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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_templates {{Refimprove|date=April 2008}} {{Primarysources|date=April 2008}} {{grammar}} Yerida (Hebrew: ירידה‎ Translit.: yerida Translated: descent) is the somewhat derogatory term, widely used to mean emigration by Jews and Israelis from the Land of Israel -- and since its establishment in 1948 -- the State of Israel. The opposite action, immigration by Jews to Israel, is called Aliyah ("ascent").

Etymology edit

Emigrants from Israel are known as yordim ("those who go down [from Israel]"). Immigrants to Israel are known as olim ("those who go up [to Israel]").

The use in the Hebrew word "Yored" (which means "descends") is a modern renewal which is based on verses from the Torah: "אנכי ארד עמך מצרימה ואנכי אעלך גם עלו", and from the Mishnah: "הכל מעלין לארץ ישראל ואין הכל מוציאין", and from the Talmud "ארץ ישראל גבוה מכל הארצות"

The extent of emigration from Israel according to periods edit

Emigration from the land of Israel before Zionism edit

In the end of the days of the kingdom of Israel and the kingdom of Judea, a massive deportation of Jews from Israel is recorded, but that time it was not emigration done willingly. But after the destruction of the first temple, mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah that the wealthy Jews who remained in Israel emigrated from Israel to Egypt in spite of the protests of Jeremiah. A similar phenomenon occurred after the destruction of the second temple when Jews emigrated from Israel due to the many difficulties of living in Israel and the extent of emigration much bigger than of the immigration.

Emigration from the land of Israel since the start of Zionism and until the establishment of the state of Israel edit

It is difficult to estimate the number of people who emigrated from Israel since the start of establishment of the Zionist movement and until the establishment of the state of Israel, or their portion in relation to the amount of immigrants who immigrated to the country. The estimations which relate to the dimensions of emigration during the period of the first immigration wave and the second immigration wave move between circa 40% (An estimation made by Joshua Kaniel) from all the immigrants and until 80% - 90%. In the second half of the days of the fourth immigration wave, in the years 1926-1928, there was a big emigration wave out of the country and about 14,000 immigrants left compared with 19,000 immigrants who came in the those years. But relatively to the all of the immigrants who came in the fourth immigration wave, about 67,000 people, the amount of emigration wasn’t irregular in its extent.

Emigration from Israel since the founding of the state of Israel edit

The state of Israel is an immigration absorbing state, and the number of immigrants migrating to Israel far exceeds the number of emigrants leaving Israel. There are a variety of estimates of Israelis who emigrated from Israel and live abroad:

Israeli ministerial and political sources of emigration estimates edit

  • In 1980 the Israeli government charged the deputy Prime Minister Simcha Erlich and the Director of the Jewish Agency Shmuel Lahis to inquire into Israeli emigration to the United States.[1] The Lahis Report estimated that there were 300,000 to 500,000 Israelis living in the United States, mainly in New York and Los Angeles.
  • Tzipi Livni, the former Israeli Ministry of Absorption released in November 2003 its estimate that 750,000 Israelis were living abroad, primarily in the United States and Canada--about 12.5 percent of the general Jewish population of Israel. [2]
  • By 2008 the Ministry of Immigration and Absorption estimate for Israelis living abroad was 700,000 of those, 450,000 were estimated to be living in the US and Canada. [3]

