuters |date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> | In 1989, ITOL merged with Thomson Newspapers, forming The Thomson Corporation. In 1996, The Thomson Corporation acquired [[West Publishing]], a purveyor of legal research and services including [[Westlaw]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url= http://www.thomsonreuters.com/about/company_history/ |title=Thomson Reuters History |publisher=Thomson Reuters |date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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| ==History== | ==History== |
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Schneider Electric |
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Schneider Electric |
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| 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd. , then, currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> | 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd. then, currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-25T13:14:57Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd., then currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> | 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd., then , currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> |
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Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 51: | Line 51: | ===1963-1999=== | ===1963-1999=== | {{Main|Empain-Schneider}} | {{Main|Empain-Schneider}} | In the 1960s, Schneider was absorbed by Belgium's [[Empain group]], which, in 1969 merged it with its own corporate structures to form [[Empain-Schneider]]. In 1980–1981, the Empain family sold its controlling stake to [[Paribas]], which was in turn nationalized in 1982. In the 1980s and 1990s, the company, by then again named Schneider, divested from steel and shipbuilding and focused mainly on electricity through strategic acquisitions. These included Télémécanique in 1988,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecosystem Models Paving Way for "Platform Economy"—Accenture Technology Vision 2016 |url= https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/blogs-ecosystem-models-and-the-platform-economy |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.accenture.com |language=en}}</ref> Square D in 1991,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Anthony |date=1991-05-13 |title=Square D Agrees to Takeover |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/13/business/square-d-agrees-to-takeover.html |access-date=2019-03-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and {{ill|Merlin Gerin|fr}} in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schneider Electric Focuses on Strategy to Strengthen Merlin Gerin, Square D and Telemecanique Brands |url= https://www.automation.com/en-us/articles/2004-2/schneider-electric-focuses-on-strategy-to-strength |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=Automation.com}}</ref> | In the 1960s, Schneider was absorbed by Belgium's [[Empain group]], which, in 1969 , merged it with its own corporate structures to form [[Empain-Schneider]]. In 1980–1981, the Empain family sold its controlling stake to [[Paribas]], which was in turn nationalized in 1982. In the 1980s and 1990s, the company, by then again named Schneider, divested from steel and shipbuilding and focused mainly on electricity through strategic acquisitions. These included Télémécanique in 1988,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecosystem Models Paving Way for "Platform Economy"—Accenture Technology Vision 2016 |url= https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/blogs-ecosystem-models-and-the-platform-economy |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.accenture.com |language=en}}</ref> Square D in 1991,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Anthony |date=1991-05-13 |title=Square D Agrees to Takeover |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/13/business/square-d-agrees-to-takeover.html |access-date=2019-03-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and {{ill|Merlin Gerin|fr}} in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schneider Electric Focuses on Strategy to Strengthen Merlin Gerin, Square D and Telemecanique Brands |url= https://www.automation.com/en-us/articles/2004-2/schneider-electric-focuses-on-strategy-to-strength |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=Automation.com}}</ref> |
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| ===Timeline since 1999=== | ===Timeline since 1999=== |
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| 2022-12-25T13:10:17Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 51: | Line 51: | ===1963-1999=== | ===1963-1999=== | {{Main|Empain-Schneider}} | {{Main|Empain-Schneider}} | In the 1960s, Schneider was absorbed by Belgium's [[Empain group]], which in 1969 merged it with its own corporate structures to form [[Empain-Schneider]]. In 1980–1981, the Empain family sold its controlling stake to [[Paribas]], which was in turn nationalized in 1982. In the 1980s and 1990s, the company, by then again named Schneider, divested from steel and shipbuilding and focused mainly on electricity through strategic acquisitions. These included Télémécanique in 1988,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecosystem Models Paving Way for "Platform Economy"—Accenture Technology Vision 2016 |url= https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/blogs-ecosystem-models-and-the-platform-economy |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.accenture.com |language=en}}</ref> Square D in 1991,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Anthony |date=1991-05-13 |title=Square D Agrees to Takeover |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/13/business/square-d-agrees-to-takeover.html |access-date=2019-03-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and {{ill|Merlin Gerin|fr}} in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schneider Electric Focuses on Strategy to Strengthen Merlin Gerin, Square D and Telemecanique Brands |url= https://www.automation.com/en-us/articles/2004-2/schneider-electric-focuses-on-strategy-to-strength |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=Automation.com}}</ref> | In the 1960s, Schneider was absorbed by Belgium's [[Empain group]], which , in 1969 merged it with its own corporate structures to form [[Empain-Schneider]]. In 1980–1981, the Empain family sold its controlling stake to [[Paribas]], which was in turn nationalized in 1982. In the 1980s and 1990s, the company, by then again named Schneider, divested from steel and shipbuilding and focused mainly on electricity through strategic acquisitions. These included Télémécanique in 1988,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecosystem Models Paving Way for "Platform Economy"—Accenture Technology Vision 2016 |url= https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/blogs-ecosystem-models-and-the-platform-economy |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.accenture.com |language=en}}</ref> Square D in 1991,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Anthony |date=1991-05-13 |title=Square D Agrees to Takeover |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/13/business/square-d-agrees-to-takeover.html |access-date=2019-03-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and {{ill|Merlin Gerin|fr}} in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schneider Electric Focuses on Strategy to Strengthen Merlin Gerin, Square D and Telemecanique Brands |url= https://www.automation.com/en-us/articles/2004-2/schneider-electric-focuses-on-strategy-to-strength |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=Automation.com}}</ref> |
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| ===Timeline since 1999=== | ===Timeline since 1999=== |
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Alstom |
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| ==== Judicial troubles ==== | ==== Judicial troubles ==== | | |
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| 2022-12-18T17:48:19Z |
Alstom |
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| In June 2006, [[Bouygues]] acquired the French government's 21% holding in Alstom for €2 billion.<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/apr/28/france.internationalnews |title = Bouygues buys Alstom stake| date = 28 April 2006 |work= The Guardian |location=London |first=David |last=Gow}}</ref> Later that same year, Bouygues elected to increase its shareholding in the firm to 24%.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} | In June 2006, [[Bouygues]] acquired the French government's 21% holding in Alstom for €2 billion.<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/apr/28/france.internationalnews |title = Bouygues buys Alstom stake| date = 28 April 2006 |work= The Guardian |location=London |first=David |last=Gow}}</ref> Later that year, Bouygues elected to increase its shareholding in the firm to 24%.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} |
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| [[File:Badaia - Parque Eólico -BT- 02.jpg|thumb|Alstom-Ecotècnia wind turbines in Spain]] | [[File:Badaia - Parque Eólico -BT- 02.jpg|thumb|Alstom-Ecotècnia wind turbines in Spain]] |
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| 2022-12-18T17:46:53Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 85: | Line 85: | In 2005, the former Metro-Cammell rail vehicle works in [[Washwood Heath]] closed.<ref name=IRJJuly03 /> | In 2005, the former Metro-Cammell rail vehicle works in [[Washwood Heath]] closed.<ref name=IRJJuly03 /> |
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| | | | | | In June 2006, [[Bouygues]] acquired the French government's 21% holding in Alstom for €2 billion.<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/apr/28/france.internationalnews |title = Bouygues buys Alstom stake| date = 28 April 2006 |work= The Guardian |location=London |first=David |last=Gow}}</ref> Later that same year, Bouygues elected to increase its shareholding in the firm to 24%.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} |
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| [[File:Badaia - Parque Eólico -BT- 02.jpg|thumb|Alstom-Ecotècnia wind turbines in Spain]] | [[File:Badaia - Parque Eólico -BT- 02.jpg|thumb|Alstom-Ecotècnia wind turbines in Spain]] |
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| 2022-12-18T17:45:24Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 83: | Line 83: | In 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom for €772 million and Alstom received an EU-approved bailout worth in total €2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3873149.stm |title=EU gives Alstom bailout backing |date=7 July 2004 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The company sold its [[electrical transmission]] and distribution ("grid") activities to [[Areva]], the diesel locomotive manufacturer [[Meinfesa]] to [[Vossloh]], and Alstom Power Rentals to APR LLC. That same year, Alstom delivered the four Mermaid propulsion units, each capable of providing up to 21.5 MW of power, to shipping company [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] to power [[Queen Mary 2]], the world's largest [[ocean liner]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} | In 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom for €772 million and Alstom received an EU-approved bailout worth in total €2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3873149.stm |title=EU gives Alstom bailout backing |date=7 July 2004 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The company sold its [[electrical transmission]] and distribution ("grid") activities to [[Areva]], the diesel locomotive manufacturer [[Meinfesa]] to [[Vossloh]], and Alstom Power Rentals to APR LLC. That same year, Alstom delivered the four Mermaid propulsion units, each capable of providing up to 21.5 MW of power, to shipping company [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] to power [[Queen Mary 2]], the world's largest [[ocean liner]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} |
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| In 2005, the former Metro-Cammell rail vehicle works in [[Washwood Heath]], closed.<ref name=IRJJuly03 /> | In 2005, the former Metro-Cammell rail vehicle works in [[Washwood Heath]] closed.<ref name=IRJJuly03 /> |
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| 2022-12-18T17:44:13Z |
Alstom |
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| By 2003, Alstom was facing a financial crisis caused by a mix of poor sales and over $5 billion of debt liabilities ; it reportedly had the potential to force the company's liquidation. These heavy debts were largely due to a $4 billion charge over a design flaw in a turbine developed by [[ABB Group]], acquired by Alstom in 2000, as well as the collapse of customer [[Renaissance Cruises]] amid a general downturn in the marine market. Alstom's share price had dropped by 90% over two years.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_29/b3842135_mz034.htm%7C title = Can Alstom Get Back on Track? It's a financial wreck, and the rescue plan may not work| publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |work = www.businessweek.com| date = 21 July 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/node/1978762%7C title = French capitalism. Bull again France's state-backed rescue of Alstom is all too familiar |newspaper = The Economist |date = 7 August 2003}}</ref> [[European Union competition law|European competition commission law]] required Alstom to sell several of its subsidiaries, including its shipbuilding and electrical transmission assets, when it accepted a €3.2 billion rescue plan involving the French state.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/10/inbrief/fr0310101n.htm%7Ctitle =Alstom rescue plan agreed| work = www.eurofound.europa.eu |first= Maurice |last=Braud |publisher = Eurofound |date =22 October 2010}}</ref> | By 2003, Alstom was facing a financial crisis caused by a mix of poor sales and over $5 billion of debt liabilities . It reportedly had the potential to force the company's liquidation. These heavy debts were largely due to a $4 billion charge over a design flaw in a turbine developed by [[ABB Group]], acquired by Alstom in 2000, as well as the collapse of customer [[Renaissance Cruises]] amid a general downturn in the marine market. Alstom's share price had dropped by 90% over two years.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_29/b3842135_mz034.htm%7C title = Can Alstom Get Back on Track? It's a financial wreck, and the rescue plan may not work| publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |work = www.businessweek.com| date = 21 July 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/node/1978762%7C title = French capitalism. Bull again France's state-backed rescue of Alstom is all too familiar |newspaper = The Economist |date = 7 August 2003}}</ref> [[European Union competition law|European competition commission law]] required Alstom to sell several of its subsidiaries, including its shipbuilding and electrical transmission assets, when it accepted a €3.2 billion rescue plan involving the French state.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/10/inbrief/fr0310101n.htm%7Ctitle =Alstom rescue plan agreed| work = www.eurofound.europa.eu |first= Maurice |last=Braud |publisher = Eurofound |date =22 October 2010}}</ref> |
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| In 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom for €772 million and Alstom received an EU-approved bailout worth in total €2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3873149.stm |title=EU gives Alstom bailout backing |date=7 July 2004 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The company sold its [[electrical transmission]] and distribution ("grid") activities to [[Areva]], the diesel locomotive manufacturer [[Meinfesa]] to [[Vossloh]], and Alstom Power Rentals to APR LLC. That same year, Alstom delivered the four Mermaid propulsion units, each capable of providing up to 21.5 MW of power, to shipping company [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] to power [[Queen Mary 2]], the world's largest [[ocean liner]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} | In 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom for €772 million and Alstom received an EU-approved bailout worth in total €2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3873149.stm |title=EU gives Alstom bailout backing |date=7 July 2004 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The company sold its [[electrical transmission]] and distribution ("grid") activities to [[Areva]], the diesel locomotive manufacturer [[Meinfesa]] to [[Vossloh]], and Alstom Power Rentals to APR LLC. That same year, Alstom delivered the four Mermaid propulsion units, each capable of providing up to 21.5 MW of power, to shipping company [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] to power [[Queen Mary 2]], the world's largest [[ocean liner]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} |
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| 2022-12-18T17:40:17Z |
Alstom |
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| [[File:Eurostar in London S6301538.JPG|thumb|A [[British Rail Class 373|Class 373]] train at [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]]. The class 373 was built by Alstom in the early to mid-1990s for the [[Eurostar]] high-speed service from England to France and Belgium.]] | [[File:Eurostar in London S6301538.JPG|thumb|A [[British Rail Class 373|Class 373]] train at [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]]. The class 373 was built by Alstom in the early to mid-1990s for the [[Eurostar]] high-speed service from England to France and Belgium.]] | | |
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| In 1994, GEC Alsthom acquired a 51% shareholding in [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] from [[Salzgitter AG]].<ref>World Update [[Railway Age]] August 1994 page 88</ref> In 1995, the company acquired the remaining shares in the steam turbine manufacturer [[MAN Energie]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} In early 1998, GEC Alsthom acquired the electrical contractor [[Cegelec]], renaming it Alstom Power Conversion.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} | In 1994, GEC Alsthom acquired a 51% shareholding in [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] from [[Salzgitter AG]].<ref>World Update [[Railway Age]] August 1994 page 88</ref> In 1995, the company acquired the remaining shares in the steam turbine manufacturer [[MAN Energie]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} In early 1998, GEC Alsthom acquired the electrical contractor [[Cegelec]], renaming it Alstom Power Conversion.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} |
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| 2022-12-18T17:34:17Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 35: | Line 35: | Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer which operates worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. | Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer which operates worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. |
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| Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant later acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late-1980s). | Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant acquisitions later included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late-1980s). |
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| A merger with parts of the [[General Electric Company]] (UK) formed GEC Alsthom in 1989. Throughout the 1990s, the company expanded its holdings in the rail sector, via the acquisition of German rolling stock manufacturer [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] and Italian rail signalling specialist Sasib Railways. In 1998, GEC Alsthom was floated on the [[Euronext Paris|Paris Stock Exchange]] and, later that year, it was rebranded Alstom. | A merger with parts of the [[General Electric Company]] (UK) formed GEC Alsthom in 1989. Throughout the 1990s, the company expanded its holdings in the rail sector, via the acquisition of German rolling stock manufacturer [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] and Italian rail signalling specialist Sasib Railways. In 1998, GEC Alsthom was floated on the [[Euronext Paris|Paris Stock Exchange]] and, later that year, it was rebranded Alstom. |
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| 2022-12-18T17:31:51Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 33: | Line 33: | }} | }} |
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| Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer which operates worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. | Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer which operates worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. |
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| Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant later acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late-1980s). | Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant later acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late-1980s). |
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| 2022-12-18T17:30:35Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 33: | Line 33: | }} | }} |
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| Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer operating worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. | Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer which operates worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. |
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| Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant later acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late-1980s). | Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant later acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late-1980s). |
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| 2022-12-18T17:26:35Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
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| | | Line 14: | Line 14: | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. |
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| Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, Henri Poupart-Lafarge was successively Chief Financial Officer of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, Henri Poupart-Lafarge was successively Chief Financial Officer of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then , Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:23:36Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
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| | | Line 14: | Line 14: | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. |
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| Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, Henri Poupart-Lafarge was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, Henri Poupart-Lafarge was successively Chief Financial Officer of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:20:58Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
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| | | Line 12: | Line 12: | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, Henri Poupart-Lafarge was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. | | | | Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, Henri Poupart-Lafarge was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:19:32Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
diff |
| | | Line 12: | Line 12: | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before occupying the position of Alstom's CEO, Henri Poupart-Lafarge was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:17:55Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
diff |
| | | Line 12: | Line 12: | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before occupying the position of Alstom 's CEO, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:15:36Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
diff |
| | | Line 12: | Line 12: | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. Then, he became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:13:11Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
diff |
| | | Line 12: | Line 12: | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]]. By 1998, he became Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:11:29Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
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| | | Line 12: | Line 12: | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]] , and by 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]] . By 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| ==References== | ==References== |
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| 2022-12-18T17:09:00Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
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| | | Line 10: | Line 10: | }} | }} |
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| Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post which he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]], and by 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]], and by 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| 2022-12-18T17:06:18Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
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| | | Line 10: | Line 10: | }} | }} |
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| Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]. He is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]], and by 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]], and by 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| 2022-12-18T17:05:49Z |
Henri Poupart-Lafarge |
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| | | Line 10: | Line 10: | }} | }} |
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| Henri Poupart-Lafarge (born 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]) is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post he has occupied since February 2016. | Henri Poupart-Lafarge was born on 10 April 1969, in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], is a French business executive and the current [[CEO]] of [[Alstom]], a post he has occupied since February 2016. |
