Various DC Stuff to be used in Wiki Articles
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| Burushaski-Caucasian Comparanda
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Burushaski
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Meaning
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Comments
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Caucasian
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Meaning
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Comments
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| 1
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ʒ́a
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I
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*zō
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I
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Khinalug /zi/
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| 2
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un
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thou
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Directive/Ergative
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*uō(-n)
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thou
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Archi, Udi /un/
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| 3
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gu-´, gú-, gó-
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thou
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Oblique
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*ʁwV̄
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thou
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Dargwa (Sirgokala) /gu/
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| 4
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men / bo, be / bá-śa
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who? / what? / when?
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*mV
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interrogative pronoun
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Batsbi /mẽ/ "who", Archi /ba-sa/ "when?"
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| 5
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te, eté, ot
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that
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y-class singular
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*tV, *dV
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that
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Lak /tat/ "that"
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| 6
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-́l-ći, il-
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eye
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*ʡwĭlʡi
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eye
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Aghul /ul/
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| 7
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-múś
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nose, snot
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*mHărčwV
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snot
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Chamalal /maš/ "snot"
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| 8
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-́ṣ
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neck, throat
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*ris_wĔ
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neck
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Adyghean /p-śa/ "neck"
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| 9
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-́qat
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armpit
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(Hunza, Yasin); Nagar /-́qetaraŋ/ "armpit"
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*qVdV
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breast
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Bezhta /ʁade/
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| 10
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-ltáltar
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front leg, animal shoulder; arm
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(Hunza); Yasin /-ltáltariŋ/ "breasts (of a woman) sticking out"
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*Hl[a]ƛ̣V̄
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breast; back
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Archi /ƛ̣:ol/ "shoulder-blade, foreleg (of animal)", Chamalal /halʷ/ "breast"
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| 11
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-sú
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navel, navel cord
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plural /-sú/ or /-súmu/
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*ʒ_ŏnʔŭ
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navel
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Dargwa /zu/, Khinalug /c̣um/
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| 12
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-úl
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stomach
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*=ɨ̄raŁ_V
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stomach; rennet, abomasum
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Agul /uraj/, Archi /b-aƛ/
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| Likely cognates of case endings
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| Basque Case
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Basque
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Burushaski
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Caucasian
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Comments
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| Absolutive
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-0
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-0
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-0
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The absolutive form is generally used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the direct object of transitive verbs. Special ergative forms are used for the subject of transitive verbs.
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| Ergative
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-k
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-k/-ak(1)
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-k’ə(2)
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(1) instrumental; (2) Kabardian ergative, Circassian (Adyghe) instrumental
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| Dative
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-i
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-e(1)
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*-Hi(2)
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(1) used as both ergative and genitive; (2) manifests as Avar -e (dative), Hunzib -i (dative) etc., shifted to instrumental in Lak, Dargwa, genitive in Khinalug, or ergative in Tsezian, Dargwa and Khinalug
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| Instrumental
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-z [s]
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-as/-áas(1)
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*-s:-(2)
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(1) cf. parallel infinitive -s in some Lezghian languages; (2) instrumental animate; general attributive, shifted to closely related functions in most modern languages, e.g. ergative animate in Chechen, adjectival and participial attributive suffix in Abkhaz etc.
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| Genitive
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-en
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*-nV(1)
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(1) attested as genitive in Lezghi, Chechen (also infinitive, adj. and particip. suff.), possessive in Ubykh etc.; in some languages the function has shifted to ablative (Avar), ergative (Udi, Ubykh)
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| Allative
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-ra(1)
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-r/-ar(2), -al-(3)
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*-ɫV(4)
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(1) some northern Basque dialects have the form -rat and/or -lat; (2) dative/allative; (3) locative; (4) Chechen -l, -lla (translative), Tsez -r (dative, lative), Khinalug -li (general locative) etc.
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| Comitative
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-ekin
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*KV(1)
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(1) possible cognates among mutually incompatible suffixes, cf. Avar -gu-n, -gi-n (comitative), Andi -lo-gu, Karata -qi-l, Tindi -ka, Akhwakh -qe-na.
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Yeniseian languages
Suprasegmentals
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The stressed penultimate syllables in PDC give rise to the morpheme-wide tenseness in PNC. As only fricatives and affricates can be tense in PNC, their absence makes tense morphemes indistinguishable from the lax ones. The loss of the slot-3 glottal stop after long vowels in PY is another problem for the clear determination of stress in PDC.
In the following table, P represents a PNC stop consonant, whereas F a fricative or an affricate.
| PDC |
PNC |
PY |
PST
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| ˈCVː•CVː |
FːVː•FːVː |
CVː•CVː
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| FːVː•PVː
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| PVː•FːVː
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| PVː•PVː
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| ˈCVː•CV |
FːVː•FːV |
CVʔ•CV
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| FːVː•PV
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| PVː•FːV
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| PVː•PV
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| ˈCV•CVː |
FːV•FːVː |
CVʔ•CVː
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| FːV•PVː
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| PV•FːVː
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| PV•PVː
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| ˈCV•CV |
FːV•FːV |
CVʔ•CV
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| FːV•PV
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| PV•FːV
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| PV•PV
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| CVː•ˈCVː |
CVː•CVː |
CVː•CVː
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| CVː•ˈCV |
CVː•CV |
CV•CV
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| CV•ˈCVː |
CV•CVː |
CV•CVː
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| CV•ˈCV |
CV•CV |
CV•CV
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| PDC |
PNC |
PY |
PST
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| ˈHV(R)•CV |
& |
& |
CV
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| HV(R)•ˈCV |
& |
& |
CV
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| ˈHwV(R)•CV |
& |
& |
HVC
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| HwV(R)•ˈCV |
& |
& |
CV
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| CV(R)•ˈCV |
& |
& |
CV•C
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| CV•ˈRV |
& |
CV•CV |
CRV
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| ˈCV•RV |
& |
CVʔ•CV |
CVR
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...to be completed...
