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Kaya Toast
 
Kaya toast
Alternative namesCoconut jam toast
TypeToast
CourseBreakfast
Place of originSingapore
Created byHainan immigrants
Invented
Serving temperature
Main ingredientsbread kaya (coconut jam) and butter
Glycemic index 49 (low)
Similar dishesFrench Toast
Other information

Practicing citations edit

Ex 1: The article includes an interview with a local resident who explains the different varieties of kaya toast, which includes the kaya spread itself.[1]

Lead sentence: Kaya Toast is a traditional Singaporean and Malaysian breakfast item invented by Hainan immigrants.[2][3]

Kaya Toast edit

History edit

The development of kaya toast is paired with the rise of kopi tiam establishments. These coffee shops would serve the kaya toast and later create the classic Hainanese breakfast of kaya toast and coffee. The Hainanese immigrants that started kopi tiams are known to have served as cooks for the British residents before 1965, learning coffee making techniques. In 1930s, these venues rose to popularity with their cheap serving of kaya toast breakfast. The history of kaya toast was made in pre-war family houses with no clear successor. Thus, in 1996, with only 92 licensed coffee-shops left, The kaya toast would also decline in popularity.[4][5]

DRAFT edit

Kaya Toast edit

Kaya toast is a traditional Singaporean and Malaysian breakfast item invented by the Hainanese immigrants. The food consists of two slices of toast with butter and kaya (coconut jam), commonly serve alongside coffee and soft-boiled eggs. [6][7] However, kaya toast can also be enjoyed in the afternoon as a snack. [8] The introduction of kaya toast happened in close timing with the appearance of kopi tiams or coffee shops. [9] It is speculated that Hainanese immigrants that served the British would use their learnt skills to open these kopi tiam establishments.[10][11] The popularity of kaya toast is so tightly linked with kopi tiams that even now, shop chains such as Ya Kun Kaya Toast and Killiney Kopitiam continue to assist the popularity of kaya toast in modern times with re-creations and adaptations of the toast. [12]

 
Kaya toast dipped into soft-boiled egg

There are various ways to make kaya, some recipes are passed down from one family member to the other. For example, the Killiney Kopitiam franchise still uses homemade kaya. [13] The complete Hainanese breakfast experience involves cracking a soft-boiled egg into a bowl, sprinkling soy sauce and black pepper, and generously dipping the toast into the mixture before eating it. [14] Kaya toast is best served immediately, the toast should still be warm and the butter cold. [15]

History edit

Kaya toast was first introduced by the Hainanese immigrants as part of the menu for kopi tiam establishments (coffee shops), giving it the name Hainanese breakfast. One story claim that the Hainanese immigrants had previously served as cooks for the British residents. [16]. While others believed that kaya toast was derived from foods prepared on British ships [17] Furthermore, the kaya spread was considered a replacement for western fruit jams. [18] The kaya spread itself has also been said to be an influence from the Nyonyas, who often use pandan and coconut milk in their cooking. However, kaya toast itself is an entirely new creation as toasted bread was never a part of Chinese cuisine. [19] After the ships arrived in Singapore and Malaysia, the Hainanese servants then created kopi tiams as a means of survival. [20]

Kopi tiam venues became popular in the 1930s and a decade later, the kaya toast was introduced as a cheap breakfast option aimed at labour workers. Because the kaya toast was mainly served on kopi tiams, it followed the rise and lows of the establishments itself. Kopi tiams were often situated in pre-war family housings with no clear successor. In 1996, with only 92 licensed kopi tiams left, the kaya toast soon declined in popularity. [21]

It was not until the 1990s that the kaya toast popularity would resurge, the emergence of western snacks being the driving factor. One of the original kopi tiam, Ya Kun Kaya Toast, started its rebranding and established a franchise system. They also introduced new varieties of toasts. This movement was also joint by the famous retailer, Old Chang Kee, with curry puffs [22].

These chains of events led to the emergence of other kaya toast establishments, such as the Wang Jiao Kaya Toast and Ah Mei Toast café. Brands would compete for cheaper pricing for the classic Hainanese breakfast. The kaya toast industry would continue to attract the American fast-food chain, McDonald’s. The franchise released its western take on kaya toast in June 2005. Offering sliced toasted bun instead of the traditional white bread. Other food retailers would also set up their version of traditional snacks. [23]

In the past, traditional snack shops could only be found in a few locations such as Chinatown and Balestier Road. However, Singapore started actively promoting its street food or hawker fare to tourist via the Singapore Tourism Board (STB). In 1994, the Singapore Tourism Board (STB) held a month-long event to advertise traditional food called the Singaporean Food Festival, now hosted every year. Particularly, in 2004, Kaya toast was featured by the Singapore Tourism Board in its "Uniquely Singapore Shop & Eat Tours", serving as the symbol for Chinese local snack.[24] [25].