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| After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]], and by 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> | After acquiring degrees from [[École Polytechnique]], [[École des ponts ParisTech]], and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he went to work for the [[World Bank]]. In 1994, he joined the [[French Ministry for the Economy and Finance]], and by 1998, he was Alstom's Head of Investor Relations. He then became the Vice President of Distribution Finance. Before becoming CEO of Alstom, he was successively CFO of Alstom and President of two sectors of the Alstom Group, Alstom Grid for one year, then Alstom Transport for five years.<ref> Alstom - Henri Poupart-Lafarge alstom.com, reviewed 28 September 2017</ref> |
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| 2022-12-18T17:01:12Z |
User:Hajer-12 |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | An Academic Researcher in Culture Studies. Contributor, very recent on Wikipedia. | An Academic Researcher in Culture Studies and interested in International Relations. Contributor, very recent on Wikipedia. |
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| 2022-12-17T16:43:19Z |
Benoît Coquart |
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Article created
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| 2022-12-17T14:03:41Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| === Aveva aquisition === | === Aveva aquisition === | Schneider made its first attempt to combine with Aveva in 2015<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Karayan |first=Raphaële |date=21 September 2022 |title=Schneider Electric rachète 100% d'Aveva pour 4,4 milliards d'euros |url= https://www.usine-digitale.fr/article/schneider-electric-rachete-100-d-aveva-pour-4-4-milliards-d-euros.N2046172 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=L'Usine Digitale}}</ref>. Then, in 2017, Schneider managed to combine with the British Group, Aveva<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sandle, Hussain |first=Paul, Noor Zainab |date=1 September 2017 |title=Third time lucky as Aveva agrees £3 billion software deal with Schneider |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aveva-group-m-a-schneider/third-time-lucky-as-aveva-agrees-3-billion-software-deal-with-schneider-idUSKCN1BG0M9 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref>. Indeed, it was agreed that Schneider would take 60% stake in an enlarged industrial software business with Aveva<ref name=":1" />. In 2022, Schneider took over the remaining shares of the British company<ref name=":2" /> . Nevertheless, Aveva, whose activities perfectly fit those of Schneider, would still exist as an independent entity <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egloff |first=Emmanuel |date=21 September 2022 |title=Schneider Electric casse sa tirelire pour racheter la totalité du groupe anglais de logiciels Aveva |url=e |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref>. | Schneider made its first attempt to combine with Aveva in 2015<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Karayan |first=Raphaële |date=21 September 2022 |title=Schneider Electric rachète 100% d'Aveva pour 4,4 milliards d'euros |url= https://www.usine-digitale.fr/article/schneider-electric-rachete-100-d-aveva-pour-4-4-milliards-d-euros.N2046172 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=L'Usine Digitale}}</ref>. Then, in 2017, Schneider managed to combine with the British Group, Aveva<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sandle, Hussain |first=Paul, Noor Zainab |date=1 September 2017 |title=Third time lucky as Aveva agrees £3 billion software deal with Schneider |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aveva-group-m-a-schneider/third-time-lucky-as-aveva-agrees-3-billion-software-deal-with-schneider-idUSKCN1BG0M9 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref>. Indeed, it was agreed that Schneider would take 60% stake in an enlarged industrial software business with Aveva<ref name=":1" />. In 2022, Schneider took over the remaining shares of the British company<ref name=":2" /> . Nevertheless, Aveva, whose activities perfectly fit those of Schneider, would still exist as an independent entity <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egloff |first=Emmanuel |date=21 September 2022 |title=Schneider Electric casse sa tirelire pour racheter la totalité du groupe anglais de logiciels Aveva |url=e |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref>. |
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| | == Research and development investment == | | |
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| ==See also== | ==See also== |
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| 2022-12-17T13:23:30Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 38: | Line 38: | ==Head office== | ==Head office== | Schneider Electric has had its head office in the Trianon site in [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal information |url= https://www.se.com/ww/en/about-us/legal/legal-information.jsp |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=se.com |language=en-US}}</ref> While the current headquarters, also located in Rueil-Malmaison, previously housed Schneider subsidiary Télémécanique<ref name=":0"/>, the parent company occupied a site in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jobs at |url= https://www.theladders.com/company/schneider-electric-jobs |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.theladders.com |language=en}}</ref> | Schneider Electric has had its head office in the Trianon site in [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal information |url= https://www.se.com/ww/en/about-us/legal/legal-information.jsp |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=se.com |language=en-US}}</ref> While the current headquarters, also located in Rueil-Malmaison, previously housed Schneider subsidiary Télémécanique<ref name=":0"/>, the parent company occupied a site in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jobs at |url= https://www.theladders.com/company/schneider-electric-jobs |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.theladders.com |language=en}}</ref> | |
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| ==History== | ==History== |
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| 2022-12-16T15:03:37Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| === Aveva aquisition === | === Aveva aquisition === | | Schneider made its first attempt to combine with Aveva in 2015<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Karayan |first=Raphaële |date=21 September 2022 |title=Schneider Electric rachète 100% d'Aveva pour 4,4 milliards d'euros |url= https://www.usine-digitale.fr/article/schneider-electric-rachete-100-d-aveva-pour-4-4-milliards-d-euros.N2046172 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=L'Usine Digitale}}</ref>. Then, in 2017, Schneider managed to combine with the British Group, Aveva<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sandle, Hussain |first=Paul, Noor Zainab |date=1 September 2017 |title=Third time lucky as Aveva agrees £3 billion software deal with Schneider |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aveva-group-m-a-schneider/third-time-lucky-as-aveva-agrees-3-billion-software-deal-with-schneider-idUSKCN1BG0M9 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref>. Indeed, it was agreed that Schneider would take 60% stake in an enlarged industrial software business with Aveva<ref name=":1" / >. In 2022, Schneider took over the remaining shares of the British company<ref name=":2" /> . Nevertheless, Aveva, whose activities perfectly fit those of Schneider, would still exist as an independent entity <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egloff |first=Emmanuel |date=21 September 2022 |title=Schneider Electric casse sa tirelire pour racheter la totalité du groupe anglais de logiciels Aveva |url=e |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref>. | |
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| 2022-12-16T14:54:11Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | |
| | === Aveva aquisition === | | | |
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| <gallery class="center" widths="300"> | <gallery class="center" widths="300"> |
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| 2022-12-14T14:56:45Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| ==Career== | ==Career== | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming President in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being President of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming President in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being President of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President as well as CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-14T14:51:37Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| ==Career== | ==Career== | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming President in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming President in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being President of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-14T14:50:52Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| ==Career== | ==Career== | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming president in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming President in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-14T14:49:33Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| ==Career== | ==Career== | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming president in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and president and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming president in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-14T14:48:34Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| ==Career== | ==Career== | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming president in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, chief operating officer in 2001, and president and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming president in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and president and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-14T14:47:05Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| ==Career== | ==Career== | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming president in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an executive vice president in 1999, chief operating officer in 2001, and president and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> | Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root|Veeder-Root]], becoming president in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for [[Danaher Corporation|Danaher’s]] Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being president of [[Fluke Corporation|Fluke]] and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, chief operating officer in 2001, and president and CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ge.com/about-us/leadership/profiles/lawrence-culp%7Ctitle=Lawrence Culp|date=2018-10-01|website=www.ge.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-14T14:43:06Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| 2022-12-14T14:38:25Z |
H. Lawrence Culp Jr. |
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| Culp's pay package of up to $21 million a year for four years as chairman and CEO of [[General Electric]] has attracted attention, especially the element tied to any stock price increase, with about $47 million for a 50% rise and perhaps $300 million for a 150% increase.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |title=New GE CEO Larry Culp signs stock-heavy contract worth up to $300 million if shares soar |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/05/new-ge-ceo-larry-culp-inks-stock-heavy-contract-worth-up-to-300-million-if-shares-soar.html |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=CNBC |date=5 October 2018}}</ref> According to Bloomberg LP, the high base pay "sends the wrong message".<ref name="Bloomberg LP">{{cite news |last1=Sutherland |first1=Brooke |title=GE CEO's Payday Sends the Wrong Message |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-10-05/ge-ceo-larry-culp-s-payday-sends-the-wrong-message |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=Bloomberg LP |date=5 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2021, the [[Financial Times]] reported that Culp faced push back from two of the largest shareholder advisers on his pay package, which includes a bonus of $47 million.<ref>{{Cite web| title= Subscribe to a slice of the FT {{!}} Financial Times|url= https://www. ft.com/ content/ afaddd0e- d1b8- 4b24- 8496- 3565b6c0d5a9|access-date= 2021-04-16|website= www.ft.com}}</ref> | Culp's pay package of up to $21 million a year for four years as chairman and CEO of [[General Electric]] has attracted attention, especially the element tied to any stock price increase, with about $47 million for a 50% rise and perhaps $300 million for a 150% increase.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |title=New GE CEO Larry Culp signs stock-heavy contract worth up to $300 million if shares soar |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/05/new-ge-ceo-larry-culp-inks-stock-heavy-contract-worth-up-to-300-million-if-shares-soar.html |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=CNBC |date=5 October 2018}}</ref> According to Bloomberg LP, the high base pay "sends the wrong message".<ref name="Bloomberg LP">{{cite news |last1=Sutherland |first1=Brooke |title=GE CEO's Payday Sends the Wrong Message |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-10-05/ge-ceo-larry-culp-s-payday-sends-the-wrong-message |accessdate=22 October 2019 |work=Bloomberg LP |date=5 October 2018}}</ref> In 2020, Culp was offered a contract-extension of two years with [[General Electric]] that would last until August 2024<ref>{{Cite web | last= Dumcius |first=Gintautas |date=20 August 2020 |title=GE board extends Culp’s contract by two years |url= https://www. bizjournals.com/ boston/ news/2020/08/20/ge- board- extends- culp- s-contract-by-two-years.html |access-date= 14 December 2022 |website= Boston Business Journal}}</ref> . |
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| In June 2022, Culp extended his role as CEO of [[GE Aviation]], in addition to GE.<ref name=":0" /> | |
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| ==Personal life== | ==Personal life== |
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| 2022-12-13T18:01:15Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| | | Line 51: | Line 51: | He has been Director and co-founder of the Alliance for Societas Europaea Promotion since 2014. | He has been Director and co-founder of the Alliance for Societas Europaea Promotion since 2014. |
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| == Recognition == | == Recognition == |
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| 2022-12-13T18:00:01Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| He is Director and co-founder of the Alliance for Societas Europaea Promotion since 2014. | He has been Director and co-founder of the Alliance for Societas Europaea Promotion since 2014. |
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| 2022-12-13T17:58:18Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| | | Line 57: | Line 57: | In 2019, Jean-Pascal Tricoire was named one of the top 100 Top Performing Chief Executives by the [[Harvard Business Review]] (HBR), ranking at #48.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-ceo-100-2019-edition%7Ctitle=The CEO 100, 2019 Edition|date=2019-11-01|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> The list analyzes companies listed in the S&P Global 1200, based on financial data, total shareholder return, and change in market capitalization. | In 2019, Jean-Pascal Tricoire was named one of the top 100 Top Performing Chief Executives by the [[Harvard Business Review]] (HBR), ranking at #48.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-ceo-100-2019-edition%7Ctitle=The CEO 100, 2019 Edition|date=2019-11-01|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> The list analyzes companies listed in the S&P Global 1200, based on financial data, total shareholder return, and change in market capitalization. |
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| In 2007, Tricoire became a Knight of the Order of the [[Legion of Honour]] (Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur). | In 2007, Tricoire became a Knight of the Order of the [[Legion of Honour]] (Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur) <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2007 |title=Décret du 6 avril 2007 portant promotion et nomination |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000645536 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Légifrance}}</ref>. |
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| == Personal life== | == Personal life== |
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| 2022-12-13T17:05:26Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| | | Line 31: | Line 31: | In May 2006, he became president and CEO of the management board of Schneider Electric SA. | In May 2006, he became president and CEO of the management board of Schneider Electric SA. |
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| == Boards and organizations== | == Boards and organizations== |
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| 2022-12-13T17:02:51Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| He then served in corporate functions as Head of Schneider Electric's Global Strategic Accounts and of the Schneider 2000+ program. From January 2002 to the end of 2003, he became Executive Vice President of the International Division, covering the company's business outside of North America and Europe.<ref name="ReutersProfile" /> | He then served in corporate functions as Head of Schneider Electric's Global Strategic Accounts and of the Schneider 2000+ program. From January 2002 to the end of 2003, he became Executive Vice President of the International Division, covering the company's business outside of North America and Europe.<ref name="ReutersProfile" /> |
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| 2022-12-13T17:00:47Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| He then served in corporate functions as Head of Schneider Electric's Global Strategic Accounts and of the Schneider 2000+ program. From January 2002 to the end of 2003, he became Executive Vice President of the International Division, covering the company's business outside of North America and Europe.<ref name="ReutersProfile" /> | He then served in corporate functions as Head of Schneider Electric's Global Strategic Accounts and of the Schneider 2000+ program. From January 2002 to the end of 2003, he became Executive Vice President of the International Division, covering the company's business outside of North America and Europe.<ref name="ReutersProfile" /> |
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| 2022-12-13T16:58:52Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| He then served in corporate functions as Head of Schneider Electric's Global Strategic Accounts and of the Schneider 2000+ program. From January 2002 to the end of 2003, he became Executive Vice President of the International Division, covering the company's business outside of North America and Europe.<ref name="ReutersProfile" /> | He then served in corporate functions as Head of Schneider Electric's Global Strategic Accounts and of the Schneider 2000+ program. From January 2002 to the end of 2003, he became Executive Vice President of the International Division, covering the company's business outside of North America and Europe.<ref name="ReutersProfile" /> |
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| 2022-12-13T16:55:28Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| === Early career === | === Early career === | | |
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| 2022-12-13T16:49:55Z |
Jean-Pascal Tricoire |
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| | | == Early life and education == | == Early life and education == | Born in the West of France, Tricoire holds a degree in Electronic Engineering from [[École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest]] and an [[MBA]] from [[Emlyon Business School]]. | Born in the West of France, Tricoire holds a degree in Electronic Engineering from [[École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest]] and an [[MBA]] from [[Emlyon Business School]]. |
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| 2022-12-13T15:55:25Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 45: | Line 45: | In 2014, Alstom and [[General Electric]] (GE) announced that a US$17 billion (€12.4 billion) bid for Alstom's power and [[power grid|grid]] divisions had been made and provisionally accepted. Amid controversy in France over the proposed takeover of strategic domestic interest by a foreign company, GE's bid was modified to include joint ventures in power generation and transmission, as well as GE's rail signalling business being sold to Alstom. The acquisition of the power and grid division by GE was accepted by EU and US competition authorities in 2015, subject to Alstom's heavy gas turbine business being sold to [[Ansaldo Energia]]. The sale of Alstom's power generation and transmission businesses to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015, since then, the Alstom Group has been operating solely in the rail sector. | In 2014, Alstom and [[General Electric]] (GE) announced that a US$17 billion (€12.4 billion) bid for Alstom's power and [[power grid|grid]] divisions had been made and provisionally accepted. Amid controversy in France over the proposed takeover of strategic domestic interest by a foreign company, GE's bid was modified to include joint ventures in power generation and transmission, as well as GE's rail signalling business being sold to Alstom. The acquisition of the power and grid division by GE was accepted by EU and US competition authorities in 2015, subject to Alstom's heavy gas turbine business being sold to [[Ansaldo Energia]]. The sale of Alstom's power generation and transmission businesses to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015, since then, the Alstom Group has been operating solely in the rail sector. |
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| In late 2017, Alstom announced [[#Attempted merger with Siemens Mobility|a proposed merger]] with [[Siemens Mobility]] of Germany. However, in February 2019, the [[European Commission]] prohibited the merger. Subsequently, in February 2020, the company signed a letter of agreement to purchase [[Bombardier Transportation]]. The purchase was finalized on 29 January 2021 and [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]'s Transportation business became a part of Alstom. | In late-2017, Alstom announced [[#Attempted merger with Siemens Mobility|a proposed merger]] with [[Siemens Mobility]] of Germany. However, in February 2019, the [[European Commission]] prohibited the merger. Subsequently, in February 2020, the company signed a letter of agreement to purchase [[Bombardier Transportation]]. The purchase was finalized on 29 January 2021 and [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]'s Transportation business became a part of Alstom. |
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| == History == | == History == |
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| 2022-12-13T15:48:36Z |
Alstom |
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| In 2015 the entire power sector was taken over by [[General Electric]]. | In 2015, the entire power sector was taken over by [[General Electric]]. |
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| === Alstom Grid === | === Alstom Grid === |
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| 2022-12-13T15:44:55Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 275: | Line 275: | Alstom Grid is headquartered at [[La Défense]], the business district west of Paris, and has four main businesses: electrical transmission system products, power electric system, automation, and service. Alstom Grid has roughly 10% of the global market share.<ref>{{cite news|title=Whoever wins Alstom power assets, industry faces shakeout|first=Geert |last=De Clercq|work=Reuters|date=29 April 2014|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-offer-competition-idUSBREA3S0PU20140429%7Caccess-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> | Alstom Grid is headquartered at [[La Défense]], the business district west of Paris, and has four main businesses: electrical transmission system products, power electric system, automation, and service. Alstom Grid has roughly 10% of the global market share.<ref>{{cite news|title=Whoever wins Alstom power assets, industry faces shakeout|first=Geert |last=De Clercq|work=Reuters|date=29 April 2014|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-offer-competition-idUSBREA3S0PU20140429%7Caccess-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> |
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| In 2015 the grid division was taken over by General Electric and renamed as GE Grid Solutions. | In 2015, the grid division was taken over by General Electric and renamed as GE Grid Solutions. |
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| == Financial information == | == Financial information == |
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| 2022-12-13T15:41:08Z |
Alstom |
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| The company between 2007 and 2010 produced 1,002 [[R160A (New York City Subway car)|R160A]] New York City subway cars at its manufacturing plant in [[Hornell, New York]], while the body shells were built at their [[Lapa (district of São Paulo)|Lapa]] plant, in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]. In 2013, Alstom was awarded the contract to supply 168 coaches to [[Chennai Metro]] at a cost of {{INRconvert|1470|c}}. The company also owns the tender for supplying coaches to [[Kochi Metro]].
