During the 1960s a researcher reports cotton weavers and potters as well as the bell founder. The paper particularly focused on the Al Fakhouri pottery which used a rare technique not used elsewhere in Lebanon. This involved combining thrown and coil construction in the same pot. The resulting pots could be very large and were used for storing olives, rice, oil, arak and conserves. The clay was dug from pits at the west end of the village and from a site 2km away. It was settled during the winter in irrigated terraced beds. The manufacturing season was from May to September. The kiln was built into the hillside and was 5 metres tall; containing up to 1,500 pots at a time and consuming 7,000 kilos of wood, the firings took eight days.[1]
edit
Reporters and commentators who have referred to MEI in there books include David Hirst [2], David McDowall [3], David Gilmour[4], and Noam Chomsky [5]
David Hirst, a long-serving Guardian Middle East correspondent, used Middle East International forty times in the footnotes to his history of modern Lebanon, Beware of Small States (2010).[6] David McDowall references Middle East International nineteen times in his study of modern Palestine published by the Minority Rights Group in 1994.[7] The footnotes to David Gilmour’s 1987 edition of Lebanon. The Fractured Country refer to Middle East International four times.[8] Noam Chomsky references Middle East International twenty-one times in his 1999 edition of Fateful Triangle - The United States, Israel & The Palestinians.[9]
- Waldmeier, Theophius (1886). Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier Ten Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier.
{{cite book}}: Check|url=value (help)
Theophilus Waldmeier (1832 - 1915) was a Swiss Calvanist missionary who later became a Quaker.
Waldmeier was born in the Canton of Aargau and was brought up by his mother and grandmother, strict Roman Catholics, who insisted on three hours of daily prayer. Deeply unhappy he ran away to an uncle in Lörrach. Despite finishing his schooling in a Roman Catholic school he came under the influence of Evangelical Christians and developed an ambition to become a missionary. He enrolled in the Evangelical Training School for Foreign Missionaries in St. Chrischona and was consecrated in September 1858. Under the guidance of Bishop Samuel Gobat he immediately set out for Abyssinia, accompanied by the Bishop, who was returning to Jerusalem. In Alexandria he joined four other missionaries on a six month journey down the Nile and across eastern Sudan to Magdala the capital of Abyssinia. Two of his companions died on the journey. On arrival at Magdala they were introduced to King Theodore and joined four other missionaries already based there. Nine months after his arrival he married 12-year-old Susan Bell, the eldest daughter of Theodore’s English Prime Minister, John Bell. Her mother was a member of the royal family.[10] [11]
The Europeans were allowed to establish a boarding school which included an artisan training program. During this period Susan gave birth to five children, four of them, all boys, died in infancy. Only their daughter Rosa survived. Waldmeier became one of the King Theodore’s favourites. Things changed as Theodore’s character became more volatile and cruel.[12] In 1866 he imprisoned all Europeans and their families. Waldmeier and his colleagues were put in charge of constructing and enormous brass mortar, the Sebastopol, capable of firing a 1000lb cannon ball. Thousands of people were involved in its construction. The following year the king moved his court to the mountain fortress at Magdala. Special roads had to be made for the Sebastopol which at times needed eight hundred men to move. The 200 mile journey took six months. Meanwhile the British sent an Anglo-Indian army to rescue the hostages. In 1868 following the defeat of his army at Magdala the king released his fifty-seven European prisoners before killing himself. During their two years as captives the fifth of Waldmeier’s sons died.[13]
He was held prisoner by Ethiopian King Theodore and later released by General Napier's British troops at the siege of Magdala, Ethiopia in 1868.