Government efforts of placing coffee carts situated on the streets into hawker centres have also significantly assisted the kaya toast business. As of December 2005, the Singapore foodscape houses an estimate of over 70 outlets selling kaya toast, excluding small coffee-shops that are not listed on the internet or does not have a website. Since then, kaya toast has become a regular item in café and can be found at almost every hawker centre. [26][27] Many of these outlets, however, were categorized as the emerging copycat business. These copycat entrepreneurs have been commented as lacking originality, solely relying on past ideas belonging to somebody else to make easy money. [28]

It is noted that these new entrepreneurs believe that they are not simply copying but have managed to develop their strategies and produce food based on their creativity. The trend following the success of the business industry was noted to be encouraged by the "kiasu" (fear of losing out in Hokkien) culture. [29] The Singaporean citizen itself has also shown eagerness to get on board the newest food trend to satisfy their cravings. [30]

However, the Singapore food industry was facing a problem with foreign tourists. They are less reluctant to try traditional food due to its unfamiliar ingredients and health concerns. To countermeasure this problem, retailers and shops have made modifications that are classified as "new dishes" and "new cuisine", rather than introducing them as fusions or hybrid food, stating that it is a product of creativity and innovation. For example, Ya Kun Kaya Toast modified their kaya toast preparation method and introduced French toast as part of their menu. While the taste of kaya toast has appealed to Japanese tourists, American tourists were less inclined to try kaya toast as it was too sweet for their palate. The traditional way of eating toast by dipping it into soft-boiled eggs was also seen as another deterrent for western tourists. Retailers would then introduce hard-boiled eggs as part of their breakfast menu. Since the transformation, local vendors have turned into a battle of creativity to create tourist-oriented cuisines. [31]

Currently, the preparation method and appearance of kaya toast have also changed. Sellers would use electric grills instead of the traditional charcoal grills. Previously, hawker workers would use homemade bread but have now opted to order bread supplies from factories. While the methods and ingredients have been simplified, one thing that has yet to change drastically is the kaya spread itself. The kaya spread used in renowned retailers, such as Yak Kun Kaya Toast and Killiney Kopitiam, are still produced from their traditional recipe. It is also worth noting that changes in the method, menu, and economy have not necessarily led to a decline in traditional food sellers. Singapore itself does not prevent the rise of micro-entrepreneurs in the department of traditional food. [32][33]

Variations edit

Kaya toast is usually served in two basic forms, on a thin toast or a thick one from white bread. However, it is suitable to use pain de mie, pullman bread, French baguette, ciabatta or any other bread for sandwiches. The recommended serving remains the same across variations, two slices for each person. [34][35]

The hawker centre committee has also pushed for younger vendors to try working in the centre. This effort led to new varieties of kaya toast flavours such as key lime crème, matcha coconut toast, and black sesame. [36]

The kaya spread itself, which is originally green from the pandan leaves, are sometimes replaced with peanut butter, chocolate, durian and even savoury fillings such as hae bee hiam (spicy minced dried shrimps), pork floss, and barbequed pork slices.[37] These new variations suggest that the once "humble" breakfast have developed into a "Uniquely Singapore(an)" snack, as suggested from the tagline by STB in 2004. [38]

Nutrition edit

Macronutrient Composition
Food Carbohydrate (g/100g) [39] Fat (g/portion) [40] Protein (g/portion) [41] Total energy (kJ/portion) [42]
Kaya toast 46.0 17.6 7.3 1623

One portion of kaya toast (108.7 gram) is categorized as a low Glycemic Index (GI) food with an average score of 49 on the scale. [43]

Ingredients and preparation edit

The Hainanese breakfast consists of kaya toast, sweetened coffee and soft-cooked eggs. [44]

Firstly, the bread should be sliced into two, which can be thick or thin depending on personal preferences. Traditionally, the bread should be grilled over charcoal to ensure a crunchy and flavorful toast. However, grilling on a pan or toasting the bread also works. Once the bread is toasted, a slice of cold butter is placed on one side of the bread, the process is then repeated on the other slice. Originally, the cold butter is meant to soften from the combined heat exposure from the toast and tropical weather. Finally, the kaya jam should be spread on top of the cold butter. [45]

To enjoy the Hainanese breakfast as per tradition, the soft-cooked egg should be cracked in a bowl, adding soy sauce and pepper to taste. Then the kaya toast should be generously dipped into it before being enjoyed. It is best served immediately; the butter should still be cold when eaten. [46]

If kaya is not available, it is suggested to make a coconut chocolate spread as a replacement. Shaving fresh coconut and chocolate on top of the cold butter and pressing the second piece of toast over it before serving. [47]

