| |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
(S)-2-Amino-3-((S)-2-methylenecyclopropyl)propanoic acid
| |
| Other names
Hypoglycin A; Hypoglycine; 2-Methylenecyclopropanylalanine
| |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
PubChem CID
|
|
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| C7H11NO2 | |
| Molar mass | 141.170 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 282 °C (540 °F; 555 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Hypoglycin A is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative found in the unripened fruit of the Ackee tree (Blighia sapida)[1] and in the seeds of the box elder tree (Acer negundo).[2] It is toxic if ingested, and is the causative agent of Jamaican vomiting sickness.[1] A 2017 Lancet report established a link between the consumption of unripened lychees (containing hypoglycin A or methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG)) resulting in hypoglycaemia and death from acute toxic encephalopathy.[3]
Sources edit
The entirety of the unripe Ackee fruit is toxic and contains large amounts of hypoglycin. The levels of the toxin decrease over time though from approximately 1000 ppm to around 0.1 ppm in the mature fruit.[4]
Relatives of Ackee, including lychee, longan, and rambutan, can contain enough α-(methylenecyclopropyl)glycine, a homologue of hypoglycin A, in their fruit to cause hypoglycemic encephalopathy in undernourished children, when consumed in large quantities.[5]
Safety edit
Hypoglycin A itself is a yellow solid at room temperature and is only harmful when ingested. As such, avoiding ingestion of sources for hypoglycin A will prevent any harm. The LD50 as tested on rats which were orally administered the chemical was 98 mg/kg and induced lacrimation, somnolence, and vomiting[6]. In order to avoid accidental poisonings, it is advised to wait until the fruit has matured and opened, exposing the black seeds. This decreases the levels of toxin in the fruit by a factor of 10,000[7].
Toxicity edit
Hypoglycin A is a protoxin, meaning that the molecule is not toxic in itself but is broken down into toxic products when ingested. The branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, that normally converts leucine, isoleucine, or valine into acyl-CoA derivatives, converts Hypoglycin A into highly toxic MCPA-CoA. The FAD cofactor necessary for the beta oxidation of fatty acids associates with the alpha carbon of MCPA-CoA creating an irreversible complex that disables the enzyme. In addition, MCPA-CoA blocks some enzymes that are required for gluconeogenesis.[4]
The reduction in gluconeogenesis and the reduction in fatty acid oxidation are thought to be the cause of most of the symptoms of Jamaican vomiting sickness. The blocking of fatty acid metabolism causes cells to start using glycogen for energy. Once glycogen is depleted, the body is unable to produce more, which leads to a severe case of hypoglycemia. These biochemical effects are detected by an excess of medium chain fatty acids in urine and acidosis. Key treatments are aimed at circumventing or counteracting the biochemical changes, and include IV fluids and glucose, and hemodialysis in the case of renal failure.[8]
These interruptions of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases will lead to symptoms of vomiting after several hours. In severe cases, notably common in children and malnourished individuals, hypoglycin A poisoning can lead to seizures, coma, and eventually death.
Synthesis edit
In 1958, John Carbon, William Martin, and Leo Swett were the first to synthesize hypoglycin A, in racemic form, starting from 2-bromopropene and ethyl diazoacetate to form the cyclopropane ring.[9]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b "Ackee Fruit Toxicity". Medscape. 2018-06-13.
- ^ Valberg, S. J.; Sponseller, B. T.; Hegeman, A. D.; Earing, J.; Bender, J. B.; Martinson, K. L.; Patterson, S. E.; Sweetman, L. (2013-07-01). "Seasonal pasture myopathy/atypical myopathy in North America associated with ingestion of hypoglycin A within seeds of the box elder tree". Equine Veterinary Journal. 45 (4): 419–426. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00684.x. ISSN 2042-3306. PMID 23167695.
- ^ Shrivastava, Aakash (2017). "Association of acute toxic encephalopathy with litchi consumption in an outbreak in Muzaffarpur, India, 2014: a case-control study". The Lancet Global Health. 5 (4): e458–e466. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30035-9. PMID 28153514. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|ref= - ^ a b "THE ACKEE FRUIT (BLIGHIA SAPIDA) AND ITS ASSOCIATED TOXIC EFFECTS". University of British Columbia. 2005-11-17.
- ^ Spencer, P. S.; Palmer, V. S.; Mazumder, R. (2015), "Probable Toxic Cause for Suspected Lychee-Linked Viral Encephalitis", Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21 (5): 904–5, doi:10.3201/eid2105.141650, PMC 4412228, PMID 25897979
- ^ British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy., 13(125), 1958 [PMID:13536275].
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ 2.) Medscape- Toxicity, Plants - Ackee Fruit.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help); horizontal tab character in|last1=at position 4 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Hypoglycin". TOXNET.
- ^ Carbon, J. A.; Martin, W. B.; Swett, L. R. (1958), "SYNTHESIS OF α-AMINO- METHYLENECYCLOPROPANEPROPIONIC ACID (HYPOGLYCIN A)", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80 (4): 1002, doi:10.1021/ja01537a066
Category:Amino acids Category:Cyclopropanes Category:Toxic amino acids Category:plant toxins