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Geography edit

 
Aerial view of George Town, 2010.

The jurisdiction of George Town covers an area of 305.77 km2 (118.06 sq mi), encompassing the entirety of Penang Island and five of the surrounding islets, including Jerejak Island.[1][2][3] George Town is only slightly more than a third the size of Singapore. With a population density of 2,372/km2 (6,140/sq mi), the city is among the densest among all Malaysian cities.[4][5]

The contiguous hotel and resort belts of Batu Ferringhi and Tanjung Bungah and Tanjung Tokong along the northern beaches of Penang Island form the northwestern fringes of George Town.[6][7] The central hills of Penang Island, including Penang Hill, serve as a giant green lung for George Town and an important forested catchment area. While the central hills have somewhat limited the westward urban sprawl, George Town's expansion is more evident southward along the eastern seaboard of Penang Island, creating the suburbs of Jelutong and Gelugor, the latter merging with the northward development of Bayan Lepas.[6][8]

As with most island cities, land scarcity is a pressing issue in George Town. Land reclamation projects have been carried out to provide more low-lying land at high-demand areas, such as at Gurney Drive, Tanjung Tokong and Jelutong.[9][10][11]

Cityscape edit

UNESCO World Heritage Site edit

 
Aerial view of George Town's designated old town center.

The oldest portion of the city centre has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site since 2008.[12] Recognised as having a "unique architectural and cultural townscape without parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia", George Town contains one of the largest collections of pre-war buildings in Southeast Asia.[12][13][14]

The World Heritage Site covers nearly 260 ha (2.6 km2) of the city centre, roughly bounded by Transfer Road to the west and Prangin Road to the south.[15] The zone includes the city's administrative precinct, which is home to the most historic landmarks like Fort Cornwallis, City Hall and the Penang State Museum, as well as the main Central Business District along Beach Street.[16] The zone also covers various places of worship, such as St. George's Church, the Kapitan Keling Mosque and the Goddess of Mercy Temple, as well as the Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion and the Eastern & Oriental Hotel.[17]

Among the restrictions in force within the zone is a ban on the construction of any structure exceeding 18 m (59 ft) in height, and that any new building which is located adjacent to a historically important structure must not exceed the height of the latter.[18][19]

Street names edit

Main article: List of streets in George Town, Penang
 
A bilingual road sign at Victoria Street

Unlike other cities in Malaysia, George Town still retains most of its colonial street names.[20][21][22] Even for roads that have been renamed in Malay, such as Jalan Masjid Negeri, Penangites in general still prefer to use the road's former colonial name, which in this particular case is Green Lane.[citation needed] This is partly because the new names are often unwieldy (e.g. Pitt Street vs Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling, Northam Road vs Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah), but also reflects a strong conservatism in the local population, who see Penang's colonial history as part of their local identity.[23]

Since 2008, multi-lingual road signs have been in use throughout Penang Island. Each of the new road signs shows the street's official Malay name and either the street's English, Chinese, Tamil or Arabic name.[24][25]

class=notpageimage|
Locations of George Town and its suburbs

Suburbs edit

The expansion of George Town has created suburbs to its northwest, west and south. The northwestern suburbs are somewhat more affluent, given their seafront locations which attract tourists and expatriates.[26][27][28] The southern suburbs, such as Jelutong, grew due to industrial activities.[29] On the other hand, Air Itam and Paya Terubong emerged to the west of George Town as a result of agricultural plantations on the central hills of Penang Island.[30][31]

Since the 1970s, massive industrialisation around Bayan Lepas, which created the Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone, led to the rapid urbanisation of the southeastern corner of Penang Island as well.[32] The western half of the island, where Balik Pulau forms the main population centre, remains sparsely-populated, although urbanisation has encroached into the area in recent years.[8][33]

Beaches and seafronts edit

 
Gurney Drive also forms part of the city's new Central Business District.[34]

The most popular beaches of George Town are situated along the city's northwestern suburbs, specifically Batu Ferringhi, Tanjung Bungah and Tanjung Tokong. Several hotels and resorts have been established along these locations, including Hard Rock Hotel.[26][27] Aside from these, George Town is home to popular promenades such as Gurney Drive, the Esplanade and Karpal Singh Drive. In particular, Gurney Drive forms part of the city's second Central Business District, and is a shopping haven with two upmarket shopping malls – Gurney Plaza and Gurney Paragon.[34][35] Land reclamation is currently ongoing off Gurney Drive in a state-led effort to create a seafront public park, named Gurney Wharf.[36]

Hills edit

The central hills of Penang Island, situated to the west of George Town, serve as a gigantic green lung and water catchment area for the urbanised island.[37] Rising 833 m (2,733 ft) above sea level, the peak of Penang Hill is accessible via the Penang Hill Railway from its base station off Hill Railway Road. Once a retreat used by British officials and Queen Elizabeth II, Penang Hill is one of Penang's most well-known tourist attractions.[38][39]

Parks edit

 
The City Park is also colloquially known as the Youth Park.