Media Coverage edit

Kaya toast is one of the most extensively advertised traditional snack, along with curry puffs, soybean milk, and moon-cakes. Press report, local television programs, and food guides on traditional snack continue to encourage market growth and establish the position of traditional snacks, including kaya toast, as a popular culture icon in Singapore. The media coverage of traditional food has also helped raise cultural awareness and knowledge for Singaporeans.[48]

The kaya toast has been featured in several media, following the growth of Chinese snacks in Singapore. These articles include:[49]

  • "Spread Some Love Around" by Straits Times, published on the 5th of December 1999.
  • "Toast of The Town" by Business Times, published on 24th of June 2003.
  • "Kaya War Spreads" by Straits Times, published on 17th of August 2003.
  • "Now, who Is The Toast of The Town?" by Straits Times, published on 22nd of May 2005.
  • "Toast with The Most" by The New Paper, published on 26th of June 2005.
  • "Kaya Jam Anyone?" by The Daily Yomiuri, published on 6th of August 2005.
  • "A Toast to Kaya and Peanut Butter Bombs" by The New Paper, published on 1st of September 2005.


On December 2006, the Straits Times published the headline "Toast Masters" reviewing that there were at least four bakery chains and cafés that have incorporated kaya toast into their product list, besides Ah Mei and Wang Jiao.[50]

In 2007, local food guide ‘Makansutra Singapore’ has also included a section called "Kaya Toast" in their guide and encourage stalls to sell more of it.[51]

In popular culture edit

  • In January 2013, a local food-inspired exhibition titled “Makan Time! Tuck In To Good Design.” was held at The National Museum of Singapore by the design collective “Little Thoughts Group”. The exhibition ran for two weeks and included a showcase of the Hainanese breakfast consisting of coffee or tea, kaya toast and two half-boiled eggs, with soy sauce and black pepper. The art piece was presented by Lee Leong Chye to honour the traditional breakfast, calling it “Our Humble Breakfast.”. [52]
  • During the Singapo(ren): Discovering Chinese Singaporean Culture exhibition held at the Singapore Chinese Cultural Centre (SCCC) on March 2020, the kaya toast can be traced as part of the evolution of Chinese-Singaporean identity. [53]
  • Three Michelin stars chef, Hideki Ishikawa, refers to kaya toast as one of his favourite dishes during his stay in Singapore. [54]
  • T2, The Australian tea chain in Singapore released a new product called "Singaporean Breakfast tea" in January 2017. The product pays homage to kaya toast, consisting of pu’er, coconut flakes, roasted rice and green tea. [55]
  • Kaya toast was featured on the Korean TV show called “Happy Together”, in the Late Night Cafeteria segment. Guests of the show included Sistar, 4Minute, and Super Junior was told to create dishes with limited cost and time. Dasom from Sistar created kaya toast which she described as a dessert in Singapore that she enjoyed. Hyuna from 4Minute also exclaimed that the K-pop group love the snack. During Dasom’s explanation of kaya toast preparation, Hyuna added that cheese can be included as well. Yoo Jae-Suk, host and judge of the show, noted that it was delicious, sweet and savoury at the same time. Other guests stared in envy and demanded that they get a taste. [56]