Demographic emigration estimates edit

  • Israel's net international migration balance and the total size of immigration between 1948 and 1994 was 80 percent, pointing to a missing share, i.e., a ratio of immigrants to emigrants, of 20 percent. Historically Israel's long term migration retention ratio, 80 percent, is much better than other countries receiving large masses of immigration such as the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand. Sergio DellaPergola attributes Israel's comparatively high migration retention to two related factors. First is the family transfer character of aliya, that is the relocation of entire households, including women, children and elderly which implied abandonment of the place of origin. The second factor was the impossibility of return to countries where perceived discrimination or actual persecutions were among the main motivating factors for leaving. [4]
  • All evidence points the U.S. being the primary destination of Israeli emigrants. In 1982 demographer Pini Herman estimated that the there were 100,000 Israeli emigrants who were residing in the U.S. half of who lived in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area with another 10-12 thousand living in the Los Angeles area.[5]
  • The 1990 National Jewish Population Survey estimate of Israelis in the U.S. is based on the definition defines "Israelis" as Jews who were born in Israel and estimates a total of 63,000 Israeli-born adult Jews living in the United States. In addition, a total of 30,000 children live in the households of Israel-born adult Jews. Maximally, then, the Israeli-born Jewish population in the U.S. in 1990 was 93,000. However, only 7,000 of the children were reported born before the Israeli-born adult emigrated to the United States, suggesting the Israeli-born Jewish population residing in the United States is 70,000, with 23,000 children born to Israeli immigrants already living in the U.S. and thus technically first generation Americans. [7]
  • The number of American Jews who immigrated to Israel, lived there for a certain period of time and returned to United States is more difficult to estimate, and it moves between 30,000 and 60,000 by the year 1990, and between 53,000 to 75,000 by the year 2000. So, in Total during that year the number of Israeli-Jews (these who were born in Israel and these who only lived there for a certain period of time) who lived in United States stood between 153,000 and 175,000. With the assumption that the United States is most significant destination of immigration for Israelis, the sociologist Yinon Cohen estimates that the total number of the Israeli-Jews who live abroad in the year of 2000 moves between 300,000 and 350,000.[8]
  • The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics classifies the "Israelis who left the country" as Israelis who lived outside Israel for more than one year continuously, and that previously to that year they lived in Israel for at least 90 days continuously (this distinction separates between those who left the state and those who left in the past and returned for a short visit). In the 1950s and 1960s, indeed until the early 1970s, the Statistical Abstract published by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics did list emigration figures. Subsequently the practice was suspended, [9] this avoided conflict with other Israeli government entities who cited much larger numbers of emigrants than the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics published estimates. Emigration estimates can still be inferred from current population projections by the CBS: Between the years 1990 to 2005 emigration assumptions from Israel by the CBS averaged 14,000 people per year. 1993, 1995 and 2001 - 2002 saw relatively high levels of emigration. The rate of the emigrants from Israel decreased during those years from 3 per thousand to 1 per thousand as a result of an increase in total Israeli population. This total estimate includes both the Israeli-Arab emigrants and Israeli-Jews who may have died while abroad. If these two groups are subtracted, the estimate of the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics for the Israeli-Jews who emigrated abroad between 1948 and 2001 is less than 400,000.[citation needed] The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics estimates that 554,000 Israelis resided abroad between the years 1948 to 2001.
  • The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics created their most recent population projection to 2010 with the assumption that 6,600 Jewish Israelis per year will leave the country.[11] The United States currently accepts about 4 thousand immigrants a year from Israel, of whom 3000 to 3500 are Jewish. Pini Herman estimates that about two-thirds of all Israeli emigrants currently migrate to the U.S. and an additional one-sixth of Israeli emigrants settle in Canada for a total of four-fifths of Israeli emigrants settling in the U.S. and Canada.[citation needed]
  • Over a third of persons in the U.S. who define themselves as Israeli may be American born children of Israeli emigrants, many who have never lived in or even visited Israel. The 2000 U.S. decennial Census had 107,000 persons who reported Israeli as their first or second ancestry, of these persons 51 percent reported country of birth as Israel/Palestine 39 percent reported being born in the U.S. 3 percent were born in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and the remaining 7 percent in other countries.[12]
  • The number of undocumented Israelis in the U.S. has been demonstrated to be relatively low during the IRCA legalizations in the early 1990s when only 1.62 percent of Israeli foreign born (1,449 persons) applied for legalization as compared to 12.6 percent undocumented (2.5 million persons) of all foreign born in the U.S. applying for IRCA legalization [13] [14].

The emigration phenomenon edit

The main motives for leaving Israel are usually connected with the emigrants’ desire for living standard improvement, or for search of work opportunities and professional advancement, for higher education, and due to the wishes of the spouse. Polls amongst the emigrants point out that the political situation and the security threats in Israel are not among the main factors from emigration. Emigration is mostly common amongst new immigrants who did not absorb into the Israeli society successfully or who already made one change in their lives and therefore one additional change was less difficult for them to make. Part of the immigrants immigrate to a third state, almost always in the west, and part of them return to the country of their origin, a phenomenon which expands when the conditions in the country of origin improve, as it happened in Russia in the first decade of the 21st century.

During all years of the state of Israel, the people who leave Israel were more literate, in average, from the ones who remained in Israel. The phenomenon is even more extreme amongst the immigrants who leave Israel than the Israeli born who leave Israel. Therefore, at times, the emigration from Israel is referred to as Brain drain. An OECD estimate put the highly educated emigrant rate at 5.3 per thousand highly educated Israelis, actually placing Israel in the lower third of 103 compared OECD countries where the overall average was 14 per thousand emigration from country of birth by highly educated persons. Israel with its well developed technical and educational infrastructure and larger base of highly educated citizens is retaining a greater percentage of its highly educated persons than countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark, New Zealand and Australia. [16]

In 2007 a special program of the Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel was announced which is intended to encourage the Israeli emigrants abroad to return to Israel and in addition to that it was decided that by the year 2008 the office would invest 19 million shekels in establishing exclusive absorption plans for the returning emigrants.