| Between 2007 and 2010, the company produced 1,002 [[R160A (New York City Subway car)|R160A]] New York City subway cars at its manufacturing plant in [[Hornell, New York]], while the body shells were built at their [[Lapa (district of São Paulo)|Lapa]] plant, in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]. In 2013, Alstom was awarded the contract to supply 168 coaches to [[Chennai Metro]] at a cost of {{INRconvert|1470|c}}. The company also owns the tender for supplying coaches to [[Kochi Metro]]. | | |
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| 2022-12-13T15:34:35Z |
Alstom |
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| 2022-12-13T15:29:09Z |
Alstom |
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| === Sell-off to General Electric === | === Sell-off to General Electric === |
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| 2022-12-13T15:24:14Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 35: | Line 35: | Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer operating worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. | Alstom SA is a French [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[rolling stock]] manufacturer operating worldwide in [[rail transport]] markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the [[AGV (train)|AGV]], [[TGV]], [[British Rail Class 373|Eurostar]], [[Avelia Horizon|Avelia]] and [[New Pendolino]] high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams. |
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| Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant later acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late 1980s). | Alsthom (originally Als-Thom) was formed by a merger between [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] and the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] in 1928. Significant later acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (Belgium, late-1980s). |
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| A merger with parts of the [[General Electric Company]] (UK) formed GEC Alsthom in 1989. Throughout the 1990s, the company expanded its holdings in the rail sector, via the acquisition of German rolling stock manufacturer [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] and Italian rail signalling specialist Sasib Railways. In 1998, GEC Alsthom was floated on the [[Euronext Paris|Paris Stock Exchange]] and, later that year, it was rebranded Alstom. | A merger with parts of the [[General Electric Company]] (UK) formed GEC Alsthom in 1989. Throughout the 1990s, the company expanded its holdings in the rail sector, via the acquisition of German rolling stock manufacturer [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] and Italian rail signalling specialist Sasib Railways. In 1998, GEC Alsthom was floated on the [[Euronext Paris|Paris Stock Exchange]] and, later that year, it was rebranded Alstom. |
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| 2022-12-13T15:20:53Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 101: | Line 101: | | | * {{citation| language = fr| url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120406005066/fr/%7C title = Alstom confirme l'implantation de 4 usines à Cherbourg et Saint-Nazaire pour livrer son éolienne Haliade 150 au consortium EDF EN| date = 6 April 2012| work = www.businesswire.com| publisher = Alstom}}</ref> | * {{citation| language = fr| url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120406005066/fr/%7C title = Alstom confirme l'implantation de 4 usines à Cherbourg et Saint-Nazaire pour livrer son éolienne Haliade 150 au consortium EDF EN| date = 6 April 2012| work = www.businesswire.com| publisher = Alstom}}</ref> | | |
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| In November 2013, Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1,300 jobs.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zqRbgQVc |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/NoIbd |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title = Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets| first = Michael |last = Stothard | date = 6 November 2013| work = www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342%7Ctitle = Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales| first = Init| last = Landauro| date = 6 November 2013| work = online.wsj.com}}</ref> In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to [[Triton Partners]] for €730 million. | In November 2013, Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1,300 jobs.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zqRbgQVc |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/NoIbd |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title = Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets| first = Michael |last = Stothard | date = 6 November 2013| work = www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342%7Ctitle = Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales| first = Init| last = Landauro| date = 6 November 2013| work = online.wsj.com}}</ref> In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to [[Triton Partners]] for €730 million. |
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| 2022-12-13T15:19:15Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 101: | Line 101: | | | * {{citation| language = fr| url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120406005066/fr/%7C title = Alstom confirme l'implantation de 4 usines à Cherbourg et Saint-Nazaire pour livrer son éolienne Haliade 150 au consortium EDF EN| date = 6 April 2012| work = www.businesswire.com| publisher = Alstom}}</ref> | * {{citation| language = fr| url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120406005066/fr/%7C title = Alstom confirme l'implantation de 4 usines à Cherbourg et Saint-Nazaire pour livrer son éolienne Haliade 150 au consortium EDF EN| date = 6 April 2012| work = www.businesswire.com| publisher = Alstom}}</ref> | | |
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| In November 2013, Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1,300 jobs.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zqRbgQVc |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/NoIbd |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title = Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets| first = Michael |last = Stothard | date = 6 November 2013| work = www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342%7Ctitle = Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales| first = Init| last = Landauro| date = 6 November 2013| work = online.wsj.com}}</ref> In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to [[Triton Partners]] for €730 million. | In November 2013, Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1,300 jobs.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zqRbgQVc |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/NoIbd |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title = Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets| first = Michael |last = Stothard | date = 6 November 2013| work = www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342%7Ctitle = Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales| first = Init| last = Landauro| date = 6 November 2013| work = online.wsj.com}}</ref> In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to [[Triton Partners]] for €730 million. |
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| 2022-12-13T15:12:43Z |
Alstom |
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| In 2012 Alstom opened construction of factories at [[Sorel-Tracy]], Quebec, Canada (passenger rail vehicles).<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.soreltracyregion.net/actualite/page/actualite/article/e/13302%7C title = Il réalise son engagement électoral le plus audacieux" Un jour pas si lointain, des bogies construits à Sorel-Tracy équiperont des rames de métro partout au Canada et aux Etats-Unis " – Sylvain Simard|first= Sylvain |last=Rochon| work = www.soreltracyregion.net|date = 20 May 2012}}</ref> After a consortium of Alstom ([[Alstom Wind]]), [[Électricité de France|EDF]], and [[DONG Energy]] was awarded three major French offshore wind farm contracts, the company initiated construction of factories at [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]] (turbine blades in association with [[LM Wind Power|LM Power]], also wind turbine towers) and [[Saint-Nazaire]] (Nacelles and generators).<ref>Sources: | In 2012 , Alstom opened construction of factories at [[Sorel-Tracy]], Quebec, Canada (passenger rail vehicles).<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.soreltracyregion.net/actualite/page/actualite/article/e/13302%7C title = Il réalise son engagement électoral le plus audacieux" Un jour pas si lointain, des bogies construits à Sorel-Tracy équiperont des rames de métro partout au Canada et aux Etats-Unis " – Sylvain Simard|first= Sylvain |last=Rochon| work = www.soreltracyregion.net|date = 20 May 2012}}</ref> After a consortium of Alstom ([[Alstom Wind]]), [[Électricité de France|EDF]], and [[DONG Energy]] was awarded three major French offshore wind farm contracts, the company initiated construction of factories at [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]] (turbine blades in association with [[LM Wind Power|LM Power]], also wind turbine towers) and [[Saint-Nazaire]] (Nacelles and generators).<ref>Sources: | | | | |
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| 2022-12-13T15:11:01Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 125: | Line 125: | On 5 May 2014, the French government stated it did not back GE's bid, citing concerns on the future of Alstom's rail division as a smaller separate entity, suggesting that GE transfer its own rail division to Alstom; other concerns were over the civil nuclear field's national independence, and French jobs.<ref>{{citation| url = https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/france-says-it-opposes-g-e-s-bit-for-alstom-unit/%7C title = France Says It Opposes G.E.'s Bid for Alstom Unit| first = David| last = Jolly| date = 5 May 2014| work = dealbook.nytimes.com}}</ref> On 14 May, France issued a decree ( Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014.{{refn|The decree was an amendment to the [[:fr:Code monétaire et financier|Code monétaire et financier (French)]], extending powers given by Decree No. 2005-1739 (30 December 2005);<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006053051&dateTexte=20091028%7C title =Décret n°2005-1739 du 30 décembre 2005 réglementant les relations financières avec l'étranger et portant application de l'article L. 151-3 du code monétaire et financier| date = 31 December 2005|language = fr| work = www.legifrance.gouv.fr}}</ref> the Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028933611%7C title = Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers soumis à autorisation préalable | date = 16 May 2014|work = www.legifrance.gouv.fr|language = fr}}</ref> was nicknamed the " décret Alstom", or the " décret Montebourg".<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/05/16/au-fait-c-est-quoi-ce-decret-sur-les-investissements-strategiques_4419342_4355770.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=2%7C title = Au fait, c'est quoi ce décret sur les " investissements stratégiques " ?| work = www.lemonde.fr| date = 16 May 2014| language =fr}}</ref> [[Arnaud Montebourg]] stated that the decree protected France's strategic interests and was the end of [[laissez-faire]] economic policy.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/05/15/arnaud-montebourg-le-decret-sur-les-entreprises-c-est-du-laisser-faire_4419368_823448.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=9%7C title = Montebourg : " Le décret sur les entreprises, c'est la fin du laisser-faire "| date = 15 May 2014|first1=David Revault| last1 = d'Allonnes |first2= Cedric|last2= Pietralunga| language = fr| work = www.lemonde.fr| quote = Le choix que nous avons fait, avec le premier ministre, est un choix de patriotisme économique. Ces mesures de protection des intérêts stratégiques de la France sont une reconquête de notre puissance. C'est la fin du laisser-faire}}</ref>|group="note"}}), nicknamed " décret Alstom", extending to power of the state to veto the takeover of "strategic interests" into areas of energy supply, water, transport, telecoms and public health.<ref name=bs15 /><ref name="r15may" /> Both the French employer organisation [[MEDEF]] and the [[European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services]] ([[Michel Barnier]]) responded negatively to the decree.<ref name=bs15>{{citation| url = http://www.boursier.com/actualites/economie/decret-alstom-une-mauvaise-idee-pour-gattaz-la-commission-europeenne-attentive-23966.html | title = Décret Alstom : une "mauvaise idée" pour Gattaz, la Commission européenne attentive| date = 15 May 2014| work =www.boursier.com|language = fr}}</ref><ref name="r15may">{{citation| url= https://www.reuters.com/article/france-takeovers-idUKL1N0O02AC20140515%7C title = France grabs for power over Alstom future with new takeover law (update 5)| date = 15 May 2014| work = www.reuters.com}}</ref> | On 5 May 2014, the French government stated it did not back GE's bid, citing concerns on the future of Alstom's rail division as a smaller separate entity, suggesting that GE transfer its own rail division to Alstom; other concerns were over the civil nuclear field's national independence, and French jobs.<ref>{{citation| url = https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/france-says-it-opposes-g-e-s-bit-for-alstom-unit/%7C title = France Says It Opposes G.E.'s Bid for Alstom Unit| first = David| last = Jolly| date = 5 May 2014| work = dealbook.nytimes.com}}</ref> On 14 May, France issued a decree ( Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014.{{refn|The decree was an amendment to the [[:fr:Code monétaire et financier|Code monétaire et financier (French)]], extending powers given by Decree No. 2005-1739 (30 December 2005);<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006053051&dateTexte=20091028%7C title =Décret n°2005-1739 du 30 décembre 2005 réglementant les relations financières avec l'étranger et portant application de l'article L. 151-3 du code monétaire et financier| date = 31 December 2005|language = fr| work = www.legifrance.gouv.fr}}</ref> the Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028933611%7C title = Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers soumis à autorisation préalable | date = 16 May 2014|work = www.legifrance.gouv.fr|language = fr}}</ref> was nicknamed the " décret Alstom", or the " décret Montebourg".<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/05/16/au-fait-c-est-quoi-ce-decret-sur-les-investissements-strategiques_4419342_4355770.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=2%7C title = Au fait, c'est quoi ce décret sur les " investissements stratégiques " ?| work = www.lemonde.fr| date = 16 May 2014| language =fr}}</ref> [[Arnaud Montebourg]] stated that the decree protected France's strategic interests and was the end of [[laissez-faire]] economic policy.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/05/15/arnaud-montebourg-le-decret-sur-les-entreprises-c-est-du-laisser-faire_4419368_823448.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=9%7C title = Montebourg : " Le décret sur les entreprises, c'est la fin du laisser-faire "| date = 15 May 2014|first1=David Revault| last1 = d'Allonnes |first2= Cedric|last2= Pietralunga| language = fr| work = www.lemonde.fr| quote = Le choix que nous avons fait, avec le premier ministre, est un choix de patriotisme économique. Ces mesures de protection des intérêts stratégiques de la France sont une reconquête de notre puissance. C'est la fin du laisser-faire}}</ref>|group="note"}}), nicknamed " décret Alstom", extending to power of the state to veto the takeover of "strategic interests" into areas of energy supply, water, transport, telecoms and public health.<ref name=bs15 /><ref name="r15may" /> Both the French employer organisation [[MEDEF]] and the [[European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services]] ([[Michel Barnier]]) responded negatively to the decree.<ref name=bs15>{{citation| url = http://www.boursier.com/actualites/economie/decret-alstom-une-mauvaise-idee-pour-gattaz-la-commission-europeenne-attentive-23966.html | title = Décret Alstom : une "mauvaise idée" pour Gattaz, la Commission européenne attentive| date = 15 May 2014| work =www.boursier.com|language = fr}}</ref><ref name="r15may">{{citation| url= https://www.reuters.com/article/france-takeovers-idUKL1N0O02AC20140515%7C title = France grabs for power over Alstom future with new takeover law (update 5)| date = 15 May 2014| work = www.reuters.com}}</ref> |
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| On 16 June Siemens and [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] (MHI) submitted a competing offer for Siemens to acquire Alstom's gas turbine activities for €3.9 billion while MHI would form joint ventures with Alstom, acquiring 40%, 20% and 20% stakes in Alstom's steam and nuclear, electrical grid, and [[hydroelectric]] businesses respectively, for €3.1 billion. The proposal included an offer to buy a further 10% stake from shareholder [[Bouygues]] and an option to form a rail transport joint venture.<ref>{{citation| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27869762%7C title = Siemens and Mitsubishi launch Alstom gas bid | date =16 June 2014| work = BBC News}}</ref> On 19 June, GE revised its bid, matching the same price with a lower cash transaction value; it also proposed forming a joint venture of their renewable, electric grid, steam turbine and nuclear power businesses. GE announced a memorandum of understanding between the two firms in the rail sector and the sale of GE's rail signalling unit to Alstom.<ref>{{citation| url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-19/ge-offers-rail-signaling-to-alstom-to-win-deal-backing.html%7C title = GE reshapes Alstom offer to appease France| first1=Natalie| last1 = Huet| first2 = Benjamin| last2 = Mallet| date = 19 June 2014| work = www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> On 20 June, Siemens and MHI modified their bid, with MHI increasing its stake in Alstom's steam, hydro, and grid businesses to 40% in all three (total €3.9 billion) while Siemens increased its offer by €400 million to €4.3 billion. Subsequently, Economy minister [[Arnaud Montebourg]] stated he would block both bids, but the French government backed GE's offer and had given GE more specifications on commitments and guarantees; it also intended to buy two-thirds of Bouygues' shareholding (20%).<ref>Sources: | On 16 June , Siemens and [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] (MHI) submitted a competing offer for Siemens to acquire Alstom's gas turbine activities for €3.9 billion while MHI would form joint ventures with Alstom, acquiring 40%, 20% and 20% stakes in Alstom's steam and nuclear, electrical grid, and [[hydroelectric]] businesses respectively, for €3.1 billion. The proposal included an offer to buy a further 10% stake from shareholder [[Bouygues]] and an option to form a rail transport joint venture.<ref>{{citation| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27869762%7C title = Siemens and Mitsubishi launch Alstom gas bid | date =16 June 2014| work = BBC News}}</ref> On 19 June, GE revised its bid, matching the same price with a lower cash transaction value; it also proposed forming a joint venture of their renewable, electric grid, steam turbine and nuclear power businesses. GE announced a memorandum of understanding between the two firms in the rail sector and the sale of GE's rail signalling unit to Alstom.<ref>{{citation| url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-19/ge-offers-rail-signaling-to-alstom-to-win-deal-backing.html%7C title = GE reshapes Alstom offer to appease France| first1=Natalie| last1 = Huet| first2 = Benjamin| last2 = Mallet| date = 19 June 2014| work = www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> On 20 June, Siemens and MHI modified their bid, with MHI increasing its stake in Alstom's steam, hydro, and grid businesses to 40% in all three (total €3.9 billion) while Siemens increased its offer by €400 million to €4.3 billion. Subsequently, Economy minister [[Arnaud Montebourg]] stated he would block both bids, but the French government backed GE's offer and had given GE more specifications on commitments and guarantees; it also intended to buy two-thirds of Bouygues' shareholding (20%).<ref>Sources: | | | | |
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| 2022-12-13T15:09:02Z |
Alstom |
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| === Alstom (1999–2014) === | === Alstom (1999–2014) === | In 1999, Alstom bought half of [[ABB Group|ABB's]] power systems division, forming a 50-50 joint company known as ABB Alstom Power. Alstom also bought Canada's Télécité,{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} a passenger information and security solutions company, and sold its heavy-duty gas turbine business to [[General Electric]] The next year, it bought out ABB's share in ABB Alstom Power.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tdworld.com/mag/power_abb_sell_stake/%7Ctitle=ABB to Sell Stake in ABB Alstom Power|date=1 May 2000|publisher=Transmission & Distribution World|work=tdworld.com}}</ref> | In 1999, Alstom bought half of [[ABB Group|ABB's]] power systems division, forming a 50-50 joint company known as ABB Alstom Power. Alstom also bought Canada's Télécité,{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} a passenger information and security solutions company, and sold its heavy-duty gas turbine business to [[General Electric]] . The next year, it bought out ABB's share in ABB Alstom Power.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tdworld.com/mag/power_abb_sell_stake/%7Ctitle=ABB to Sell Stake in ABB Alstom Power|date=1 May 2000|publisher=Transmission & Distribution World|work=tdworld.com}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-13T15:04:29Z |
Alstom |
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| Initially the acquisition was expected to be finalised by early 2015.<ref name="sh2" /> In early 2015, the [[European Commissioner for Competition|EU Competition Commission]] began examining the deal.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/alstom-ma-general-electric-eu-idUSL5N0VX3IY20150223%7C title = EU watchdog to examine GE's $14 bln Alstom deal more closely (UPDATE 2)| work =www.reuters.com| date = 23 February 2015}}</ref> Both EU and US competition regulators approved the deal by September 2015, subject to the divestiture of Alstom's large and very large gas turbine (GT26 and GT36 models) manufacturing and service business; and its GE7FA gas turbine aftermarket parts subsidiary business, Power Systems Mfg. LLC (PSM), to another company, [[Ansaldo Energia]].<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-08/ge-wins-eu-approval-for-alstom-deal-after-asset-sales-pledge-iebfcatb%7C title = GE Wins Approval for Alstom Deal After Asset-Sales Pledge | first = Gaspard| last = Sebag| date = 8 September 2015| work = www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> | Initially , the acquisition was expected to be finalised by early 2015.<ref name="sh2" /> In early 2015, the [[European Commissioner for Competition|EU Competition Commission]] began examining the deal.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/alstom-ma-general-electric-eu-idUSL5N0VX3IY20150223%7C title = EU watchdog to examine GE's $14 bln Alstom deal more closely (UPDATE 2)| work =www.reuters.com| date = 23 February 2015}}</ref> Both EU and US competition regulators approved the deal by September 2015, subject to the divestiture of Alstom's large and very large gas turbine (GT26 and GT36 models) manufacturing and service business; and its GE7FA gas turbine aftermarket parts subsidiary business, Power Systems Mfg. LLC (PSM), to another company, [[Ansaldo Energia]].<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-08/ge-wins-eu-approval-for-alstom-deal-after-asset-sales-pledge-iebfcatb%7C title = GE Wins Approval for Alstom Deal After Asset-Sales Pledge | first = Gaspard| last = Sebag| date = 8 September 2015| work = www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> |
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| The sale of Alstrom's energy division to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015; the final valuation being €12.4 billion, of which €9.7 billion was transferred to Alstom, the remainder being reinvested in GE/Alstom joint ventures plus other corrections. The acquired businesses were reorganised within GE's existing power generation business ( GE Power & Water) as [[GE Power]]. The remainder of Alstom Group, including GE Signalling (acquired via a €700 million deal), refocused on rail transport. Due to the acquisition, GE accrued $17.3bn of goodwill, consisting of Alstom's negative book value of $7.2bn at the time of acquisition and the $10.1bn purchase price. In October 2018, GE wrote-off $23bn from the value of its power industry division, largely attributed to the Alstom purchase.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/the-acquisition-of-ges-signalling-consolidates-alstoms-worldwide-position/%7Ctitle=The acquisition of GE's signalling consolidates Alstom's worldwide position|newspaper=Railway PRO|date=2 November 2015|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> | The sale of Alstrom's energy division to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015; the final valuation being €12.4 billion, of which €9.7 billion was transferred to Alstom, the remainder being reinvested in GE/Alstom joint ventures plus other corrections. The acquired businesses were reorganised within GE's existing power generation business ( GE Power & Water) as [[GE Power]]. The remainder of Alstom Group, including GE Signalling (acquired via a €700 million deal), refocused on rail transport. Due to the acquisition, GE accrued $17.3bn of goodwill, consisting of Alstom's negative book value of $7.2bn at the time of acquisition and the $10.1bn purchase price. In October 2018, GE wrote-off $23bn from the value of its power industry division, largely attributed to the Alstom purchase.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/the-acquisition-of-ges-signalling-consolidates-alstoms-worldwide-position/%7Ctitle=The acquisition of GE's signalling consolidates Alstom's worldwide position|newspaper=Railway PRO|date=2 November 2015|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-11T15:01:42Z |