References edit

  1. ^ Chicago Tribune
  2. ^ Curtin University of Technology
  3. ^ Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 6
  4. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  5. ^ Tarulevicz, NT, and S Hudd. "From Natural History to National Kitchen: Food In The Museums Of Singapore, 2006¬-2017". Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 6, no. 2329-4787 (2017): 18 - 44. http://digest.champlain.edu/article6_2.html.
  6. ^ Tarulevicz, NT, and S Hudd. "From Natural History to National Kitchen: Food In The Museums Of Singapore, 2006¬-2017". Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 6, no. 2329-4787 (2017): 18 - 44. http://digest.champlain.edu/article6_2.html.
  7. ^ The Hindu. "Kaya Toast", 2012. https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kaya-toast/article2979801.ece.
  8. ^ The Hindu. "Kaya Toast", 2012. https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kaya-toast/article2979801.ece.
  9. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  10. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  11. ^ Chu, Louisa. "Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast". Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  12. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  13. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  14. ^ Tarulevicz, NT, and S Hudd. “From Natural History to National Kitchen: Food In The Museums Of Singapore, 2006¬-2017”. Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 6, no. 2329-4787 (2017): 18 - 44. http://digest.champlain.edu/article6_2.html.
  15. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  16. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  17. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  18. ^ Zaccheus, Melody. “Take A Culture Trip With Luoli, Kaya And Toast”. The Sunday Times, 2020. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/take-a-culture-trip-with-luoli-kaya-and-toast.
  19. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  20. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  21. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  22. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  23. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  24. ^ Singapore Tourism Board. “STB to Launch ‘Uniquely Singapore Shop & Eat Tours’”, 2004. http://app.stb.gov.sg/asp/new/new03a.asp?id=1163
  25. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  26. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  27. ^ Stone, George W. "Obsessions Breakfast." National Geographic Traveler, 2016.
  28. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  29. ^ Bravó-Bhasin, Marion. 2014. Culture Shock! Singapore: A Survival Guide To Customs And Etiquette. 3rd ed. Marshall Cavendish International.
  30. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  31. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  32. ^ Leong, S. “Toast to toast”. The Straits Times, 2006.
  33. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  34. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  35. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  36. ^ Tarulevicz, NT, and S Hudd. "From Natural History to National Kitchen: Food In The Museums Of Singapore, 2006¬-2017". Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 6, no. 2329-4787 (2017): 18 - 44. http://digest.champlain.edu/article6_2.html.
  37. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  38. ^ Singapore Tourism Board. “STB to Launch ‘Uniquely Singapore Shop & Eat Tours’”, 2004. http://app.stb.gov.sg/asp/new/new03a.asp?id=1163
  39. ^ Sun, Lijuan, Davina Elizabeth Mei Lee, Wei Jie Kevin Tan, Dinesh Viren Ranawana, Yu Chin Rina Quek, Hui Jen Goh, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load Of Selected Popular Foods Consumed in Southeast Asia". British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 5 (2015): 843-848. doi:10.1017/s0007114514004425.
  40. ^ Sun, Lijuan, Davina Elizabeth Mei Lee, Wei Jie Kevin Tan, Dinesh Viren Ranawana, Yu Chin Rina Quek, Hui Jen Goh, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load Of Selected Popular Foods Consumed in Southeast Asia". British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 5 (2015): 843-848. doi:10.1017/s0007114514004425.
  41. ^ Sun, Lijuan, Davina Elizabeth Mei Lee, Wei Jie Kevin Tan, Dinesh Viren Ranawana, Yu Chin Rina Quek, Hui Jen Goh, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load Of Selected Popular Foods Consumed in Southeast Asia". British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 5 (2015): 843-848. doi:10.1017/s0007114514004425.
  42. ^ Sun, Lijuan, Davina Elizabeth Mei Lee, Wei Jie Kevin Tan, Dinesh Viren Ranawana, Yu Chin Rina Quek, Hui Jen Goh, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load Of Selected Popular Foods Consumed in Southeast Asia". British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 5 (2015): 843-848. doi:10.1017/s0007114514004425.
  43. ^ Sun, Lijuan, Davina Elizabeth Mei Lee, Wei Jie Kevin Tan, Dinesh Viren Ranawana, Yu Chin Rina Quek, Hui Jen Goh, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. “Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load Of Selected Popular Foods Consumed in Southeast Asia”. British Journal
  44. ^ The Hindu. “Kaya Toast”, 2012. https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kaya-toast/article2979801.ece.
  45. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  46. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  47. ^ Chu, Louisa. “Breakfast Quest in Singapore: Looking for History On Toast”. Chicago Tribune, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/sc-singapore-breakfast-quest-food-0422-20160420-story.html.
  48. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  49. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  50. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  51. ^ Lee, Shereen. “A new taste of tradition: Chinese snacks and Hawker-entrepreneurs in Singapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 2008.
  52. ^ Tarulevicz, NT, and S Hudd. “From Natural History to National Kitchen: Food In The Museums Of Singapore, 2006¬-2017”. Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 6, no. 2329-4787 (2017): 18 - 44. http://digest.champlain.edu/article6_2.html.
  53. ^ Zaccheus, Melody. “Take A Culture Trip With Luoli, Kaya And Toast”. The Sunday Times, 2020. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/take-a-culture-trip-with-luoli-kaya-and-toast.
  54. ^ Ee, Jaime. “Chef Koji Koizumi, From Three-Michelin Starred Kohaku, Enjoys Chilli Crab And Kaya Toast”. The Straits Times, 2017. https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/chef-koji-koizumi-from-three-michelin-starred-kohaku-enjoys-chilli-crab-and-k
  55. ^ Goh, Kenneth. “Australian Tea Company T2 Concocts Brew In Homage To Kaya Toast”. The Straits Times, 2017. https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/singapore-breakfast-tea-anyone.
  56. ^ Chiu, Peace. “Sistar’S Dasom And 4Minute’S Hyuna Like Singapore’S Kaya Toast”. Singapore Showbiz, 2020. https://sg.style.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/sistar-dasom-4minute-hyuna-singapore-kaya-toast-052312623.html.

Notes edit


Answers to Module 7 Questions edit

Photography of kaya toast - yes, it was taken by my iphone - it's a media file (JPEG)

- Public domain license:

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:

: Own work; no attribution required; any reuse permitted; Creative Commons CC0 Public Dedication 1.0 license

- Category:Cuisine of Southeast Asia

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