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Methods
editMulti Stage Flash Distillation
editIn this process, water is evaporated and separated from sea water through flash distillation.[1] Each subsequent flash process utilizes energy released from the condensation of the water vapor from the previous step.[1]
Multiple Effect Distillation
editMED works through a series of steps called “effects”.[1] Incoming water is sprayed onto horizontally or vertically orientated pipes which is then heated to generate steam; the produced steam is then used to heat the next batch of incoming sea water.[1]. (Horizontally orientated tends to be more common).[1] [2] Steam used to heat the sea water can also be taken from nearby power plants to make it more efficient.[1] Although seen as the most thermodynamically efficient, a few limitations exist such as a max temperature and max number of effects.[2]
Vapor Compression Distillation
editBy using one of two methods: a mechanical compressor or a jet stream, vapor is compressed and then used to provide the heat needed for the evaporation of the sea water.[1] Although the system requires only power, it is more efficient if kept at a small scale.[1]
Freezing
editFreezing involves partially freezing the sea water and removing the ice to then clean them and melt them back down into sea water.[1] In the freezing process, water is separated from the salt in order for the water to crystallize properly.[1]
Solar Evaporation
editSolar evaporation mimics the natural water cycle, in which the sun heats the sea water enough for evaporation to occur; after evaporation, the water vapor is condensed onto a cool surface.[1]
Electrodialysis/ Electrodialysis Reversal
editInstead of moving the water through membranes like reverse osmosis, electro dialysis requires the use of electric potential to move the salts through membranes.[3]
Other Issues
editDue to the nature of the process, there is a need to place the plants on approximately 25 acres of land on or near the shoreline.[4] In the case a plant is built inland, pipes will have to be set down to allow for easy intake and outtake.[4] If laid, however, the pipes will also have a probability of leaking into, and contaminating, nearby aquifers.[4] Aside from environmental risks, the noise generated by certain types of desalination plants can be loud.[4]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Khawaji, Akili D.; Kutubkhanah, Ibrahim K.; Wie, Jong-Mihn (March 2008). "Advances in seawater desalination technologies". Desalination. pp. 47–69. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ a b Al-Shammiri, M.; Safar, M. (November 1999). "Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art". Desalination. pp. 45–59. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Van der Bruggen, Bart; Vandecasteele, Carlo (June 2002). "Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination". Desalination. pp. 207–218. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help)