Alstom |
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| ==== Acquisition of Bombardier Transportation ==== | ==== Acquisition of Bombardier Transportation ==== | In mid-February 2020, Alstom announced that it had signed a Memorandum of Agreement to buy [[Bombardier Transportation]], the multinational train maker headquartered in [[Berlin]], Germany for between €5.8 billion and €6.2 billion. The deal requires the approval by Alstom shareholders at a meeting to be held in October 2020 and approval by European regulators. Bombardier's major shareholder, [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]], had already agreed to the sale.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bombardier-sells-train-making-division-to-french-multinational-alstom-1.5466643 |title=Bombardier sells train-making division to French multinational Alstom |date=17 February 2020 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=18 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Awards-contracts-appointments/alstom-to-take-over-bombardier |title=Alstom to take over Bombardier |date=18 February 2020 |publisher=Rail Technology |access-date=18 February 2020 }}{{dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | In mid-February 2020, Alstom announced that it had signed a Memorandum of Agreement to buy [[Bombardier Transportation]], the multinational train maker headquartered in [[Berlin]], Germany for between €5.8 billion and €6.2 billion. The deal required the approval by Alstom shareholders at a meeting to be held in October 2020 and approval by European regulators. Bombardier's major shareholder, [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]], had already agreed to the sale.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bombardier-sells-train-making-division-to-french-multinational-alstom-1.5466643 |title=Bombardier sells train-making division to French multinational Alstom |date=17 February 2020 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=18 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Awards-contracts-appointments/alstom-to-take-over-bombardier |title=Alstom to take over Bombardier |date=18 February 2020 |publisher=Rail Technology |access-date=18 February 2020 }}{{dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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| In July 2020, it was announced that the [[European Union|EU]] competition authorities have approved the purchase deal. In order to finish the deal, Alstom will need to sell the [[Alstom DDF]] factory based in [[France]], a regional train division, a Bombardier facility in Germany, and a Bombardier trains division. Apart from that, the company will also need to carry out different guarantees and pass on some of Bombardier's assets.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.ft.com/content/e1ef9d6f-a0cd-4c9b-a13e-525a728758ca |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e1ef9d6f-a0cd-4c9b-a13e-525a728758ca |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= EU approves Alstom-Bombardier deal to create train-making giant |work=Financial Times|last1=Keohane|first1=David|last2=Espinoza|first2=Javier|date=31 July 2020|access-date=31 July 2020|location=Brussels}}</ref> | In July 2020, it was announced that the [[European Union|EU]] competition authorities have approved the purchase deal. In order to finish the deal, Alstom will need to sell the [[Alstom DDF]] factory based in [[France]], a regional train division, a Bombardier facility in Germany, and a Bombardier trains division. Apart from that, the company will also need to carry out different guarantees and pass on some of Bombardier's assets.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.ft.com/content/e1ef9d6f-a0cd-4c9b-a13e-525a728758ca |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e1ef9d6f-a0cd-4c9b-a13e-525a728758ca |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= EU approves Alstom-Bombardier deal to create train-making giant |work=Financial Times|last1=Keohane|first1=David|last2=Espinoza|first2=Javier|date=31 July 2020|access-date=31 July 2020|location=Brussels}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-11T14:51:28Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 104: | Line 104: | Acquisition of Ensto Building systems division of [[Ensto]], a private electrification, lighting and EV charging manufacturer based in [[Finland]]. | Acquisition of Ensto Building systems division of [[Ensto]], a private electrification, lighting and EV charging manufacturer based in [[Finland]]. | | |
| | == Products and Services == | | | |
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| | === IoT and Home Automation === | | | |
| | === Computing and Data Center === | | | |
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| == Stock market == | == Stock market == | | Line 140: | Line 127: |
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| | == Products and Services == | | | |
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| | === IoT and Home Automation === | | | |
| | === Computing and Data Center === | | | |
| | == Head office and Factories == | | | |
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| == See also == | == See also == |
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| 2022-12-11T14:30:00Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 44: | Line 44: | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} |
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| In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie rapidly grew, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity of manufacturing weapons with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> | In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie rapidly grew, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> In 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity of manufacturing weapons with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> |
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| ===1963-1999=== | ===1963-1999=== |
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| 2022-12-11T14:08:20Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 44: | Line 44: | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} |
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| In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie rapidly grew, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity of weapons manufacturer with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> | In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie rapidly grew, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity of manufacturing weapons with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> |
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| ===1963-1999=== | ===1963-1999=== |
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| 2022-12-11T14:07:45Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 44: | Line 44: | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} |
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| In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie rapidly grew, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity as weapons manufacturer with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> | In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie rapidly grew, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity of weapons manufacturer with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> |
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| ===1963-1999=== | ===1963-1999=== |
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| 2022-12-11T14:05:50Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 44: | Line 44: | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} |
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| In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie grew rapidly, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity as weapons manufacturer with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> | In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]]. Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie rapidly grew, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity as weapons manufacturer with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> |
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| ===1963-1999=== | ===1963-1999=== |
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| 2022-12-11T13:42:56Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 127: | Line 127: | * 2008: End of the shareholder pact between KKR and Wendel Investissement. Rumours of a possible takeover of Legrand by a competitor (Siemens, ABB or General Electric) abound. In April 2008, KKR and Wendel Investissement decide to renew their shareholder pact until 2012. | * 2008: End of the shareholder pact between KKR and Wendel Investissement. Rumours of a possible takeover of Legrand by a competitor (Siemens, ABB or General Electric) abound. In April 2008, KKR and Wendel Investissement decide to renew their shareholder pact until 2012. |
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| == Management == | == Corporate Affairs == | |
| | === Corporate governance === | |
| | ==== The Latest CEO ==== | * {{ill|François Grappotte|fr}} (born in 1936 in [[Reims]]): CEO from 1983 to 2006, honorary chairman of the board of directors since 2006. | * {{ill|François Grappotte|fr}} (born in 1936 in [[Reims]]): CEO from 1983 to 2006, honorary chairman of the board of directors since 2006. | | * In 2007, Legrand appoints [[Thierry de La Tour d'Artaise]], [[CEO]] of [[Groupe SEB]], and [[Gérard Lamarche]], CFO of [[Suez (company, 1997–2008)|Groupe Suez]], to its board of directors. | * [[Gilles Schnepp]] (born in 1958 in [[Lyon]]): CEO between 2006 and 2018, joined the company in 1989, with a degree in business studies, ex vice-president of the American merchant bank [[Merrill (company)|Merrill Lynch]] France. He joined [[Groupe PSA]] as Vice-Chairman in 2019. | * [[Gilles Schnepp]] (born in 1958 in [[Lyon]]): President and CEO between 2006 and 2018, and then president until 2020, joined the company in 1989, with a degree in business, ex vice-president of the American merchant bank [[Merrill (company)|Merrill Lynch]] France. He joined [[Groupe PSA]] as Vice-Chairman in 2019. | * Benoît Coquart (born 1973), general director since February 2018, joined the company in 1997, member of the board of directors since 2010. | * Benoît Coquart (born 1973), general director since February 2018, joined the company in 1997, member of the board of directors since 2010. | |
| | ==== President ==== | |
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| == See also == | == See also == |
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| 2022-12-11T13:18:35Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| === | === IoT and Home Automation === | | |
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| === | === Computing and Data Center === | | |
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Legrand (company) |
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| | == Products and Services == | | | |
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| | === IoT and Home Automation === | | | |
| | === Computing and Data Center === | | | |
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| === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | | Line 117: | Line 104: | Acquisition of Ensto Building systems division of [[Ensto]], a private electrification, lighting and EV charging manufacturer based in [[Finland]]. | Acquisition of Ensto Building systems division of [[Ensto]], a private electrification, lighting and EV charging manufacturer based in [[Finland]]. | | | |
| | == Products and Services == | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | === IoT and Home Automation === | | | |
| | === Computing and Data Center === | | |
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| == Stock market == | == Stock market == |
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| 2022-12-09T18:07:19Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| == History == | == History == | | Line 41: | Line 41: |
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| == Products and Services == | == Products and Services == | | | |
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| | === IoT and Home Automation === | | | |
| | === Computing and Data Center === | | |
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| === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === |
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| 2022-12-09T17:14:20Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| == History == | == History == |
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| 2022-12-09T17:12:18Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === |
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| 2022-12-09T16:58:36Z |
Alstom |
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| === Sell-off to General Electric === | === Sell-off to General Electric === |
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| 2022-12-09T16:56:14Z |
Alstom |
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| 2022-12-09T16:53:48Z |
Alstom |
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| In 2012 Alstom opened construction of factories at [[Sorel-Tracy]], Quebec, Canada (passenger rail vehicles).<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.soreltracyregion.net/actualite/page/actualite/article/e/13302%7C title = Il réalise son engagement électoral le plus audacieux" Un jour pas si lointain, des bogies construits à Sorel-Tracy équiperont des rames de métro partout au Canada et aux Etats-Unis " – Sylvain Simard|first= Sylvain |last=Rochon| work = www.soreltracyregion.net|date = 20 May 2012}}</ref> After a consortium of Alstom ([[Alstom Wind]]), [[Électricité de France|EDF]], and [[DONG Energy]] was awarded three major French offshore wind farm contracts, the company initiated construction of factories at [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]] (turbine blades in association with [[LM Wind Power|LM Power]], also wind turbine towers) and [[Saint-Nazaire]] (Nacelles and generators).<ref>Sources: | In 2012 Alstom opened construction of factories at [[Sorel-Tracy]], Quebec, Canada (passenger rail vehicles).<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.soreltracyregion.net/actualite/page/actualite/article/e/13302%7C title = Il réalise son engagement électoral le plus audacieux" Un jour pas si lointain, des bogies construits à Sorel-Tracy équiperont des rames de métro partout au Canada et aux Etats-Unis " – Sylvain Simard|first= Sylvain |last=Rochon| work = www.soreltracyregion.net|date = 20 May 2012}}</ref> After a consortium of Alstom ([[Alstom Wind]]), [[Électricité de France|EDF]], and [[DONG Energy]] was awarded three major French offshore wind farm contracts, the company initiated construction of factories at [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]] (turbine blades in association with [[LM Wind Power|LM Power]], also wind turbine towers) and [[Saint-Nazaire]] (Nacelles and generators).<ref>Sources: |
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| 2022-12-09T16:51:48Z |
Alstom |
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| 2022-12-09T16:49:00Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 90: | Line 90: | In 2007, the TGV POS set the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles|world speed record for rail vehicles]] of {{convert|574.8|km/h|mi/h}}. In March, Alstom acquired Power Systems Manufacturing LLC ([[Florida]], USA) a manufacturer of gas turbine components from [[Calpine Corporation]] for $242 million.<ref>{{citation| page = 8|title = Annual Report 2006/7| publisher = Alstom| url = http://www.alstom.com/Global/Group/Resources/Documents/Investors%20document/AR%2007.pdf}}</ref> In June, Alstom acquired the Spanish wind turbine manufacturer Ecotècnia, renamed as [[Alstom Ecotècnia]] (since 2010 [[Alstom Wind]]). The company also adopted a new graphic chart (logo, corporate identity) using "alstom" as its trading name, reserving "Alstom SA" for legal documents. | In 2007, the TGV POS set the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles|world speed record for rail vehicles]] of {{convert|574.8|km/h|mi/h}}. In March, Alstom acquired Power Systems Manufacturing LLC ([[Florida]], USA) a manufacturer of gas turbine components from [[Calpine Corporation]] for $242 million.<ref>{{citation| page = 8|title = Annual Report 2006/7| publisher = Alstom| url = http://www.alstom.com/Global/Group/Resources/Documents/Investors%20document/AR%2007.pdf}}</ref> In June, Alstom acquired the Spanish wind turbine manufacturer Ecotècnia, renamed as [[Alstom Ecotècnia]] (since 2010 [[Alstom Wind]]). The company also adopted a new graphic chart (logo, corporate identity) using "alstom" as its trading name, reserving "Alstom SA" for legal documents. |
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| 2022-12-09T16:38:12Z |
Alstom |
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| In November 2013 Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1,300 jobs.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zqRbgQVc%7C title = Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets| first = Michael |last = Stothard | date = 6 November 2013| work = www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342%7Ctitle = Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales| first = Init| last = Landauro| date = 6 November 2013| work = online.wsj.com}}</ref> In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to [[Triton Partners]] for €730 million. | In November 2013 , Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1,300 jobs.<ref>{{citation| url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zqRbgQVc%7C title = Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets| first = Michael |last = Stothard | date = 6 November 2013| work = www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342%7Ctitle = Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales| first = Init| last = Landauro| date = 6 November 2013| work = online.wsj.com}}</ref> In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to [[Triton Partners]] for €730 million. |
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| 2022-12-09T16:35:49Z |
Alstom |
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| In December 2018, three executives of Alstom were found guilty of conspiracy to corrupt following an investigation by the [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)|Serious Fraud Office]] into allegations of several [[Lithuania]]n politicians and officials being offered [[bribe]]s in return for securing contracts.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/dec/19/alstom-executives-found-guilty-of-conspiracy-to-corrupt |title=Three Alstom executives guilty of conspiracy to corrupt |first=David |last=Pegg |date=19 December 2018 |website=Theguardian.com}}</ref> | In December 2018, three executives of Alstom were found guilty of conspiracy to corrupt following an investigation by the [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)|Serious Fraud Office]] into allegations of several [[Lithuania]]n politicians and officials being offered [[bribe]]s in return for securing contracts.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/dec/19/alstom-executives-found-guilty-of-conspiracy-to-corrupt |title=Three Alstom executives guilty of conspiracy to corrupt |first=David |last=Pegg |date=19 December 2018 |website=Theguardian.com}}</ref> |
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| 2022-12-09T16:25:27Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 43: | Line 43: | In 2004, Alstom was again in financial difficulties, having incurred massive unexpected costs (€4 billion) arising from a design flaw inherited from the acquisition of [[ABB Group]]'s turbine business, in addition to losses in other business sectors. | In 2004, Alstom was again in financial difficulties, having incurred massive unexpected costs (€4 billion) arising from a design flaw inherited from the acquisition of [[ABB Group]]'s turbine business, in addition to losses in other business sectors. |
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| In 2014, Alstom and [[General Electric]] (GE) announced that a US$17 billion (€12.4 billion) bid for Alstom's power and [[power grid|grid]] divisions had been made and provisionally accepted. Amid controversy in France over the proposed takeover of strategic domestic interest by a foreign company, GE's bid was modified to include joint ventures in power generation and transmission, as well as GE's rail signalling business being sold to Alstom. The acquisition of the power and grid division by GE was accepted by EU and US competition authorities in 2015, subject to Alstom's heavy gas turbine business being sold to [[Ansaldo Energia]]. The sale of Alstom's power generation and transmission businesses to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015, since then, the Alstom Group has operated solely in the rail sector. | In 2014, Alstom and [[General Electric]] (GE) announced that a US$17 billion (€12.4 billion) bid for Alstom's power and [[power grid|grid]] divisions had been made and provisionally accepted. Amid controversy in France over the proposed takeover of strategic domestic interest by a foreign company, GE's bid was modified to include joint ventures in power generation and transmission, as well as GE's rail signalling business being sold to Alstom. The acquisition of the power and grid division by GE was accepted by EU and US competition authorities in 2015, subject to Alstom's heavy gas turbine business being sold to [[Ansaldo Energia]]. The sale of Alstom's power generation and transmission businesses to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015, since then, the Alstom Group has been operating solely in the rail sector. |
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| In late 2017, Alstom announced [[#Attempted merger with Siemens Mobility|a proposed merger]] with [[Siemens Mobility]] of Germany. However, in February 2019, the [[European Commission]] prohibited the merger. Subsequently, in February 2020, the company signed a letter of agreement to purchase [[Bombardier Transportation]]. The purchase was finalized on 29 January 2021 and [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]'s Transportation business became a part of Alstom. | In late 2017, Alstom announced [[#Attempted merger with Siemens Mobility|a proposed merger]] with [[Siemens Mobility]] of Germany. However, in February 2019, the [[European Commission]] prohibited the merger. Subsequently, in February 2020, the company signed a letter of agreement to purchase [[Bombardier Transportation]]. The purchase was finalized on 29 January 2021 and [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]'s Transportation business became a part of Alstom. |
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| 2022-12-09T16:22:34Z |
Alstom |
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| | | Line 43: | Line 43: | In 2004, Alstom was again in financial difficulties, having incurred massive unexpected costs (€4 billion) arising from a design flaw inherited from the acquisition of [[ABB Group]]'s turbine business, in addition to losses in other business sectors. | In 2004, Alstom was again in financial difficulties, having incurred massive unexpected costs (€4 billion) arising from a design flaw inherited from the acquisition of [[ABB Group]]'s turbine business, in addition to losses in other business sectors. |
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| In 2014, Alstom and [[General Electric]] (GE) announced that a US$17 billion (€12.4 billion) bid for Alstom's power and [[power grid|grid]] divisions had been made and provisionally accepted. Amid controversy in France over the proposed takeover of strategic domestic interest by a foreign company, GE's bid was modified to include joint ventures in power generation and transmission, as well as GE's rail signalling business being sold to Alstom. The acquisition of the power and grid division by GE was accepted by EU and US competition authorities in 2015, subject to Alstom's heavy gas turbine business being sold to [[Ansaldo Energia]]. The sale of Alstom's power generation and transmission businesses to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015, since that time the Alstom Group has operated solely in the rail sector. | In 2014, Alstom and [[General Electric]] (GE) announced that a US$17 billion (€12.4 billion) bid for Alstom's power and [[power grid|grid]] divisions had been made and provisionally accepted. Amid controversy in France over the proposed takeover of strategic domestic interest by a foreign company, GE's bid was modified to include joint ventures in power generation and transmission, as well as GE's rail signalling business being sold to Alstom. The acquisition of the power and grid division by GE was accepted by EU and US competition authorities in 2015, subject to Alstom's heavy gas turbine business being sold to [[Ansaldo Energia]]. The sale of Alstom's power generation and transmission businesses to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015, since then, the Alstom Group has operated solely in the rail sector. |