Emigration and Zionist ideology edit

The rejection of emigration from Israel is a central assumption in all forms of Zionism as a corollary of the The "Negation of the Diaspora" in Zionism which according to Eliezer Schweid was a central tenet of Israeli Zionist education until the 1970s when there was a need for the State of Israel to reconcile itself with the Jewish diaspora and its massive support of Israel following the Six-Day War. [17]

The reaction of the Israeli society edit

  • During the times of the first immigration waves the emigration from Israel was a great cause for pessimism in regarding to the success of the Zionistic enterprise.
  • In an interview from 1976, Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin identified the Israeli emigrants as "fall-outs of weaklings" (נפולת של נמושות). Nowadays there is much less antagonism among the Israelis regarding emigrants. The main thing that back then disturbed the Zionist leadership of the State of Israel was the idea that people born into Israeli society could choose to leave it, though not even facing the same challenges as emigrants whom were originally born abroad whom choose to leave after failing to integrate.
  • In an interview in 2008 Ehud Barak, the Israeli defense minister and former prime minister said that "Jews know that they can land on their feed in any corner of the world. The real test for us is to make Israel such an attractive place--cutting edge in science, education, culture, quality of life--that even American Jewish young people want to come here. If we cannot do this, even those who were born here will consciously decide to go to other places. This is a real problem."[18]

Emigration and Israeli Culture edit

  • Territorial Therapy[19] - The ideation of migration or yerida is often a psychological outlet or mechanism utilized by many Israelis to counter the dissonance and stress of living in dangerous situations and dangerous geography of Israel. A variety of polls over the years have demonstrated it is common for Israelis to actively and seriously weigh that they or their children leave Israel to live in other parts of the world, primarily the United States and Canada. The number of Israelis with serious migratory ideation and intent far outweighs the actual number of Israelis who successfully carry out their emigration from Israel.
  • Another avenue that ideation of migration is carried is the relatively high numbers of Israelis who seek out non-Israeli citizenship in European Union countries[20], (where in 2007 an estimated 42 percent of Israelis are eligible for citizenship based on their parents' and grandparents' nationalities)[21] and North American countries, possibly to use as a safe haven, but actually continue living in Israel.[22] The seeking, attainment and possession of multiple nationalities by a Jewish individual is allowed by Israeli law whereas other nations such as the United States and Germany require a renouncement of foreign citizenship and the voluntary attainment of a foreign citizenship can result in the loss of citizenship in that country. For example 220 Israeli diplomats to the U.S. have received 'Green card' or Permanent Resident Alien status between 1966 and 1979 [23] but the likelihood is low that these career Israeli government officials actually emigrated from Israel, but rather they gained a passport of convenience to travel to countries that may be less welcoming of Israeli passports.
  • Some polls, such as the Gallup World Poll in 2007 revealed that significant numbers of Israelis, 20 percent, would ideally, if they had the opportunity would like to move permanently to another country. This was in the mid-range of desire to migrate and less than, for example, the residents of Denmark, Belgium, Mexico, Argentina, Italy, Poland and Hungary, South Korea and Chile. [24] The 'push factor' bringing about migration is often reflected in quality of life perceptions. In terms of self ranked quality of life Israelis rate their own lives on a scale numbered from zero at the bottom to ten at the top, Israelis' average rating in 2007 was 6.84, [25] which is far higher the 4 average for the world and compares with Denmark's 8, [26] among the world's top.

Emigration and Israeli Politics edit

  • The topic of yerida is often brought up during political campaigns in Israel with various political parties and candidates arguing that one or another's policies will increase or lessen emigration from Israel. Occasionally a political party will have a 'yerida' plank in its election manifesto and winning sides have on occasion appointed persons holding the Yerida portfolio at the ministerial or vice ministerial rank. Various bills in the Israeli Knesset are often argued on the grounds that they will prevent or engender emigration.[27]
  • Popular protest movements, particularly after wars and around economic and ethnic equity issues have often been accompanied by their activists' threats of voting with their feet by emigrating from Israel, and at times the burning of Israeli identity cards by Israeli protesters threatening that their next move would be emigration if their demands weren't met has been featured in the Israeli media. On one occasion in the 1970s an Israeli Black Panther ethnic equity protester with a great fanfare and media coverage did emigrate to Morrocco and remigrated to Israel after a period. [citation needed][28]
  • In 1998 Janet Aviad, a leader of the Israeli group Peace Now, noted, "As soon as our people hear Bibi (former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu), they turn off the radio. They have gone on 'inner yerida'." [29]
  • In 2008 in the context of an ideological crisis Israel caused by record-low and shrinking - aliya figures Israel's Immigration and Absorption Ministry embarked on a new mission targeting Israeli emigrants, the 'Israeli' Diaspora in addition Jewish diaspora under the title of "Returning Home on Israel's 60th."[30]

