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User:Petusek/Drafts/Northeast Caucasian

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Nakh-Daghestanian edit

Nakh-Daghestanian Consonant Correspondences edit

From Nichols (2003) edit
PEC Nakh Avar-Andic Tsezic Lak Dargi Lezgic Khinalug
Avar Andi Axvax Tsez Bezhta Lezghi Tabassaran Agul Rutul Archi Udi
b[1] b b b b b b pp/b b pp/b b, w b, w b, w b b b, v
(p)[2]   p[3] p h     p p       p p  
(d)   d d d d d tt/d d tt/d d/z d/z d/z d/tt/-r   z
t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ t’
t t t[3] t t     t t t[4] t[5] t t t t
dz -tt ts’ tts’/z tts’/z ts ts tts/z tts tts/dz dz z z ts z ts’
ts’ ts’ ʧ’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ ts’ Ø / ts’ ts/
tts’ ts’ / ? tts’ // ts’ tts’ tts’ ts ts ts’ z t’ / t tts tt d / t ts’ ts’ / ʧ’ ts’
ts ts sh[3] s ʧ s s ts ts {s / ts}[4] s / ts s / ts s / ts s Ø / s ts
st st/st’ ts[3] s ʧ s s ts ts {s / ts}[4] s / ts s / ts s / ts s s ts
tts ts- / -tt (ts) tts tts s / -z-   ss ts z (ts / ʧ) ts / ʧ   s / ʃ ʧ ts
stt st ts ss   s   ss s     s   ss  
dʒ -tt ts’ tʧ’/dʒ tʧ’/dʒ ʧ ʧ tʧ’/ʧ’ ts tʧ/dʒ dʒ dʒ   ʧ dʒ, ʧ ʧ’
ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’   ʧ’ ts’, ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’ ʧ’ Ø ʧ’
tʧ’ -tt tʧ’ // ʧ’ tʧ’ tʧ’ ʧ   ts’, ʧ’ (ʒ) ʧ’ (/ ʧ) tʧ, ʧ’ ? tʧ ʧ   ʧ’ ʧ’
ʧ   ts ?[3] ʧ ʧ ʃ ʃ ts, ʧ ʧ {ʃ / ʧ}[4] ʃ / ʧ ? / ʧ ʃ / ʧ ʃ Ø / ʃ ʧ
tʧ ʧ- / -tt (ʧ) tʧ tʧ     tʧ     ʧ, dʒ   ʃ ʃ ʧ
(dɮ)     ttɬ ttɬ     kk/l   kk/ɣʲ ɣʲ j, xʲ j/w/xʲ ttɬ ɣ/l k’
tɬ’ q’ t’ tɬ’ tɬ’ tɬ’   k’ k’ q’ k’ k’ q’ k’ Ø / q’ k’/g
ttɬ’ ʕ ttɬ’ // tɬ’ ttɬ’, tɬ’ ttɬ’ tɬ tɬ k’ (g) q? k’ / k kk kk q’, q tɬ’ q’ k’ / kk
tɬ x ɬ[3] ɬ tɬ ɬ ɬ xʲ k xʲ[4] xʲ xʲ   ɬ Ø / x k
ttɬ x tɬ ttɬ / tɬ ttɬ / tɬ ɬ, -l-   xx xʲxʲ, kk ɣʲ, g xʲ x xʲ ɬ, ɬɬ q k / xʲ
g g g g g k’ g kk g kk g g g kk/g k’ k’/kk
k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’ k’/g
(kk’)   kk’ //   kk’ kk’ k                  
k k k[3] k k k k k k k[4] k k k k k k
(kk) xk ? (k) (kk) xʲ         ɣ q   x x q k
(ɢ)   q’ qq’/ɣ qq’/ɣ q q qq/ɣ   qq/ɣ ɣ ɣ ɣ q ɣ q’
(q’) (?) q’ q’ q’ q’ q’ q’/j q’ q’ q’ q’ q’ q’ Ø q’
qq’ q’ qq’ // q’, gh qq’ qq’ q   q’ ʕ q’ / q qq’ qq q’ / q qq’, q’ q’ q’
q q x[3] x q x ?   q q {x / q}[4] x / q x / q x / q x Ø / ? q
qq -qq                          
{ʕ}                            
{ʔ}                            
s s s // ʃ s s z z s s s s s s s s s
(ss)     ss ss s   ss s       ss / h ss / h   h
ʃ ʃ (ʃ) //   ʃ ʃ ʒ   s, s ʃ, s ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ
ʃʃ ʃ x ʃʃ ʃʃ ʃ   ʃʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ     ʃʃ  
ɬ x   ɬ ɬ l ɬ ? xʲ / ʃ xʲ ɣʲ xʲ xʲ xʲ / ħ ɬ x xʲ
ɬɬ x ɬ ɬɬ ɬɬ ɬ   xx xʲ / ʃ j ʃ xʲ xʲ / ħ ɬɬ x xʲ
(x)   x // h x x ɣ     x ɣ x x x x x x
(xx) x x xx xx x x xx ? x x x x x x x
m m m/n m m m m m/n m m m/b m m/b m m m
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
l l- / -r l / r l, r l, r, Ø l, r l, r l, Ø l l l   l l l l
r -r-, d- ? r r r r / l / Ø -r- r r r   r   r r Ø, r; n / _C
References edit
  1. ^ Prone to change to *m mainly in Avar-Andic-Tsezic, Lak and Dargi. No cognate set preserves *b everywhere; there are always some tokens of *m (Nichols 2003:249).
  2. ^ Rare. Very few good cognate sets (Nichols 2003:247).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Avar.chd ?
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Lezghi.akh ?
  5. ^ Tabassaran.n ?
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