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| In late 2017, Alstom announced [[#Attempted merger with Siemens Mobility|a proposed merger]] with [[Siemens Mobility]] of Germany. However, in February 2019, the [[European Commission]] prohibited the merger. Subsequently, in February 2020, the company signed a letter of agreement to purchase [[Bombardier Transportation]]. The purchase was finalized on 29 January 2021 and [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]'s Transportation business became a part of Alstom. | In late 2017, Alstom announced [[#Attempted merger with Siemens Mobility|a proposed merger]] with [[Siemens Mobility]] of Germany. However, in February 2019, the [[European Commission]] prohibited the merger. Subsequently, in February 2020, the company signed a letter of agreement to purchase [[Bombardier Transportation]]. The purchase was finalized on 29 January 2021 and [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]'s Transportation business became a part of Alstom. |
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| 2022-12-09T15:39:21Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 42: | Line 42: | === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | === Internationalization in the second half of the 20th century === | 1966: First subsidiary outside France established in [[Belgium]]. | 1966: First subsidiary outside France established in [[Belgium]]. | |
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| 1977: Development outside Europe with the takeover of Pial in [[Brazil]]. | 1977: Development outside Europe with the takeover of Pial in [[Brazil]]. |
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| 2022-12-09T14:20:12Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| ==Head office== | ==Head office== | Schneider Electric has had its head office in the Trianon site in [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal information |url= https://www.se.com/ww/en/about-us/legal/legal-information.jsp |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=se.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The current headquarters, also located in Rueil-Malmaison, previously housed Schneider subsidiary Télémécanique<ref name=":0"/> while the parent company occupied a site in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jobs at |url= https://www.theladders.com/company/schneider-electric-jobs |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.theladders.com |language=en}}</ref> | Schneider Electric has had its head office in the Trianon site in [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal information |url= https://www.se.com/ww/en/about-us/legal/legal-information.jsp |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=se.com |language=en-US}}</ref> While the current headquarters, also located in Rueil-Malmaison, previously housed Schneider subsidiary Télémécanique<ref name=":0"/> , the parent company occupied a site in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jobs at |url= https://www.theladders.com/company/schneider-electric-jobs |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.theladders.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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| ==History== | ==History== |
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| 2022-12-09T14:15:45Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 422: | Line 422: | Energy Management | Energy Management |
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| The energy management business provides products for the management of energy in medium voltage and grid automation, low voltage and building automation, secure power and cooling applications. | The Energy Management business provides products for the management of energy in medium voltage and grid automation, low voltage and building automation, secure power and cooling applications. |
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| Services | Services |
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| 2022-12-09T14:13:22Z |
User:Hajer-12 |
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Article created
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| 2022-11-20T15:58:28Z |
Real estate agent |
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| == Written agreement== | == Written agreement== | It is important to have a clear written legal documentation for an agreement between the broker and the client, for the protection of both of them. If the parties only have an oral agreement, it is more likely for a dispute to arise concerning the agreement to represent clients and for how real property being sold. Legal documentation is required to define whether the broker can enforce the parties' compensation agreement, the duration of the relationship, whether the relationship is "exclusive", and other issues. Enforceability of [[Oral contract|oral agreements]], what kinds of legal agreements are required to be in writing, and other important issues vary from state to state. | It is important to have a clear written legal documentation for an agreement between the broker and the client to guarantee their the protection of both. If the parties only have an oral agreement, it is more likely for a dispute to arise concerning the agreement to represent clients and for how real property being sold. Legal documentation is required to define whether the broker can enforce the parties' compensation agreement, the duration of the relationship, whether the relationship is "exclusive", and other issues. Enforceability of [[Oral contract|oral agreements]], what kinds of legal agreements are required to be in writing, and other important issues vary from state to state. |
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| == The difference between salespersons and brokers == | == The difference between salespersons and brokers == |
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| 2022-11-20T15:54:10Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 27: | Line 27: | Requirements vary among states but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and sit for a test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. However, Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. | Requirements vary among states but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and sit for a test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. However, Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. |
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| Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license and instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. | Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license, instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. |
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| The term "agent" is not to be confused with salesperson or broker. An agent is simply a licensee that has entered into an agency relationship with a client. A broker can also be an agent for a client. It is commonly the firm that has the actual legal relationship with the client through one of their sales staff, be they salespersons or brokers. | The term "agent" is not to be confused with salesperson or broker. An agent is simply a licensee that has entered into an agency relationship with a client. A broker can also be an agent for a client. It is commonly the firm that has the actual legal relationship with the client through one of their sales staff, be they salespersons or brokers. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:52:34Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 14: | Line 14: | *Buyer's agents are brokers or salespersons who assist buyers by helping them purchase property. | *Buyer's agents are brokers or salespersons who assist buyers by helping them purchase property. | *{{anchor|Dual agent|Dual agency}}Dual agents help both the buyer and the seller in the same transaction. To protect their license to practice, a real estate broker owes both parties fair and honest dealing and must request that both parties (seller and buyer) sign a dual agency agreement. Special laws/rules often apply to dual agents, especially in negotiating price. In dual agency situations, a [[conflict of interest]] is more likely to occur, typically resulting in the loss of advocacy for both parties. Individual state laws vary and interpret dual agency rather differently, with some no longer allowing it. In some states, dual agency can be practiced in situations where the same brokerage (but not agent) represents both the buyer and the seller. If one agent from the brokerage has a home listed and another agent from that brokerage has a buyer-brokerage agreement with a buyer who wishes to buy the listed property, dual agency occurs by allowing each agent to be designated as an "intra-company" agent. Only the broker is the dual agent. | *{{anchor|Dual agent|Dual agency}}Dual agents help both the buyer and the seller in the same transaction. To protect their license to practice, a real estate broker owes both parties fair and honest dealing and must request that both parties (seller and buyer) sign a dual agency agreement. Special laws/rules often apply to dual agents, especially in negotiating price. In dual agency situations, a [[conflict of interest]] is more likely to occur, typically resulting in the loss of advocacy for both parties. Individual state laws vary and interpret dual agency rather differently, with some no longer allowing it. In some states, dual agency can be practiced in situations where the same brokerage (but not agent) represents both the buyer and the seller. If one agent from the brokerage has a home listed and another agent from that brokerage has a buyer-brokerage agreement with a buyer who wishes to buy the listed property, dual agency occurs by allowing each agent to be designated as an "intra-company" agent. Only the broker is the dual agent. | *Transaction brokers provide the buyer and seller with a limited form of representation but without any fiduciary obligations. Having no more than a facilitator relationship, transaction brokers assist buyers, sellers, or both during the transaction without representing the interests of either party who may then be regarded as customers. The assistance provided are the legal documents for an agreement between the buyer and seller on how a particular transfer of property will happen. | *Transaction brokers provide the buyer and seller with a limited form of representation but without any fiduciary obligations. Having no more than a facilitator relationship, transaction brokers assist buyers, sellers, or both during the transaction without representing the interests of either party who may then be regarded as customers. The assistance provided are the legal documents for an agreement between the buyer and seller on how a particular transfer of property will happen. |
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| A real estate broker typically receives a real estate commission for successfully completing a sale. Across the U.S, this commission can generally range between 5-6% of the property's sale price for a full service broker but this percentage varies by state and even region.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.bankrate.com/finance/real-estate/real-estate-agent-commission.aspx%7Ctitle=How Much Is Real Estate Agent Commission? |website=Bankrate |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref> This commission can be divided up with other participating real estate brokers or agents. Flat-fee brokers and fee-for-service brokers can charge significantly less depending on the type of services offered. | A real estate broker typically receives a real estate commission for successfully completing a sale. Across the U.S, this commission can generally range between 5-6% of the property's sale price for a full service broker but this percentage varies by state and even region.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.bankrate.com/finance/real-estate/real-estate-agent-commission.aspx%7Ctitle=How Much Is Real Estate Agent Commission? |website=Bankrate |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref> This commission can be divided up with other participating real estate brokers or agents. Flat-fee brokers and fee-for-service brokers can charge significantly less depending on the type of services offered. | | Line 25: | Line 25: | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> |
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| Requirements vary among states but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and sit for a test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. Where as Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. | Requirements vary among states but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and sit for a test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. However, Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. |
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| Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license and instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. | Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license and instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:49:57Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 25: | Line 25: | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> |
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| Requirements vary among states but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. Where as Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. | Requirements vary among states but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and sit for a test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. Where as Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. |
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| Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license and instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. | Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license and instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:48:22Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 25: | Line 25: | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> |
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| Requirements vary by state but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. Where as Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. | Requirements vary among states but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. Where as Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. |
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| Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license and instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. | Some other states have recently eliminated the salesperson's license and instead, all licensees in those states automatically earn their broker's license. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:46:00Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 23: | Line 23: | Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real-estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically, there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker, the principal one, manages the firm itself. That individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. | Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real-estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically, there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker, the principal one, manages the firm itself. That individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. |
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| In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Lawyers do however get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> |
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| Requirements vary by state but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. Where as Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. | Requirements vary by state but after some period of time working as an agent, one may return to the classroom and test to become a broker. For example, California and Florida require licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. Where as Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five years. Brokers may manage or own firms. Each branch office of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:41:02Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 21: | Line 21: | To become licensed in the United States, real estate brokers and salespersons are authorized by each state, not by the federal government. Each state has a real estate commission (governing body) who monitors and licenses real estate brokers and agents. For example, some states only allow lawyers to create documentation to transfer real property, while other states also allow the licensed real estate agent to do so. Most states require that an applicant must attend a pre-license course with a minimum number of classroom hours to study real estate law before taking the state licensing exam. Such education is often provided by real-estate firms or by education companies, either of which is typically licensed to teach such courses within their respective states. The courses are designed to prepare the new licensee primarily for the legal aspects of the practice of transferring real estate and to pass the state licensing exam. Some states, like Massachusetts, require as little as 40-hours classroom time to get licensed. Others, like California, mandate over 100 hours. Many states allow candidates to take the pre-licensing class virtually. Candidates must subsequently pass the state exam for a real estate agent's license. | To become licensed in the United States, real estate brokers and salespersons are authorized by each state, not by the federal government. Each state has a real estate commission (governing body) who monitors and licenses real estate brokers and agents. For example, some states only allow lawyers to create documentation to transfer real property, while other states also allow the licensed real estate agent to do so. Most states require that an applicant must attend a pre-license course with a minimum number of classroom hours to study real estate law before taking the state licensing exam. Such education is often provided by real-estate firms or by education companies, either of which is typically licensed to teach such courses within their respective states. The courses are designed to prepare the new licensee primarily for the legal aspects of the practice of transferring real estate and to pass the state licensing exam. Some states, like Massachusetts, require as little as 40-hours classroom time to get licensed. Others, like California, mandate over 100 hours. Many states allow candidates to take the pre-licensing class virtually. Candidates must subsequently pass the state exam for a real estate agent's license. |
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| Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker for the firm itself is the managing or principal broker and that individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. | Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real-estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically, there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker, the principal one, manages the firm itself. That individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. |
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| In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Lawyers do however get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> | In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a [[license]] to perform licensed activities, and these activities are defined within the statutes of each state. The main feature of the requirement for having a license to perform those activities is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically, if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform all the work. However, since most people would expect to be compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be required by law before a person may receive [[Commission (remuneration)|remuneration]] for services rendered as a real estate broker or agent. Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state real estate commission has the authority to fine people who are acting as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note that in some states, [[lawyers]] handle real estate sales for compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents. However, even lawyers can only perform real estate activities that are incidental to their original work as a lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed activities. Lawyers do however get a break in the minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in Illinois).<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=FAQs |url= https://www.illinoisrealtors.org/about/faqs/#EduRequirements |access-date=August 16, 2018 |website=www.illinoisrealtors.org |publisher=Illinois Realtors}}</ref> |
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| 2022-11-20T15:32:13Z |
Real estate agent |
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| ==Real estate licensing and education== | ==Real estate licensing and education== | To become licensed in the United States, real estate brokers and salespersons are authorized by each state, not by the federal government. Each state has a real estate commission (governing body) who monitors and licenses real estate brokers and agents. For example, some states only allow lawyers to create documentation to transfer real property, while other states also allow the licensed real estate agent to do so. Most states require that an applicant must attend a pre-license course with a minimum number of classroom hours to study real estate law before taking the state licensing exam. Such education is often provided by real estate firms or by education companies, either of which is typically licensed to teach such courses within their respective states. The courses are designed to prepare the new licensee primarily for the legal aspects of the practice of transferring real estate and to pass the state licensing exam. Some states, like Massachusetts, require as little as 40-hours classroom time to get licensed. Others, like California, mandate over 100 hours. Many states allow candidates to take the pre-licensing class virtually. Candidates must subsequently pass the state exam for a real estate agent's license. | To become licensed in the United States, real estate brokers and salespersons are authorized by each state, not by the federal government. Each state has a real estate commission (governing body) who monitors and licenses real estate brokers and agents. For example, some states only allow lawyers to create documentation to transfer real property, while other states also allow the licensed real estate agent to do so. Most states require that an applicant must attend a pre-license course with a minimum number of classroom hours to study real estate law before taking the state licensing exam. Such education is often provided by real-estate firms or by education companies, either of which is typically licensed to teach such courses within their respective states. The courses are designed to prepare the new licensee primarily for the legal aspects of the practice of transferring real estate and to pass the state licensing exam. Some states, like Massachusetts, require as little as 40-hours classroom time to get licensed. Others, like California, mandate over 100 hours. Many states allow candidates to take the pre-licensing class virtually. Candidates must subsequently pass the state exam for a real estate agent's license. |
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| Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker for the firm itself is the managing or principal broker and that individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. | Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker for the firm itself is the managing or principal broker and that individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:28:44Z |
Real estate agent |
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| ==Real estate licensing and education== | ==Real estate licensing and education== | To become licensed in the United States, real estate brokers and salespersons are licensed by each state, not by the federal government. Each state has a real estate commission (governing body) who monitors and licenses real estate brokers and agents. For example, some states only allow lawyers to create documentation to transfer real property, while other states also allow the licensed real estate agent to do so. Most states require that an applicant must attend a pre-license course with a minimum number of classroom hours to study real estate law before taking the state licensing exam. Such education is often provided by real estate firms or by education companies, either of which is typically licensed to teach such courses within their respective states. The courses are designed to prepare the new licensee primarily for the legal aspects of the practice of transferring real estate and to pass the state licensing exam. Some states, like Massachusetts, require as little as 40-hours classroom time to get licensed. Others, like California, mandate over 100 hours. Many states allow candidates to take the pre-licensing class virtually. Candidates must subsequently pass the state exam for a real estate agent's license. | To become licensed in the United States, real estate brokers and salespersons are authorized by each state, not by the federal government. Each state has a real estate commission (governing body) who monitors and licenses real estate brokers and agents. For example, some states only allow lawyers to create documentation to transfer real property, while other states also allow the licensed real estate agent to do so. Most states require that an applicant must attend a pre-license course with a minimum number of classroom hours to study real estate law before taking the state licensing exam. Such education is often provided by real estate firms or by education companies, either of which is typically licensed to teach such courses within their respective states. The courses are designed to prepare the new licensee primarily for the legal aspects of the practice of transferring real estate and to pass the state licensing exam. Some states, like Massachusetts, require as little as 40-hours classroom time to get licensed. Others, like California, mandate over 100 hours. Many states allow candidates to take the pre-licensing class virtually. Candidates must subsequently pass the state exam for a real estate agent's license. |