Emigration and Jewish Diaspora Communities edit

  • Ambivalence by diaspora Jewish communities to Israeli emigrants
    • Welcome of emigrant by diaspora Jewish community is seen as a possible betrayal of the Zionist ideal immigration to Israel and endangerment of Israel's success in retaining and growing its Jewish population.
    • Israeli emigrants buttress the local Jewish diaspora community
  • Perception of Israeli emigrants by diaspora community organizations
    • Low rates of Israeli emigrant particiaption in Jewish organizations
    • Low rates of financial support of local Jewish organizations and synagogues
    • Israeli emigrants working in low status immigrant occupations that the diaspora Jewish population tends not to engage it or has long-ago abandoned such as taxi driving, auto repair, security guards, mall cart sales etc.

Israeli emigrant organizations and emigrant media outside of Israel edit

Israelis tend to be disproportionately Jewishly active in their diaspora communities, creating and participating formal and informal organizations, participating in diaspora Jewish religious institutions and sending their children to Jewish education providers at a greater rate than local diaspora Jews. [31]

In Los Angeles a Council of Israeli Community was founded in 2001 [32]. In Los Angeles an Israel Leadership Club was organized and has been active in support activities for Israel, most recently in 2008, it sponsored with the local Jewish Federation and Israeli consulate a concert in support for the embattled population suffering rocket attacks of Sderot, Israel where the three frontrunners for the U.S. president, Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, John McCain greeted the attendees by video and expressed their support for the residents of Sderot.

A variety of Hebrew language websites, newspapers and magazines are published in New York, [33][34][35][36] Los Angeles[37][38] and other U.S. regions. [39] The Israeli Channel along with two other Hebrew language channels are available via satellite broadcast nationally in the United States[40]. Hebrew language Israeli programming on local television was broadcast in New York and Los Angeles during the 1990s prior to Hebrew language satellite broadcast. Live performances by Israeli artists are a regular occurrence in centers of Israeli emigrants in the U.S. and Canada with audience attendance often in the hundreds.[41] An Israeli Independence Day Festival has taken place yearly in Los Angeles since 1990 with thousands of Israeli emigrants and American Jews.[42]