Founded in 1884 as an offshoot of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, the Penang Botanic Gardens is Malaysia's oldest botanical garden. Today, it serves as a major recreational area, receiving about 5,000 visitors every weekend.[40] This botanical garden also encompasses Penang's biggest waterfall, which forms part of George Town's water supply.[41] Meanwhile, the nearby 172-acre (70 ha) City Park was officially opened in 1972.[42]

The city is also home to the world's smallest national park – the Penang National Park. Covering 2,562 ha (25.62 km2) of the northwestern tip of Penang Island, it contains mangrove swamps, rainforest interspersed with hiking trails and tranquil beaches.[43] Other notable natural attractions nearby include the Tropical Spice Garden and the Entopia Butterfly Farm, the latter of which was Malaysia's first butterfly sanctuary.[44][45]

Climate edit

The city features a tropical rainforest climate, under the Köppen climate classification (Af). George Town experiences relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year, with an average high of about 32°C and an average low of 24°C.[46] The city sees on average about 2,477 millimetres (97.5 in) of precipitation annually.[47]

George Town's proximity to the island of Sumatra makes it susceptible to dust particles carried by wind from the perennial but transient forest fires, creating a yearly phenomenon known as the Southeast Asian haze.[48]

Weather forecast in George Town is served by the Penang Meteorological Office in Bayan Lepas, which acts as the primary weather forecast facility for northern Peninsular Malaysia.[49]

Climate data for George Town (Penang International Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1934–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.2
(95.4) 		35.8
(96.4) 		36.2
(97.2) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.0
(96.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.3
(93.7) 		33.8
(92.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.0
(93.2) 		36.2
(97.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.9
(89.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.1
(89.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.7
(89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.8
(82.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.6
(76.3) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.8
(76.6)
Record low °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.0
(64.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 80.3
(3.16) 		85.8
(3.38) 		145.5
(5.73) 		188.4
(7.42) 		229.1
(9.02) 		163.5
(6.44) 		189.8
(7.47) 		246.3
(9.70) 		316.4
(12.46) 		336.6
(13.25) 		232.8
(9.17) 		116.5
(4.59) 		2,331
(91.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.8 6.0 9.8 13.6 13.0 9.9 10.0 13.2 15.5 18.3 15.7 10.8 142.6
Average relative humidity (%) 75 78 81 84 85 84 84 85 86 87 85 78 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 191 204 201 191 178 171 172 169 167 161 164 169 2,138
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[50]
Source 2: Ogimet[51]Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity),[52]

Government edit

Local governance edit

Main article: Penang Island City Council
 
 
Above: The flag of the Penang Island City Council, comprised of the council's coat of arms and council name in Malay.
Below: The City Hall, built in 1903 as a combination between Edwardian Baroque and Palladian architectural styles, is listed as a national monument since 1982.[53]

Local administration in George Town began in 1856, when a municipal council was established.[54] Presently, official administrative and legislative duties of the city is carried out by the City Council of Penang Island (Malay: Majlis Bandaraya Pulau Pinang, abbreviated as MBPP), one of two city councils in Penang.[55] The MBPP's jurisdiction include the entirety of Penang Island, Jerejak Island, and several nearby islets, with a combined area of 305.77 square kilometres (118.06 sq mi) in 39 sub-districts.[56][57]

The MBPP is led by a mayor, assisted by a secretary and 24 councillors.[58] It is headquartered at City Hall and has 16 departments.[59] Each councillor of the MBPP is appointed by the state government of Penang under an extendable one-year term, while the mayor is given a two-year term.[60] Four councillor positions are given to non-governmental organisations (NGO), with the rest occupied by component political parties from the state government.[61] The current mayor since 2023 is Anthony Rajendran, the city's first appointed Indian mayor.[62][63] The council's current urban planning strategy is tabled in the Penang Draft Local Plan (Island) 2030, first published on October 2022.[64]

The MBPP is responsible for local services in George Town, including waste management, public maintenance, and community service.[65] It is also involved in the construction of several major infrastructural projects, such as the Bukit Kukus bypass road.[66] Since 2009, it has operated the Central Area Transit bus service (CAT) in collaboration with Rapid Penang.[67] In 2023, MBPP projects its estimated revenue at RM 372.29 million (US$ 86.26 million) and an estimated expenditure of RM 405.17 million (US$ 93.88 million), with allocation of its expenditures on smart government, cleanliness, sustainability, the economy and urban mobility.[68]

State and national governance edit

Main article: Government of Penang
 
The State Assembly Building at Light Street houses Penang's legislatory bodies.