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| Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker for the firm itself is the managing or principal broker and that individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. | Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license with an established real estate firm and must work under a broker's license. Typically there may be multiple licensees holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one broker for the firm itself is the managing or principal broker and that individual is then legally responsible for all licensees held under their license. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:26:07Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 16: | Line 16: | *Transaction brokers provide the buyer and seller with a limited form of representation but without any fiduciary obligations. Having no more than a facilitator relationship, transaction brokers assist buyers, sellers, or both during the transaction without representing the interests of either party who may then be regarded as customers. The assistance provided are the legal documents for an agreement between the buyer and seller on how a particular transfer of property will happen. | *Transaction brokers provide the buyer and seller with a limited form of representation but without any fiduciary obligations. Having no more than a facilitator relationship, transaction brokers assist buyers, sellers, or both during the transaction without representing the interests of either party who may then be regarded as customers. The assistance provided are the legal documents for an agreement between the buyer and seller on how a particular transfer of property will happen. |
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| A real estate broker typically receives a real estate commission for successfully completing a sale. Across the U.S . this commission can generally range between 5-6% of the property's sale price for a full service broker but this percentage varies by state and even region.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.bankrate.com/finance/real-estate/real-estate-agent-commission.aspx%7Ctitle=How Much Is Real Estate Agent Commission? |website=Bankrate |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref> This commission can be divided up with other participating real estate brokers or agents. Flat-fee brokers and fee-for-service brokers can charge significantly less depending on the type of services offered. | A real estate broker typically receives a real estate commission for successfully completing a sale. Across the U.S , this commission can generally range between 5-6% of the property's sale price for a full service broker but this percentage varies by state and even region.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.bankrate.com/finance/real-estate/real-estate-agent-commission.aspx%7Ctitle=How Much Is Real Estate Agent Commission? |website=Bankrate |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref> This commission can be divided up with other participating real estate brokers or agents. Flat-fee brokers and fee-for-service brokers can charge significantly less depending on the type of services offered. |
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| ==Real estate licensing and education== | ==Real estate licensing and education== |
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| 2022-11-20T15:23:34Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 13: | Line 13: | *Seller's agents, commonly called "listing brokers" or "listing agents", are contracted by owners to assist with marketing property for sale or lease. | *Seller's agents, commonly called "listing brokers" or "listing agents", are contracted by owners to assist with marketing property for sale or lease. | *Buyer's agents are brokers or salespersons who assist buyers by helping them purchase property. | *Buyer's agents are brokers or salespersons who assist buyers by helping them purchase property. | *{{anchor|Dual agent|Dual agency}}Dual agents help both the buyer and the seller in the same transaction. To protect their license to practice, a real estate broker owes both parties fair and honest dealing and must request that both parties (seller and buyer) sign a dual agency agreement. Special laws/rules often apply to dual agents, especially in negotiating price. In dual agency situations, a [[conflict of interest]] is more likely to occur, typically resulting in the loss of advocacy for both parties. Individual state laws vary and interpret dual agency rather differently, with some no longer allowing it. In some states, dual agency can be practiced in situations where the same brokerage (but not agent) represent both the buyer and the seller. If one agent from the brokerage has a home listed and another agent from that brokerage has a buyer-brokerage agreement with a buyer who wishes to buy the listed property, dual agency occurs by allowing each agent to be designated as an "intra-company" agent. Only the broker is the dual agent. | *{{anchor|Dual agent|Dual agency}}Dual agents help both the buyer and the seller in the same transaction. To protect their license to practice, a real estate broker owes both parties fair and honest dealing and must request that both parties (seller and buyer) sign a dual agency agreement. Special laws/rules often apply to dual agents, especially in negotiating price. In dual agency situations, a [[conflict of interest]] is more likely to occur, typically resulting in the loss of advocacy for both parties. Individual state laws vary and interpret dual agency rather differently, with some no longer allowing it. In some states, dual agency can be practiced in situations where the same brokerage (but not agent) represents both the buyer and the seller. If one agent from the brokerage has a home listed and another agent from that brokerage has a buyer-brokerage agreement with a buyer who wishes to buy the listed property, dual agency occurs by allowing each agent to be designated as an "intra-company" agent. Only the broker is the dual agent. | *Transaction brokers provide the buyer and seller with a limited form of representation but without any fiduciary obligations. Having no more than a facilitator relationship, transaction brokers assist buyers, sellers, or both during the transaction without representing the interests of either party who may then be regarded as customers. The assistance provided are the legal documents for an agreement between the buyer and seller on how a particular transfer of property will happen. | *Transaction brokers provide the buyer and seller with a limited form of representation but without any fiduciary obligations. Having no more than a facilitator relationship, transaction brokers assist buyers, sellers, or both during the transaction without representing the interests of either party who may then be regarded as customers. The assistance provided are the legal documents for an agreement between the buyer and seller on how a particular transfer of property will happen. |
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| 2022-11-20T15:17:47Z |
Real estate agent |
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| | | Line 9: | Line 9: | A real estate agent or broker is a person who represents sellers or buyers of [[real estate]] or [[real property]]. While a broker may work independently, an agent usually works under a licensed broker to represent clients.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.realtor.com/advice/buy/whats-difference-real-estate-salesperson-broker/%7Ctitle=Real Estate Professionals Explained: Agent, Broker, REALTOR®|date=2014-03-10|website=Real Estate News and Advice {{!}} Realtor.com®|language=en|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> Brokers and agents are licensed by the state to negotiate sales agreements and manage the documentation required for closing real estate transactions. Buyers and sellers are generally advised to consult a licensed real estate professional for a written definition of an individual state's [[law of agency|laws of agency]]. Many states require written disclosures to be signed by all parties outlining the duties and obligations. | A real estate agent or broker is a person who represents sellers or buyers of [[real estate]] or [[real property]]. While a broker may work independently, an agent usually works under a licensed broker to represent clients.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.realtor.com/advice/buy/whats-difference-real-estate-salesperson-broker/%7Ctitle=Real Estate Professionals Explained: Agent, Broker, REALTOR®|date=2014-03-10|website=Real Estate News and Advice {{!}} Realtor.com®|language=en|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> Brokers and agents are licensed by the state to negotiate sales agreements and manage the documentation required for closing real estate transactions. Buyers and sellers are generally advised to consult a licensed real estate professional for a written definition of an individual state's [[law of agency|laws of agency]]. Many states require written disclosures to be signed by all parties outlining the duties and obligations. |
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| Generally, real estate brokers/ agents fall into four categories of representation: | Generally, real estate brokers or agents fall into four categories of representation: |
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| *Seller's agents, commonly called "listing brokers" or "listing agents", are contracted by owners to assist with marketing property for sale or lease. | *Seller's agents, commonly called "listing brokers" or "listing agents", are contracted by owners to assist with marketing property for sale or lease. |
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| 2022-11-15T16:00:05Z |
Altarea SCA |
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| | | Line 101: | Line 101: | In 2016, the group was awarded the contracts for several mixed-use developments in various cities, comprising housing, offices and businesses, including the construction of the Belvédère neighborhood in Bordeaux (140,000 m² [1,500,000 square feet] with business and conference centers), the conversion of the Blanchisserie Centrale site at Lyon’s Hospices Civils hospital<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/a-lyon-l-ancienne-blanchisserie-centrale-transformee-en-ilot-mixte-31451983%7Ctitle=A Lyon, l'ancienne blanchisserie centrale transformée en îlot mixte - Projets|date=23 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (17,500 m² [188,000 square feet] in the heart of the city, to be completed in 2018) and a new project at the National Centre for Telecommunications Research in Issy-les-Moulineaux<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/altarea-cogedim-va-realiser-un-nouveau-quartier-a-issy-les-moulineaux-32489028%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim va réaliser un nouveau quartier à Issy-les-Moulineaux - Aménagement|date=19 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (100,000 m² designed around a 13,000-m² [140,000-square-foot] urban park with housing, offices, public amenities and a daycare center). The group was also chosen to be the sole operator of a city-center project of more than 100,000 m² in Bobigny.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.altareacogedim.com/Altarea-Cogedim-designe-comme-l,45861.html%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim designé comme l'opérateur-investisseur unique du nouveau projet de centre-ville de plus de 100 000 m² à Bobigny - Altarea Cogedim|first=Trenta|last=Axome|website=www.altareacogedim.com}}</ref> | In 2016, the group was awarded the contracts for several mixed-use developments in various cities, comprising housing, offices and businesses, including the construction of the Belvédère neighborhood in Bordeaux (140,000 m² [1,500,000 square feet] with business and conference centers), the conversion of the Blanchisserie Centrale site at Lyon’s Hospices Civils hospital<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/a-lyon-l-ancienne-blanchisserie-centrale-transformee-en-ilot-mixte-31451983%7Ctitle=A Lyon, l'ancienne blanchisserie centrale transformée en îlot mixte - Projets|date=23 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (17,500 m² [188,000 square feet] in the heart of the city, to be completed in 2018) and a new project at the National Centre for Telecommunications Research in Issy-les-Moulineaux<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/altarea-cogedim-va-realiser-un-nouveau-quartier-a-issy-les-moulineaux-32489028%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim va réaliser un nouveau quartier à Issy-les-Moulineaux - Aménagement|date=19 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (100,000 m² designed around a 13,000-m² [140,000-square-foot] urban park with housing, offices, public amenities and a daycare center). The group was also chosen to be the sole operator of a city-center project of more than 100,000 m² in Bobigny.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.altareacogedim.com/Altarea-Cogedim-designe-comme-l,45861.html%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim designé comme l'opérateur-investisseur unique du nouveau projet de centre-ville de plus de 100 000 m² à Bobigny - Altarea Cogedim|first=Trenta|last=Axome|website=www.altareacogedim.com}}</ref> |
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| In 2017, the group inaugurated the Greater Paris largest construction site, Massy Place du Grand Ouest. The mixed-use aera of 100,000 m² (1,076,000 square feet) provides around 900 dwellings, a 150-room hotel, a public parking lot with 550 spaces, a conference center including a 600-seater auditorium, a 12-screen cinema, a preschool and 8,000 m² (86,000 square feet) of local stores | In 2017, the group inaugurated the Greater Paris largest construction site, Massy Place du Grand Ouest. The mixed-use aera of 100,000 m² (1,076,000 square feet) provides around 900 dwellings, a 150-room hotel, a public parking lot with 550 spaces, a conference center including a 600-seater auditorium, a 12-screen cinema, a preschool and 8,000 m² (86,000 square feet) of local stores | . In 2017, The Group began to develop The Issy Coeur de Ville (92) project, a new eco-district of more than 100,000 m² based around a 13,000 m² landscaped park, that will provide offices, housing and shops. | . In 2017, The Group began to develop The Issy Coeur de Ville (92) project, a new eco-district of more than 100,000 m² based around a 13,000 m² landscaped park, that will provide offices, housing and shops. | | |
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| 2022-11-15T15:53:09Z |
Altarea SCA |
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| | | Line 102: | Line 102: |
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| In 2017, the group inaugurated the Greater Paris largest construction site, Massy Place du Grand Ouest. The mixed-use aera of 100,000 m² (1,076,000 square feet) provides around 900 dwellings, a 150-room hotel, a public parking lot with 550 spaces, a conference center including a 600-seater auditorium, a 12-screen cinema, a preschool and 8,000 m² (86,000 square feet) of local stores | In 2017, the group inaugurated the Greater Paris largest construction site, Massy Place du Grand Ouest. The mixed-use aera of 100,000 m² (1,076,000 square feet) provides around 900 dwellings, a 150-room hotel, a public parking lot with 550 spaces, a conference center including a 600-seater auditorium, a 12-screen cinema, a preschool and 8,000 m² (86,000 square feet) of local stores | In 2017, The Group began to develop The Issy Coeur de Ville (92) project, a new eco-district of more than 100,000 m² based around a 13,000 m² landscaped park, that will provide offices, housing and shops. | . In 2017, The Group began to develop The Issy Coeur de Ville (92) project, a new eco-district of more than 100,000 m² based around a 13,000 m² landscaped park, that will provide offices, housing and shops. | | |
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| 2022-11-15T15:50:24Z |
Altarea SCA |
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| | | Line 101: | Line 101: | In 2016, the group was awarded the contracts for several mixed-use developments in various cities, comprising housing, offices and businesses, including the construction of the Belvédère neighborhood in Bordeaux (140,000 m² [1,500,000 square feet] with business and conference centers), the conversion of the Blanchisserie Centrale site at Lyon’s Hospices Civils hospital<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/a-lyon-l-ancienne-blanchisserie-centrale-transformee-en-ilot-mixte-31451983%7Ctitle=A Lyon, l'ancienne blanchisserie centrale transformée en îlot mixte - Projets|date=23 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (17,500 m² [188,000 square feet] in the heart of the city, to be completed in 2018) and a new project at the National Centre for Telecommunications Research in Issy-les-Moulineaux<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/altarea-cogedim-va-realiser-un-nouveau-quartier-a-issy-les-moulineaux-32489028%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim va réaliser un nouveau quartier à Issy-les-Moulineaux - Aménagement|date=19 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (100,000 m² designed around a 13,000-m² [140,000-square-foot] urban park with housing, offices, public amenities and a daycare center). The group was also chosen to be the sole operator of a city-center project of more than 100,000 m² in Bobigny.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.altareacogedim.com/Altarea-Cogedim-designe-comme-l,45861.html%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim designé comme l'opérateur-investisseur unique du nouveau projet de centre-ville de plus de 100 000 m² à Bobigny - Altarea Cogedim|first=Trenta|last=Axome|website=www.altareacogedim.com}}</ref> | In 2016, the group was awarded the contracts for several mixed-use developments in various cities, comprising housing, offices and businesses, including the construction of the Belvédère neighborhood in Bordeaux (140,000 m² [1,500,000 square feet] with business and conference centers), the conversion of the Blanchisserie Centrale site at Lyon’s Hospices Civils hospital<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/a-lyon-l-ancienne-blanchisserie-centrale-transformee-en-ilot-mixte-31451983%7Ctitle=A Lyon, l'ancienne blanchisserie centrale transformée en îlot mixte - Projets|date=23 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (17,500 m² [188,000 square feet] in the heart of the city, to be completed in 2018) and a new project at the National Centre for Telecommunications Research in Issy-les-Moulineaux<ref>{{cite document|url= http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/altarea-cogedim-va-realiser-un-nouveau-quartier-a-issy-les-moulineaux-32489028%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim va réaliser un nouveau quartier à Issy-les-Moulineaux - Aménagement|date=19 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> (100,000 m² designed around a 13,000-m² [140,000-square-foot] urban park with housing, offices, public amenities and a daycare center). The group was also chosen to be the sole operator of a city-center project of more than 100,000 m² in Bobigny.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.altareacogedim.com/Altarea-Cogedim-designe-comme-l,45861.html%7Ctitle=Altarea Cogedim designé comme l'opérateur-investisseur unique du nouveau projet de centre-ville de plus de 100 000 m² à Bobigny - Altarea Cogedim|first=Trenta|last=Axome|website=www.altareacogedim.com}}</ref> |
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| In 2017, the group inaugurated the Greater Paris largest construction site, Massy Place du Grand Ouest. The mixed-use aera of 100,000 m² (1,076,000 square feet). provides around 900 dwellings, a 150-room hotel, a public parking lot with 550 spaces, a conference center including a 600-seater auditorium, a 12-screen cinema, a preschool and 8,000 m² (86,000 square feet) of local stores | In 2017, the group inaugurated the Greater Paris largest construction site, Massy Place du Grand Ouest. The mixed-use aera of 100,000 m² (1,076,000 square feet) provides around 900 dwellings, a 150-room hotel, a public parking lot with 550 spaces, a conference center including a 600-seater auditorium, a 12-screen cinema, a preschool and 8,000 m² (86,000 square feet) of local stores | In 2017, The Group began to develop The Issy Coeur de Ville (92) project, a new eco-district off more than 100,000 m² based around a 13,000 m² landscaped park, that will provide offices, housing and shops. | In 2017, The Group began to develop The Issy Coeur de Ville (92) project, a new eco-district of more than 100,000 m² based around a 13,000 m² landscaped park, that will provide offices, housing and shops. | | |
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| 2022-11-15T15:44:36Z |
Altarea SCA |
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| | | Line 86: | Line 86: | ==Relevant projects== | ==Relevant projects== | [[File:Bercy Village Cour Saint-Émilion.jpg|thumb|200px|left|In 1997, Altarea began construction on the Bercy Village shopping center in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, which opened in 2000. Bercy Village, a non-standard shopping mall, was one of the first major projects of Altarea.]] | [[File:Bercy Village Cour Saint-Émilion.jpg|thumb|200px|left|In 1997, Altarea began construction on the Bercy Village shopping center in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, which opened in 2000. Bercy Village, a non-standard shopping mall, was one of the first major projects of Altarea.]] | | |
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| 2022-11-15T15:36:24Z |
Altarea SCA |
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| | | Line 51: | Line 51: | In 1997, the firm began construction on the Bercy Village shopping center in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, which opened in 2000. The project aimed to revive a historic neighborhood of Paris.<ref name="altareacogedim.com"/> In 2001, the Italian subsidiary, Altarea Italia, was established. | In 1997, the firm began construction on the Bercy Village shopping center in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, which opened in 2000. The project aimed to revive a historic neighborhood of Paris.<ref name="altareacogedim.com"/> In 2001, the Italian subsidiary, Altarea Italia, was established. | The Group opened several shopping centers in 2002: Espace Jaurès in Brest, Espace Grand’Rue in Roubaix, Côté Seine in Argenteuil, and the Gare du Nord boutiques in Paris. At the same time, it launched its open air retail park activity by creating Compagnie Retail Park, a subsidiary in charge of this sector.<ref> http://www.altareacogedim.com/sites/altarea/IMG/pdf/groupe/plaquette_presentation.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> | The Group opened several shopping centers in 2002: Espace Jaurès in Brest, Espace Grand’Rue in Roubaix, Côté Seine in Argenteuil, and the Gare du Nord boutiques in Paris. At the same time, it launched its open air retail park activity by creating Compagnie Retail Park, a subsidiary in charge of this sector.<ref> http://www.altareacogedim.com/sites/altarea/IMG/pdf/groupe/plaquette_presentation.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> | The Group gradually developed its business activity in the European Union: It extended its activity to Italy in 2001 by creating Altarea Italia., and in 2004, Altarea España was created in Spain. Today, it features a major shopping center located in Sant-Cugat, near Barcelona. | The Group gradually developed its business activity in the European Union. It extended its activity to Italy in 2001 by creating Altarea Italia., and in 2004, Altarea España was created in Spain. Today, it features a major shopping center located in Sant-Cugat, near Barcelona. | In 2011, Altarea Cogedim supplemented its various business activities by creating AltaFund, an investment fund dedicated to office property. | In 2011, Altarea Cogedim supplemented its various business activities by creating AltaFund, an investment fund dedicated to office property. |
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| 2022-11-15T15:32:29Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| 2014: | 2014: | | |
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| 2015: | 2015: | Legrand North America acquires [[Raritan Inc.]], completed in September. | Legrand North America acquired [[Raritan Inc.]], completed in September. |
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| 2017: In June, Legrand started procedures to purchase Milestone AV, the manufacturer of AV racks and mounts in the US and overseas. Milestone manufactures products under the brand names Chief, Sanus, Echogear, Da-Lite, Projecta, and Vaddio. In November, Legrand North America acquired [[Server Technology]]. | 2017: In June, Legrand started procedures to purchase Milestone AV, the manufacturer of AV racks and mounts in the US and overseas. Milestone manufactures products under the brand names Chief, Sanus, Echogear, Da-Lite, Projecta, and Vaddio. In November, Legrand North America acquired [[Server Technology]]. |
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| 2022-11-15T15:30:15Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 61: | Line 61: | 2008: Acquisition of PW Industries, a US cable tray specialist; HDL, the No. 1 in Brazil producer of residential access control (entry phones); Estap, the Turkish leader in VDI enclosures, and Electrak, UK specialist in ground-laid cable trays. | 2008: Acquisition of PW Industries, a US cable tray specialist; HDL, the No. 1 in Brazil producer of residential access control (entry phones); Estap, the Turkish leader in VDI enclosures, and Electrak, UK specialist in ground-laid cable trays. |