References edit

  1. ^ Lahav, Gallya; Arian, Asher (2005), 'Israelis in a Jewish diaspora: The multiple dilemmas of a globalized group' in International Migration and the Globalization of Domestic Politics ed. Rey Koslowski, London: Routledge, p. 89, ISBN 0415258154 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  2. ^ Eric, Gold; Moav, Omer (2006), [www.knesset.gov.il/committees/heb/material/data/mada2006-06-28.doc Brain Drain From Israel (Brichat Mochot M'Yisrael)] (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Mercaz Shalem - The Shalem Center, The Social-Economic Institute, p. 26 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |year= (help).
  3. ^ Rettig, Haviv (04-06-2008). "Officials to US to bring Israelis home". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 04-29-2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ DellaPergola, Sergio (2000). Still Moving: Recent Jewish Migration in Comparative Perspective, Daniel J. Elazar and Morton Weinfeld eds. (ed.). 'The Global Context of Migration to Israel'. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 13–60. ISBN 1-56000-428-2. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ Herman, Pini (September 1983), "The Myth of the Israeli Expatriate", Moment Magazine, 8 (8): 62–63{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Population Center [producer and distributor], 2004". Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  7. ^ Barry, Kosmin (1998), NJPS Methodology Series: Israelis in the United States, New York: United Jewish Communities, p. 1 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= (help).
  8. ^ Cohen, Yinon. 2007. "The Demographic Success of Zionism."
  9. ^ Lustick, Ian (2004), "Recent Trends in Emigration from Israel:The Impact of Palestinian Violence", Prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the Association for Israel Studies, Jerusalem, Israel, June 14-16, 2004, Jerusalem: Association for Israel Studies, p. 21
  10. ^ "Database on immigrants and expatriates:Emigration rates by country of birth (Total population)". Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development, Statistics Portal. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
  11. ^ "Table 13.- Assumptions Regarding Immigration, Emigration and Migration Balance, by Variant - Jews and Others. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Jerusalem, December 2004" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  12. ^ "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Population Center [producer and distributor], 2004". Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  13. ^ "IRCA Legalizations During Fiscal Years 1989 To 1991 and the Difference Between the Expected and Counted Foreign-born Persons by Race and Country of Birth". Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  14. ^ Ahmed, Bashir; Robinson, J. Gregory (December 1994), "Estimates of Emigration of the Foreign-born Population: 1980-1990", Population Division Working Paper No. 9, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, retrieved 2008-04-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ^ "Detailed Country of Citizenship , Single and Multiple Citizenship Responses , Immigrant Status and Sex for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  16. ^ "Database on immigrants and expatriates: Emigration rates for highly educated persons by country of birth". Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development, Statistics Portal. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
  17. ^ Schweid, Eliezer (1996). Essential Papers on Zionsm, Reinharz & Shapira, eds. (ed.). Rejection of the Diaspora in Zionist Thought. ISBN 8147-7449-0. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Check |isbn= value: length (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  18. ^ Unforgiven / Jeffrey Goldberg, The Atlantic, May 2008
  19. ^ Eaton, Joseph W. (1971), Migration and Social Welfare, New York: National Association of Social Workers, pp. pg. x, ISBN 0-87101-617-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)
  20. ^ Marx, Bettina (21-07-2004). "EU Passport Gets Popular in Israel". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 27-04-2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  21. ^ Barak, Mitchell (22-02-2007). "Measuring the Attitudes of Israelis Towards the European Union and its Member States" (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung / KEEVOON Research. pp. pgs. 29-30. Retrieved 27-04-2008. {{cite web}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Barak, Mitchell (22-02-2007). "Measuring the Attitudes of Israelis Towards the European Union and its Member States" (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung / KEEVOON Research. p. 14. Retrieved 27-04-2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ In our Footsteps: Israeli Migration to the U.S. and Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA: Hebrew Union College J.I.R., 1983.
  24. ^ Torres, Gerver (2007), "Gallup World Poll and Migration", Sixth Coordination Meeting on International Migration - Population Division - Department of Economic and Social Affairs - United Nations Secretariat - New York, 26-27 November 2007 (PDF), New York, p. 18 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  25. ^ Crabtree, Steve (January 9, 2008). "'Satisfaction Gap' Divides Israelis, Palestinians". Gallup.com. Retrieved 2008-04-30. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ Wolfers, Justin (2008-4-17), "The Economics of Happiness, Part 2: Are Rich Countries Happier than Poor Countries?", New York Times {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ^ Lahav, Gallya; Arian, Asher (2005), 'Israelis in a Jewish diaspora: The multiple dilemmas of a globalized group' in International Migration and the Globalization of Domestic Politics ed. Rey Koslowski, London: Routledge, p. 89, ISBN 0415258154 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  28. ^ Cohen, Eric (1980), The Black Panthers and Israeli society' in Studies of Israeli Society eds. Ernest Krausz & David Glanz, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, p. 161, ISBN 0-87855-369-X {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  29. ^ Mort, Jo-Ann (1998-07-22), "Lost Generation: Israeli and Palestinian youth share bond", LA Weekly, retrieved 2008-05-05{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link).
  30. ^ Rettig, Haviv (04-06-2008). "Analysis: Aliya policy lacking imagination". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 04-29-2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ Spence, Rebecca (2008-04-24). "Wanting to connect, Israelis find religion". Forward. Forward Association Inc. Retrieved 2008-04-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "Council of Israeli Community". Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  33. ^ Meyers, Oren (Fall 2001). "A Home Away from Home? Israel Shelanu and the Self-Perceptions of Israeli Migrants" (PDF). Israel Studies. 6 (3). Indiana University Press: 71–90. doi:10.1353/is.2001.0031. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
  34. ^ "My Israel.com" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  35. ^ "Yisraelim.com" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  36. ^ "Localista.com" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  37. ^ "Shavua Israeli - The Israeli Weekly Magazine" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  38. ^ "We Are in America - The Israeli Magazine" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  39. ^ "PhillyIsraelim.com" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  40. ^ "The Israeli Channel on Dish Network". Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  41. ^ "Mofaim" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  42. ^ "Israeli Independence Day Festival". Retrieved 2008-04-17.

See also edit

Category:Aliyah Category:Demographics of Israel Category:Hebrew words and phrases Category:Immigration

es:Yeridá he:ירידה מארץ ישראל

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