George Town is the administrative capital of Penang. The city's boundaries cover two districts in the state, Northeast and Southwest Penang Island. The offices of the chief minister of Penang and the Penang state government is located at Komtar, the city's tallest skyscraper, while the official residence of the governor of Penang is located at Scotland Road.[69]

Penang's legislature is convened in the State Assembly Building at Light Street since 1959.[70][71] George Town is represented by six members of parliament and 19 state constituencies.[72][73] Prior to 2023, elections of the assembly had been conducted simultaneously with nationwide general elections every five years.

Several parliamentary and state constituencies in the city hold distinctions for being extremities in Malaysian politics.Tanjong is the smallest parliamentary constituency in Malaysia by size; Padang Kota is the least populated constituency by absolute population; Pengkalan Kota is the densest constituency in the country; Batu Lancang has the highest proportion of Chinese voters in any constituency.[74]

Parliamentary constituencies edit

State constituencies edit

Judiciary edit

 
The High Court of Penang at Light Street.

George Town is the judicial capital of Penang. The city's judicial system consist the magistrate, sessions and the high court. The High Court of Penang, the state's supreme judicial authority, is located in Light Street. The city has two magistrate and sessions courts, both serving the Northeast and Southwest Penang Island districts respectively, with the prior located at Light Street, and the latter housed in Balik Pulau.[75]

Historically, the city contributed significantly to the Malaysian judiciary as the first major settlement in the country to possess a modern judicial system and a supreme court. Between 1808 and 1855, it served as the judicial capital of the Straits Settlements, and remained integral in the country's judiciary until the mid-20th century.

Following the establishment of George Town in 1786, there were no unified legal systems in place to maintain order in the settlement. Francis Light, who believed that feudal laws instituted by the newly-immigrated settlers were incompatible with British law, initially implemented a system in 1792 whereby matters of justice were partially delegated to local leaders.[76] Light's decision was ratified by the governor of the Straits Settlements, George Leith in May 1800.[77] However, further legal disputes meant that under the directives of the Bengal Presidency, this system was abolished and replaced by a set of regulations in late-1805, drafted by Leith and revised by John Dickens, the presidency's appointed judge and magistrate for Penang.[78]

On 25 March 1807, the first of three royal charters in the Straits Settlements was accorded for Penang. The charter declared the creation of a court of justice (the predecessor of the high court), composed of the Governor, a recorder, and three councillors. The high court was inaugurated at Fort Cornwallis on 31 May 1808,[79] with Edmond Stanley assuming as recorder, thus becoming Malaya's first de facto high court judge.[80] The court was then relocated to Light Street, where the present building was built in 1903.[81][82] Notable lawyers who served the High Court of Penang include Tunku Abdul Rahman, Cecil Rajendra and Karpal Singh.[83]

Demographics edit

According to the 2010 Census conducted by the Malaysian federal government, George Town had a population of 708,127.[84] More recent estimates from Malaysia's Department of Statistics indicated that about 738,500 inhabitants lived within this cosmopolitan city as of 2012.[85] These figures placed George Town as Malaysia's eighth largest city by population.[84]

In addition, Greater Penang, which also covers Seberang Perai, and parts of neighbouring Kedah and Perak, was home to 2,833,957 residents as of 2020.[84] Thus, Greater Penang is one of the most populous metropolitan area in Malaysia.[86]

Ethnicities edit

Ethnic composition of George Town (2010)[87]
Ethnicities / Nationality Percentage
Chinese
 
 53.07%
Malays
 
 31.20%
Other Bumiputeras
 
 0.47%
Indians
 
 8.98%
Others
 
 0.39%
Non-Malaysians
 
 5.89%

According to Malaysia's Department of Statistics, George Town is a Chinese-majority city; as of 2010, over 53% of the urban population consisted of ethnic Chinese, including the Peranakans.[87] The Bumiputeras, which include ethnic Malays and East Malaysian indigenous races like the Dayaks and Kadazans, collectively made up almost 32% of the city's population.[88][89] Ethnic Indians comprised another 9% of George Town's population. These are in addition to small, but prominent, Eurasian and Siamese minorities.[90] In particular, most of the nearly 1,500 Eurasians remain concentrated at the Pulau Tikus suburb.[91][92]

 
The Pinang Peranakan Mansion houses thousands of Peranakan antiques.