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| 2009: Legrand is severely affected by the economic crisis. The group sees a 15.6% fall in its turnover (to €3.6 billion). It still manages to maintain its operating margin at 17.6%, as against 17.7% in 2008. A return to growth is forecast for the second half of 2010. | 2009: Legrand was severely affected by the economic crisis. The group saw a 15.6% fall in its turnover (to €3.6 billion). It still managed to maintain its operating margin at 17.6%, as against 17.7% in 2008. A return to growth was forecast for the second half of 2010. |
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| 2010: | 2010: | | | * Creation of the EV PLUG alliance between Legrand, [[Schneider Electric]] and Scame ([[Italy]]) to create a common, dominant standard in [[Europe]] for [[electric vehicle]] charging systems. | * Creation of the EV PLUG alliance between Legrand, [[Schneider Electric]] and Scame ([[Italy]]) to create a common, dominant standard in [[Europe]] for [[electric vehicle]] charging systems. | * Resumption of the acquisitions strategy with the takeover of Inform in [[Turkey]] (leader in UPS) and of IndoAsian Switchgear in [[India]] (specialist in modular circuit breakers). December 2010: takeover of the Italian company Meta System Energy, specialist in UPS. | * Resumption of the acquisitions strategy with the takeover of Inform in [[Turkey]] (leader in UPS) and of IndoAsian Switchgear in [[India]] (specialist in modular circuit breakers). December 2010: takeover of the Italian company Meta System Energy, specialist in UPS. | | Line 70: | Line 70: | 2011: | 2011: | * Takeover of the US company Electrorack, specialist in VDI enclosures, and Intervox Systèmes, French leader in assisted living for dependent persons. | * Takeover of the US company Electrorack, specialist in VDI enclosures, and Intervox Systèmes, French leader in assisted living for dependent persons. | * In April, Legrand strengthens its position in emerging markets and the energy security market with the acquisition of SMS, Brazil's No. 1 in UPS. | * In April, Legrand strengthened its position in emerging markets and the energy security market with the acquisition of SMS, Brazil's No. 1 in UPS. | * In May, the takeover of the American company Middle Atlantic Products (MAP - 520 employees and sales of $107 million), a company specialising in digital infrastructures (enclosures for audio and video applications), enables Legrand to strengthen its offering in this niche to customers in the hotel and conference centre market. In the last 12 months, Legrand has made seven acquisitions totalling additional sales of €300 million. In November 2011: entered Prestons, New South Wales, with HPM | * In May, the takeover of the American company Middle Atlantic Products (MAP - 520 employees and sales of $107 million), a company specialising in digital infrastructures (enclosures for audio and video applications), enabled Legrand to strengthen its offering in this niche to customers in the hotel and conference centre market. In the last 12 months, Legrand made seven acquisitions totalling additional sales of €300 million. In November 2011: entered Prestons, New South Wales, with HPM |
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| 2012: | 2012: |
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| 2022-11-15T15:22:30Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 33: | Line 33: | Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to exclusively concentrate on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. | Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to exclusively concentrate on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. |
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| Since then, Legrand has made 120 targeted acquisitions becoming a large, diversified maker of electrical wiring devices with more than 150,000 product items. As of 2006, it has bases in 70 countries and sales in 180 countries. | Since then, Legrand has made 120 targeted acquisitions becoming a large and diversified maker of electrical wiring devices with more than 150,000 product items. As of 2006, it has bases in 70 countries and sales in 180 countries. |
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| 2022-11-15T15:19:56Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 31: | Line 31: | The company's origins date back to 1865, when a [[Limoges porcelain]] (in [[Limousin (region)|France's Limousin region]]) workshop was set up on the route to Lyon originally making porcelain dishes. In 1904, the company was taken over by Frédéric Legrand who gave his name to the company. In 1919, the company entered into partnership with an artisan from Limoges, Jean Mondot, who had started a small factory in [[Exideuil]] making electric switches using porcelain and boxwood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} | The company's origins date back to 1865, when a [[Limoges porcelain]] (in [[Limousin (region)|France's Limousin region]]) workshop was set up on the route to Lyon originally making porcelain dishes. In 1904, the company was taken over by Frédéric Legrand who gave his name to the company. In 1919, the company entered into partnership with an artisan from Limoges, Jean Mondot, who had started a small factory in [[Exideuil]] making electric switches using porcelain and boxwood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} |
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| Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to concentrate exclusively on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. | Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to exclusively concentrate on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. |
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| Since then, Legrand has made 120 targeted acquisitions becoming a large, diversified maker of electrical wiring devices with more than 150,000 product items. As of 2006, it has bases in 70 countries and sales in 180 countries. | Since then, Legrand has made 120 targeted acquisitions becoming a large, diversified maker of electrical wiring devices with more than 150,000 product items. As of 2006, it has bases in 70 countries and sales in 180 countries. |
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| 2022-11-15T15:17:21Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| == History == | == History == | The company's origins date back to 1865, when a [[Limoges porcelain]] (in [[Limousin (region)|France's Limousin region]]) workshop was set up on the route to Lyon originally making porcelain dishes. In 1904, the company was taken over by Frédéric Legrand who gave his name to the company. In 1919, the company entered into partnership with Jean Mondot, an artisan from Limoges who had started, a small factory, in [[Exideuil]] making electric switches using porcelain and boxwood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} | The company's origins date back to 1865, when a [[Limoges porcelain]] (in [[Limousin (region)|France's Limousin region]]) workshop was set up on the route to Lyon originally making porcelain dishes. In 1904, the company was taken over by Frédéric Legrand who gave his name to the company. In 1919, the company entered into partnership with an artisan from Limoges, Jean Mondot, who had started a small factory in [[Exideuil]] making electric switches using porcelain and boxwood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} |
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| Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to concentrate exclusively on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. | Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to concentrate exclusively on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. |
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| 2022-11-15T15:13:09Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| == History == | == History == | The company's origins date back to 1865, when a [[Limoges porcelain]] (in [[Limousin (region)|France's Limousin region]]) workshop was set up on the route to Lyon originally making porcelain dishes. In 1904, the company was taken over by Frédéric Legrand, who gave his name to the company. In 1919, the company entered into partnership with Jean Mondot, an artisan from Limoges who had started, a small factory, in [[Exideuil]] making electric switches using porcelain and boxwood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} | The company's origins date back to 1865, when a [[Limoges porcelain]] (in [[Limousin (region)|France's Limousin region]]) workshop was set up on the route to Lyon originally making porcelain dishes. In 1904, the company was taken over by Frédéric Legrand who gave his name to the company. In 1919, the company entered into partnership with Jean Mondot, an artisan from Limoges who had started, a small factory, in [[Exideuil]] making electric switches using porcelain and boxwood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} |
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| Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to concentrate exclusively on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. | Manufacturing subsequently gradually diversified into [[electrical equipment]]. At that time, before the appearance of plastic, porcelain was the best available insulating material. In 1949, following a factory fire, the decision was made to concentrate exclusively on electrical wiring devices (switches and sockets). The company very quickly extended its range to cover protection products (fuse-holders and circuit breakers, etc.), cable management products (trunking and mini-trunking), emergency lighting, etc. |
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| 2022-11-15T15:10:22Z |
Legrand (company) |
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| 2022-11-13T17:06:30Z |
Dynamic demand (electric power) |
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| | | Line 10: | Line 10: | The grid frequency is a system-wide indicator of overall power imbalance. For example, it will drop if there is too much demand because generators will start to slow down slightly. A [[Electrical generator|generator]] in frequency-response mode will, under [[Real versus nominal value|nominal]] conditions, run at reduced output in order to maintain a buffer of spare capacity. It will then continually alter its output on a second-to-second basis to the needs of the grid with [[droop speed control]]. | The grid frequency is a system-wide indicator of overall power imbalance. For example, it will drop if there is too much demand because generators will start to slow down slightly. A [[Electrical generator|generator]] in frequency-response mode will, under [[Real versus nominal value|nominal]] conditions, run at reduced output in order to maintain a buffer of spare capacity. It will then continually alter its output on a second-to-second basis to the needs of the grid with [[droop speed control]]. |
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| This [[Peaking power plant|spinning reserve]] is a significant expense to the power utilities as often [[fuel]] must be burned or potential power sales lost to maintain it. The kind of generation used for fast response is usually [[fossil fuel]] powered which produces emissions of between 0.48 and 1.3 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent for every [[megawatt hour]] (MWh) generated. Thus a significant environmental burden, in the form of increased [[greenhouse gas emissions]], is associated with this imbalance. | This [[Peaking power plant|spinning reserve]] is a significant expense to the power utilities as often [[fuel]] must be burned or potential power sales lost to maintain it. The kind of generation used for fast response is usually [[fossil fuel]] powered which produces emissions of between 0.48 and 1.3 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent for every [[megawatt hour]] (MWh) generated. Thus, a significant environmental burden, in the form of increased [[greenhouse gas emissions]], is associated with this imbalance. |
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| ==Local load control== | ==Local load control== |
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| 2022-11-13T17:03:28Z |
Dynamic demand (electric power) |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | {{Short description|Technology to support power grid demand response}} | {{Short description|Technology to support power grid demand response}} | {{more citations needed|date=December 2009}} | {{more citations needed|date=December 2009}} | Dynamic Demand is the name of a semi-passive technology to support [[demand response]] by adjusting the load demand on an electrical [[Electrical grid|power grid]]. (It is also the name of an independent not-for-profit organization in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] supported by a charitable grant from the [[Esmée Fairbairn Charitable Trust|Esmée Fairbairn Foundation]] dedicated to promoting this technology. ) The concept is that by monitoring the [[frequency]] of the power grid, as well as their own controls, intermittent domestic and industrial loads switch themselves on/off at optimal moments to balance the overall grid load with generation, reducing critical power mismatches.<ref> http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090609003228/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file41011.pdf page3 domestic and industrial</ref> As this switching would only advance or delay the appliance operating cycle by a few seconds, it would be unnoticeable to the end user. This is the foundation of dynamic demand control. In the United States, in 1982, a (now-lapsed) patent for this idea was issued to power systems engineer Fred Schweppe.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=4317049|title=Frequency adaptive, power-energy re-scheduler|status=patent|gdate=1982-02-23}}</ref> Other patents have been issued based on this idea.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7010363|title=Electrical appliance energy consumption control methods and electrical energy consumption systems|status=patent|gdate=2006-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7149605|title=Electrical power distribution control methods, electrical energy demand monitoring methods, and power management devices|status=patent|gdate=2006-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7420293|title=Electrical appliance energy consumption control methods and electrical energy consumption systems|status=patent|gdate=2008-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=8073573|title=Electric Power Distribution Control Methods, Electrical Energy Demand Monitoring Methods, and Power Management Devices|status=patent|gdate=2011-12-06}}</ref> | Dynamic Demand is the name of a semi-passive technology to support [[demand response]] by adjusting the load demand on an electrical [[Electrical grid|power grid]]. It is also the name of an independent not-for-profit organization in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] supported by a charitable grant from the [[Esmée Fairbairn Charitable Trust|Esmée Fairbairn Foundation]] , dedicated to promoting this technology. The concept is that by monitoring the [[frequency]] of the power grid, as well as their own controls, intermittent domestic and industrial loads switch themselves on/off at optimal moments to balance the overall grid load with generation, reducing critical power mismatches.<ref> http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090609003228/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file41011.pdf page3 domestic and industrial</ref> As this switching would only advance or delay the appliance operating cycle by a few seconds, it would be unnoticeable to the end user. This is the foundation of dynamic demand control. In the United States, in 1982, a (now-lapsed) patent for this idea was issued to power systems engineer Fred Schweppe.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=4317049|title=Frequency adaptive, power-energy re-scheduler|status=patent|gdate=1982-02-23}}</ref> Other patents have been issued based on this idea.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7010363|title=Electrical appliance energy consumption control methods and electrical energy consumption systems|status=patent|gdate=2006-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7149605|title=Electrical power distribution control methods, electrical energy demand monitoring methods, and power management devices|status=patent|gdate=2006-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7420293|title=Electrical appliance energy consumption control methods and electrical energy consumption systems|status=patent|gdate=2008-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=8073573|title=Electric Power Distribution Control Methods, Electrical Energy Demand Monitoring Methods, and Power Management Devices|status=patent|gdate=2011-12-06}}</ref> |
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| Dynamic demand is similar to [[demand response]] mechanisms to manage domestic and industrial consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, having electricity customers reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to prices.<ref> [1] Description of French EJP demand reduction tariff</ref> The difference is that dynamic demand devices passively shut off when stress in the grid is sensed, whereas demand response mechanisms respond to transmitted requests to shut off, | Dynamic demand is similar to [[demand response]] mechanisms to manage domestic and industrial consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, having electricity customers reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to prices.<ref> [2] Description of French EJP demand reduction tariff</ref> The difference is that dynamic demand devices passively shut off when stress in the grid is sensed, whereas demand response mechanisms respond to transmitted requests to shut off, |
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| 2022-11-13T16:57:51Z |
Electrical device |
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| | | Line 3: | Line 3: | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which depend on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] accentuates the intersection of both fields. | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which depend on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] accentuates the intersection of both fields. |
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| Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. | Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, and [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:52:46Z |
Electrical device |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} |
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| Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which depend on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] accentuates the intersection of both fields. | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which depend on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] accentuates the intersection of both fields. |
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| Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. | Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:42:54Z |
Electrical device |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} |
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| Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] accentuates the intersection of both fields. | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which depend on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] accentuates the intersection of both fields. |
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| Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. | Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:36:04Z |
Electrical device |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} |
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| Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] emphasizes the intersection of both fields. | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] accentuates the intersection of both fields. |
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| Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. | Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. |
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| Due to their dependence on electric power sources, in general well-evolved [[power grid]]s, electric devices and their [[Dynamic demand (electric power)|power consumption pattern]] have moved into the focus of [[smart metering]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Electrical Devices Identification Through Power Consumption Using Machine Learning Techniques [IJSSST V17] |journal=International Journal of Simulation: Systems |date=2016 |volume=17 |issue=32 |doi=10.5013/IJSSST.a.17.32.13|s2cid=40196858 }}</ref> | Due to their dependence on electric power sources, in general well-evolved [[power grid]]s, electric devices and their [[Dynamic demand (electric power)|power consumption pattern]] have moved into the focus of [[smart metering]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Electrical Devices Identification Through Power Consumption Using Machine Learning Techniques [IJSSST V17] |journal=International Journal of Simulation: Systems |date=2016 |volume=17 |issue=32 |doi=10.5013/IJSSST.a.17.32.13|s2cid=40196858 }}</ref> |
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| 2022-11-13T16:32:30Z |
Electrical device |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} |
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| Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between the two classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] emphasizes the intersection of both fields. | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between both classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] emphasizes the intersection of both fields. |
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| Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. | Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:30:47Z |
Electrical device |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} |
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| Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between the two classes, electric devices with an emphasis on physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] emphasizes the intersection of the two fields. | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between the two classes, electric devices that emphasize physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] emphasizes the intersection of both fields. |
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| Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. | Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:27:21Z |
Electrical device |
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| | | Line 1: | Line 1: | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} | {{Short description|Devices that use electricity for functioning}} |
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| Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is used predominantly for [[data processing]] instead of generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between the two classes, electric devices with an emphasis on physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] emphasizes the intersection of the two fields. | Electric(al) devices are [[tool|device]]s that functionally rely on [[electric energy]] ([[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]]) to drive their core parts ([[electric motor]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric light|lighting]], [[rechargeable batteries]], control [[electronics]]). They can be contrasted with traditional [[mechanical device]]s which rely on different power sources like [[fuel]]s or human [[physical strength]]. [[Electronics|Electronic devices]] are a specialized kind of electrical devices in which [[electric power]] is predominantly used for [[data processing]] rather than the generation of mechanical forces. To better differentiate between the two classes, electric devices with an emphasis on physical work are sometimes also called [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]. [[Mechatronics]] emphasizes the intersection of the two fields. |
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| Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. | Together, electronic and electric devices, their development, maintenance, [[power supply]] comprise the subject of [[electrical engineering]]. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:20:08Z |
Tunisia |
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| | | Line 99: | Line 99: | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. |
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| Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival to the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years. The Romans introduced [[Christianity]] and left architectural legacies like the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. | Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival to the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years. The Romans introduced [[Christianity]] and left architectural legacies like the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD, [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then, in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. |
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| In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. | In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:17:07Z |
Tunisia |
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| | | Line 99: | Line 99: | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. |
|
| Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival to the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans, who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years, introducing [[Christianity]] and leaving architectural legacies like the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. | Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival to the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years. The Romans introduced [[Christianity]] and left architectural legacies like the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. |
|
| In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. | In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:12:24Z |
Tunisia |
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| | | Line 99: | Line 99: | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. |
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| Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival of the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans, who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years, introducing [[Christianity]] and leaving architectural legacies like the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. | Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival to the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans, who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years, introducing [[Christianity]] and leaving architectural legacies like the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. |
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| In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. | In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. |
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| 2022-11-13T16:06:49Z |
Tunisia |
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| | | Line 99: | Line 99: | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. |
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| Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival of the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans, who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years, introducing [[Christianity]] and leaving architectural legacies like the [[amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. | Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival of the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans, who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years, introducing [[Christianity]] and leaving architectural legacies like the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. |
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| In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. | In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. |
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| 2022-11-13T15:58:23Z |
Tunisia |
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| | | Line 97: | Line 97: | | | }} | }} | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the great mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. | Tunisia,{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-ar|تونس}} {{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}; [[Berber language|Berber]]: {{Lang|ber|Tunest}}, <!---Berber added per consensus; please do not remove before reviewing talk page archives, and a consensus discussion on the talk page):--->; {{lang-fr|Tunisie}}<!--Despite the lack of official status, French is de facto an important language, so people should know what the French name is-->.}} officially the Republic of Tunisia,{{efn|{{lang-ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} {{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}; {{lang-fr|République tunisienne}}. The native Arabic official name translates more closely to "Tunisian Republic", as does the commonly used French translation, but the less-exact English translation "Republic of Tunisia" is used in English even by the Tunisian government for official purposes (e.g., the designation used by the Tunisian embassy in Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url= https://www.tunisianembassy.org/%7Caccess-date=2021-09-30%7Cpublisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> is the northernmost [[African countries|country]] in [[Africa]]. It is a part of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]], bordered by [[Algeria]] to the west and southwest, [[Libya]] to the southeast, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of [[Carthage]] dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]]. Known for its ancient architecture, [[Souks of Tunis|souks]] and blue coasts, it covers {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Sahara]] desert; much of its remaining territory is [[arable land]]. Its {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the [[Mediterranean Basin]]. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, [[Cape Angela]]; and its capital and [[List of cities in Tunisia|largest city]] is [[Tunis]], which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name. |
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| Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival of the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans, who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years, introducing [[Christianity]] and leaving architectural legacies like the [[amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. | Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous [[Berbers|Imazighen]]. [[Phoenicia]]ns began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which [[Carthage]] emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major [[mercantile]] empire and a military rival of the [[Roman Republic]] until 146 BC, when it was [[Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)|defeated]] by the Romans, who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years, introducing [[Christianity]] and leaving architectural legacies like the [[amphitheatre of El Jem]]. In the 7th century AD [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims conquered]] all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought [[Islam]] and [[Arabization|Arab culture]] to the local inhabitants. Then in 1546, the [[Ottoman Empire]] established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the [[French conquest of Tunisia|French conquered Tunisia]]. In 1956, [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia gained independence]] as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of [[Habib Bourguiba]] with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat Hached]] and [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Today, Tunisia's [[Culture of Tunisia|culture]] and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. |
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| 2022-11-13T15:50:41Z |
Tunisia |
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| | | Line 103: | Line 103: | In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. | In 2011, the [[Tunisian Revolution]], which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and [[democracy]] under the 24-year rule of President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader [[Arab Spring]] movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections]] were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and for president on 23 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471%7Cwork=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> After the [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|2022 constitutional referendum]], Tunisia became a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the [[Arab World]], according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] are [[Confessionalism (politics)|confessional democracies]].}} and was rated a [[hybrid regime]] in the 2021 Index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url= https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7}}</ref> It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the [[Human Development Index]], with one of the [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest per capita incomes]] on the continent. |
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| Tunisia is well integrated into the international community. It is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[La Francophonie]], the [[Arab League]], the [[OIC]], the [[African Union]], the [[COMESA]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[International Criminal Court]], and the [[Group of 77]], among others. It maintains close economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly [[France–Tunisia relations|with France]],<ref> "Tunisie – France-Diplomatie – Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international". Diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref> and [[Italy–Tunisia relations|Italy]],<ref>{{in lang|fr}} "Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe". JOL Journalism Online Press (28 February 2014). {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180810115035/http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html%7Cdate=10 August 2018}}. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghanmi |first=Monia |date=12 September 2014 |url= http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140914025940/http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |title=La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie |language=fr |trans-title=Tunisia strengthens relations with Italy |work=Magharebia}}</ref> which geographically lie very close to it. Tunisia also has an [[European Union Association Agreement|association agreement]] with the [[European Union]] and has attained the status of a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the [[United States]]. | Tunisia is well integrated into the international community. It is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[La Francophonie]], the [[Arab League]], the [[OIC]], the [[African Union]], the [[COMESA]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[International Criminal Court]], and the [[Group of 77]], among others. It maintains close economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly [[France–Tunisia relations|with France]],<ref> "Tunisie – France-Diplomatie – Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international". Diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref> and [[Italy–Tunisia relations|Italy]],<ref>{{in lang|fr}} "Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe". JOL Journalism Online Press (28 February 2014). {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180810115035/http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html%7Cdate=10 August 2018}}. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghanmi |first=Monia |date=12 September 2014 |url= http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140914025940/http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |title=La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie |language=fr |trans-title=Tunisia strengthens relations with Italy |work=Magharebia}}</ref> due to their geographical proximity. Tunisia also has an [[European Union Association Agreement|association agreement]] with the [[European Union]] and has attained the status of a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the [[United States]]. |
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| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== |
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| 2022-11-06T15:29:44Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| ==Organizational structure and offer== | ==Organizational structure and offer== | | |
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| Energy Management | Energy Management |
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Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 44: | Line 44: | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} | {{Main|Schneider-Creusot}} |
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| In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]] and, two years later, created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie grew rapidly, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity as weapons manufacturer with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> | In 1836, brothers [[Adolphe Schneider|Adolphe]] and [[Eugène Schneider|Joseph-Eugene Schneider]] took over an abandoned foundry in [[Le Creusot, France]] . Two years later, they created Schneider & Cie, focusing primarily on the steel industry. Schneider & Cie grew rapidly, specializing in the production of heavy machinery and transportation equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Carroll |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope |title=Tragedy And Hope |publisher=Macmillan |year=1966 |isbn=0-945001-10-X |location=New York |page=518}}</ref> From 1871, following France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], it developed a main activity as weapons manufacturer with the encouragement of the government in Paris. It eventually became a complex group with industrial activities in many sites in France and abroad, including in Russia before 1917 and in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1938.<ref name=History/> |
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| ===1963-1999=== | ===1963-1999=== |
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Legrand (company) |
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| | | Line 24: | Line 24: | Legrand is a French industrial group historically based in [[Limoges]] in the [[Limousin (region)|Limousin region]]. | Legrand is a French industrial group historically based in [[Limoges]] in the [[Limousin (region)|Limousin region]]. |
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| In 2011, the firm was the largest global producer of switches and sockets,{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} with 20% of the global market, and in cable management (15% of the global market), generating 75% of its [[Asset turnover|turnover]] internationally.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The group is also expanding its product range in [[sustainable development]] and [[energy saving]] technologies, and has developed new products for [[photovoltaic]] installations and [[lighting control]]. | In 2011, the firm was the largest global producer of switches and sockets,{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} with 20% of the global market, and in cable management (15% of the global market), generating 75% of its [[Asset turnover|turnover]] internationally.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The group has expanded its product range in [[sustainable development]] and [[energy saving]] technologies, and has developed new products for [[photovoltaic]] installations and [[lighting control]]. |
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| == History == | == History == |
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| 2022-11-06T14:55:51Z |
Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 52: | Line 52: | ===Timeline since 1999=== | ===Timeline since 1999=== |
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| The company is an [[ITER]] supplier. | The company became an [[ITER]] supplier. |
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| 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd., then currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> | 2018: Schneider Electric acquired Larsen & Toubro's Electrical & Automation (E&A) business in a cash deal for {{INRConvert|140|b}} (excluding the marine business and Servowatch Ltd., then currently a part of L&T E&A business).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.storifynews.com/schneiders-lt-acquisition-to-power-make-in-india-mission/ |title=Schneider's L&T Acquisition to Power 'Make In India' Mission {{!}} Storify News |date=2019-06-17 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> |
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| <gallery class="center" widths="300"> | <gallery class="center" widths="300"> |
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Schneider Electric |
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| | | Line 30: | Line 30: | | location = [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France | | location = [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France | | | | |
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| Schneider Electric is a [[Fortune Global 500]] company, publicly traded on the Euronext Exchange, and is a component of the [[Euro Stoxx 50]] [[stock market index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EURO STOXX 50® |url= https://www.stoxx.com/index-details?symbol=SX5E}}</ref> In FY2020, the company posted revenues of €25.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of 2020 Financial and Sustainable Development Report |url= https://annualreport.se.com/#welcome |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=annualreport.se.com |language=en}}</ref> | Schneider Electric is a [[Fortune Global 500]] company, publicly traded on the Euronext Exchange, and is a component of the [[Euro Stoxx 50]] [[stock market index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EURO STOXX 50® |url= https://www.stoxx.com/index-details?symbol=SX5E}}</ref> In FY2020, the company posted revenues of €25.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of 2020 Financial and Sustainable Development Report |url= https://annualreport.se.com/#welcome |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=annualreport.se.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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Hedi Slimane |
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| == Early life == | == Early life == | Slimane was born in the [[19th arrondissement of Paris]] to a Tunisian father, who was an accountant, and an Italian mother, a dressmaker.<ref>Ursula Langmann and Marika Schaertl (November 24, 2003), Die dunklen Seiten des Hedi S. [[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]].</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Drake |first=Alicia |date=March 2000 |title=Hedi Times |journal=W |pages=}}</ref> Two of his uncles were tailors.<ref name=":0" /> In his youth, he and his mother made clothes together: Slimane sketched designs, the two would shop for fabrics and complete fittings, and his mother would cut and sew them.<ref name=":0" /> Though interested in fashion, he regarded a career in the field as too competitive ; instead, he studied political science and considered a career in journalism.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Horyn |first=Cathy |date=August 10, 1999 |title=That Man from Saint Laurent |journal=The New York Times |pages=A14}}</ref> At 11, he discovered photography, received his first camera and learned black and white darkroom printing. He studied Art History at the [[École du Louvre]] and completed a tailor apprenticeship at a men's designer house.<ref name="momaps1"> Hedi Slimane: Berlin, March 11 – May 31, 2004 [[MoMA PS1]], New York.</ref> | Slimane was born in the [[19th arrondissement of Paris]] to a Tunisian father, who was an accountant, and an Italian mother, a dressmaker.<ref>Ursula Langmann and Marika Schaertl (November 24, 2003), Die dunklen Seiten des Hedi S. [[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]].</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Drake |first=Alicia |date=March 2000 |title=Hedi Times |journal=W |pages=}}</ref> Two of his uncles were tailors.<ref name=":0" /> In his youth, he and his mother made clothes together: Slimane sketched designs, the two would shop for fabrics and complete fittings, and his mother would cut and sew them.<ref name=":0" /> He considered finding a career in the Fashion industry as too competitive , instead, he studied Political Science and pursued a career in Journalism.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Horyn |first=Cathy |date=August 10, 1999 |title=That Man from Saint Laurent |journal=The New York Times |pages=A14}}</ref> At 11, he discovered photography, received his first camera and learned black and white darkroom printing. He studied Art History at the [[École du Louvre]] and completed a tailor apprenticeship at a men's designer house.<ref name="momaps1"> Hedi Slimane: Berlin, March 11 – May 31, 2004 [[MoMA PS1]], New York.</ref> |
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| == Fashion == | == Fashion == |
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| 2022-11-06T14:18:04Z |
Tunisia |
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| | | Line 227: | Line 227: | [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TUN present.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Köppen climate classification]] in Tunisia. The climate is Mediterranean towards the coast in the north, while most of the country is desert.]] | [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TUN present.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Köppen climate classification]] in Tunisia. The climate is Mediterranean towards the coast in the north, while most of the country is desert.]] |
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| Tunisia is situated on the [[Mediterranean]] coast of Northwest Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the [[Nile Delta]]. It is bordered by [[Algeria]] on the west and southwest and [[Libya]] on the south east. It lies between latitudes [[30th parallel north|30°]] and [[38th parallel north|38°N]], and longitudes [[7th meridian east|7°]] and [[12th meridian east|12°E]]. An abrupt southward turn of the Mediterranean coast in northern Tunisia gives the country two distinctive Mediterranean coasts, west–east in the north, and north–south in the east. | Tunisia is situated on the [[Mediterranean]] coast of Northwest Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the [[Nile Delta]]. It is bordered by [[Algeria]] on the west (965 km) and southwest and [[Libya]] on the south east (459 km)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Présentation générale du pays |url=https://scid.tn/fr/profil-environnemental/presentation-generale-du-pays.html |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref>. It lies between latitudes [[30th parallel north|30°]] and [[38th parallel north|38°N]], and longitudes [[7th meridian east|7°]] and [[12th meridian east|12°E]]. An abrupt southward turn of the Mediterranean coast in northern Tunisia gives the country two distinctive Mediterranean coasts, west–east in the north, and north–south in the east. |
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| Though it is relatively small in size, Tunisia has great environmental diversity due to its north–south extent. Its east–west extent is limited. Differences in Tunisia, like the rest of the Maghreb, are largely north–south environmental differences defined by sharply decreasing rainfall southward from any point. The Dorsal, the eastern extension of the Atlas Mountains, runs across Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the Algerian border in the west to the Cape Bon peninsula in the east. North of the Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized by low, rolling hills and plains, again an extension of mountains to the west in Algeria. In the [[Khroumire|Khroumerie]], the northwestern corner of the Tunisian Tell, elevations reach {{convert|1050|m|ft}} and snow occurs in winter. | Though it is relatively small in size, Tunisia has great environmental diversity due to its north–south extent. Its east–west extent is limited. Differences in Tunisia, like the rest of the Maghreb, are largely north–south environmental differences defined by sharply decreasing rainfall southward from any point. The Dorsal, the eastern extension of the Atlas Mountains, runs across Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the Algerian border in the west to the Cape Bon peninsula in the east. North of the Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized by low, rolling hills and plains, again an extension of mountains to the west in Algeria. In the [[Khroumire|Khroumerie]], the northwestern corner of the Tunisian Tell, elevations reach {{convert|1050|m|ft}} and snow occurs in winter. |
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Alpo (pet food) |
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| ==History== | ==History== | Alpo, an abbreviation of Allen Products, was founded in 1936 by Robert F. Hunsicker in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]]. The original factory was located in a small building at the southwest corner of New and Cedar streets.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} | Alpo, an abbreviation of Allen Products, was founded in 1936 by Robert F. Hunsicker in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gambling on Garfield: | | The Creation of Alpo Cat Food and Its Brand Identity |url= https://www.jmu.edu/history/programs/huggins.PDF |website=James Madison University}}</ref>. The original factory was located in a small building at the southwest corner of New and Cedar streets.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} |
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| In 1964, the Allen Products Company was acquired by [[Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company]]. In 1980, the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company was acquired by [[Grand Metropolitan]]; and, in 1986, Grand Metropolitan sold the [[Liggett Group]], but retained Alpo Petfoods, Inc. In 1995, [[Nestlé|Nestlé SA]] acquired Alpo Petfoods, Inc. from Grand Metropolitan. In January 2001, Nestlé SA announced the merger of [[Friskies|Nestlé Friskies]] with [[Ralston Purina]] to form the [[Nestlé Purina PetCare|Nestlé Purina PetCare Company]].<ref name="Washington City Paper">{{Citation | In 1964, the Allen Products Company was acquired by [[Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company]]. In 1980, the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company was acquired by [[Grand Metropolitan]]; and, in 1986, Grand Metropolitan sold the [[Liggett Group]], but retained Alpo Petfoods, Inc. In 1995, [[Nestlé|Nestlé SA]] acquired Alpo Petfoods, Inc. from Grand Metropolitan. In January 2001, Nestlé SA announced the merger of [[Friskies|Nestlé Friskies]] with [[Ralston Purina]] to form the [[Nestlé Purina PetCare|Nestlé Purina PetCare Company]].<ref name="Washington City Paper">{{Citation |
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