The Peranakans, descendants of mixed Malay and Chinese ancestries, were once the political and business elites in George Town. They held the top positions in some of the city's most influential associations, such as the Penang Chinese Chamber of Commerce and the Penang Straits Chinese British Association.[93] As the Peranakans tended to be more loyal to the British Crown than to China, they were also known as the King's Chinese.[94][95] In spite of Malaysia's ethnic policies that have effectively forced the Peranakans to identify themselves as Chinese, Peranakan culture still thrives in George Town to this day, in the form of Straits Chinese architectural styles and dishes like asam laksa.[96]

George Town currently has a sizeable expatriate population, especially from Singapore, Japan and various Asian countries as well as the United Kingdom, many of whom chose to retire in Penang as part of Malaysia My Second Home programme. In recent years, George Town has been acknowledged as one of the best cities for retirement within Southeast Asia by the likes of CNN and Forbes.[97][98] As of 2010, expatriates made up nearly 6% of George Town's population, reflecting the city's popularity amongst foreigners.[87][99]

 
The Jewish Cemetery at Jalan Zainal Abidin (formerly Yahudi Road) is believed to be the oldest in Southeast Asia.[69]

The city was also once home to Burmese, Filipino, Sinhalese, Japanese, Sumatran, Arab, Armenian and Persian communities.[100] A small but commercially significant community of German merchants existed in George Town as well, as did a Jewish enclave.[101] Even though most of these other communities, including the Jews, are no longer extant, they lent their legacy to numerous street and place names such as the Dhammikarama Temple, Burmah Road, Armenian Street, Jewish Cemetery and Gottlieb Road.[100][102][103]

Languages edit

As with other multi-ethnic cities in Malaysia, all four major languages are widely spoken in George Town – Malay, English, Mandarin and Tamil. However, George Town, and by extension Penang, is best known for its distinct Hokkien dialect, known as Penang Hokkien.[104]

During the British colonial era, English was the official language. This was helped by the mushrooming of missionary schools throughout George Town, all of which used English as their medium of instruction and were held in high esteem by the locals.[105] Most Penangites still maintain reasonable command of the language; while British English is formally used, spoken English usually takes the form of Manglish.[106]

As in the rest of Malaysia, Malay is currently the official language in George Town. The city's Malays also use a variant of the Kedah Malay dialect, with slight modifications made to the original dialect to suit the conditions of a cosmopolitan city.[107] These modifications include the use of words of Indian (Tamil/Hindustani possibly (Urdu), English, and Arabic origin, the alteration of final "l" into "i" (also the standard in Kedah Malay), and expressions calqued from Tamil, as well as original words and idiomatic forms unique to the George Town area.[107]

Due to their Tamil/South Indian ancestry, most Indians in George Town speak Tamil. Punjabi and Telugu are also spoken by a very smaller numbers of Indians.[108][109]

Mandarin, more widely used by youths, has been the medium of instruction in Chinese schools throughout Penang.[110]

However, Penang Hokkien serves as the lingua franca of George Town. Originally a variant of the Minnan dialect, over the centuries, Penang Hokkien has incorporated a large number of loanwords from Malay and English. It is spoken by many Penangites regardless of race for communication purposes.[104][111][112] In recent years, there have been more efforts to maintain the dialect's relevance in the face of the increasing influence of Mandarin and English among the younger populace.[113][114]

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Reference edit

Government resources edit

Newspaper articles edit

Academic journals edit

Dump edit

George Town was initially designated as a municipality between 1857 and 1956, under the jurisdiction of the George Town Municipal Council (GTMC). The council was partially elective until 1913, and was the first partially elected local government in British Malaya. On 1 January 1957, George Town formally became a city under a royal charter issued by Elizabeth II, becoming the first city in the Malayan Federation. Barring from a two-year period with Singapore between 1963 and 1965, George Town was the only city in Malaysia until 1972, when Kuala Lumpur became the second designated city in the country.

George Town's six parliamentary constituencies
Local authority Pop. Land area Density H. income Political
affiliation
Code Name District (2020) sqkm sqmi sqkm sqmi An. mean
P048 Bukit Bendera NE Penang Island 123,827 65 25 1,905 4,933 RM 118,344 PH–DAP
P049 Tanjong NE Penang Island 34,809 6 2 5,802 15,134 RM 93,684 PH–DAP
P050 Jelutong NE Penang Island 113,725 10 4 11,373 29,160 RM 90,660 PH–DAP
P051 Bukit Gelugor NE Penang Island 201,005 32 12 6,281 16,210 RM 96,156 PH–DAP
P052 Bayan Baru NE & SW Penang Island 188,603 41 16 4,600 11,937 RM 108,840 PH–PKR
P053 Balik Pulau SW Penang Island 132,344 147 57 900 2,330 RM 95,700 PH–PKR
George Town 794,313 301 116 2,639 6,848 –
Penang 1,783,000 1,048 405 1,684 4,402 RM 93,288

References edit

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