He went to Beirut with the British Syrian Mission (which was founded in 1860). He started the Friends' Syrian Mission in 1873, founded Brummana High School[14] in 1873 and the Asfuriya Mental Hospital[15] in 1894. In 1874, he traveled to Europe to seek financial backing from the Society of Friends. British and American Quakers provided support for the Brummana School.[16]
Notes edit
- ^ Hankey, Vronwy (1968) Pottery-Making at Beit Shebab, Lebanon. Palestinian Exploration Quarterly 1968. pp.27-32
- ^ Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East (2010) ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8 - forty times
- ^ The Palestinians - The Road to Nationhood, Minority Rights Group, ISBN 1-873194-90-0 - nineteen times
- ^ Gilmour, David (1983) Lebanon. The Fractured Country First published by Martin Robertson & Co Ltd, Sphere Books editions 1984, revised 1987. ISBN 0-7474-0074-1 - four times
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (1983) Fateful Triangle. The United States, Israel & The Palestinians. Pluto Press. 1999 edition. ISBN 0-7453-1530-5 - twenty-one times
- ^ Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East (2010) ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8
- ^ The Palestinians - The Road to Nationhood, ISBN 1-873194-90-0
- ^ Gilmour, David (1983) Lebanon. The Fractured Country First published by Martin Robertson & Co Ltd, Sphere Books editions 1984, revised 1987. ISBN 0-7474-0074-1.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (1983) Fateful Triangle. The United States, Israel & The Palestinians. Pluto Press. 1999 edition. ISBN 0-7453-1530-5
- ^ Ten Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier pp.1-12
- ^ Greenwood, John Ormerod (1978) Quaker Encounters. Volume 3. Whispers of Truth. Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, York. ISBN 0-900657-42-1 p.89
- ^ Waldmeier pp.66,78,79,92
- ^ Waldmeier pp.93-116
- ^ Welcome Archived 2007-10-09 at archive.today at www.brummana.org.lb
- ^ School of Oriental and African Studies Library: Lebanon Hospital for Mental and Nervous Disorders at www.mundus.ac.uk
- ^ fr:Theophil Waldmeier
 | This biographical article about person in connection with Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This biographical article about a Swiss religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Biography edit
Manya Wilbushewitch (also Mania, Wilbuszewicz/Wilbushewitz; later Shochat) was born in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Belarus) to wealthy Jewish parents and grew up on her father’s estate near Lososna Wielka. She was a descent of Comte Vibois an officer in Napoleon's army who converted to Judaism after marrying a Jewish woman.[1] Her grandfather was a successful merchant who provided supplies to the Russian army and had permits to travel to Moscow and St Petersberg. Her father rebelled against his parents assimilation and studied under Reb Nachum of Grodno. Her mother was the sister of Samuel Joseph Fuenn. Her eldest brother, Isaac, studied agriculture in Russia. He was expelled for slapping a professor who, in the course of a lecture, stated that the Jews were sucking the blood of the farmers in Ukraine. In late 1882, he left for Palestine and joined the Bilu movement. His letters home were a powerful influence on young Manya.[2] Another one of her brothers, an engineer named Gedaliah, also went to Palestine in 1892 and helped fund his younger siblings' education.
As a young adult, Manya went to work in her brother's factory in Minsk to learn about working class conditions. In 1899, she was imprisoned and underwent lengthy interrogations about her contacts with Bund revolutionaries. Whilst in prison she fell in love with Sergey Zubatov, agent provocateur and head of the Tsarist Secret Police in Moscow. Zubatov conceived a plan that matched Manya‘s ideological notions, through which workers would form "tame" organizations that would work for reform rather than for overthrow of the government. She was persuaded that this would also help achieve rights for Jews. Manya proceeded to found the Jewish Independent Labor Party in 1901. The party was successful in leading strikes because the secret police supported it, but was loathed by the Bund and other Jewish socialist groups. The party collapsed and its members rounded up in 1903 following the Kishinev pogrom. Experiencing, as she put it, 'severe emotional distress' following the failure of her political organization and arrest of her friends she contemplated suicide. According to Shabtai Teveth she killed a door-to-door salesman who called at her hideout in Odessa thinking he was a member of the secret police. She dismembered the body and sent the remains to four different locations of the Russian Empire.[3][4] She accepted an invitation from her brother Nachum, who was the founder of the Shemen soap factory in Haifa, to accompany him on a research expedition to some of the wilder places of Palestine. She arrived on January 2, 1904.
"I couldn't see what direction I should take in my life. I agreed to join my brother's expedition, because, in fact, I was indifferent to everything. For me it was just another adventure."[5]
"The Hauran remained without a redeemer - and my soul cleaved unto this place."
Manya fell in love with the beauty of the land and was especially touched by the plight of the Jewish settlement in the Hauran. Baron Edmond de Rothschild had bought land in the area, but the Ottoman government stipulated that no Jews be allowed to settle there. A small group which had disregarded the decision was evicted, so the Baron resorted to leasing out the plots of land to Arab Fellahin. Manya decided to visit all of the Baron's colonies and see for herself why they were in financial straits. She became acquainted with and was greatly impressed by Yehoshua and Olga Hankin. Her decision to stay was due in a large part to their influence.[5]
Family edit
In May 1908, Manya married Israel Shochat, who was 9 years younger than her. She had 2 children with him: Gideon (Geda) and Ana. Gideon Shochat was a pilot in the British Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II and later became one of the founding pilots of the Israeli Air Force, rising to the rank of Colonel. He committed suicide in 1967. In 1971, his daughter Alona married Arik Einstein, a famous Israeli performer. They had 2 daughters together. They later divorced, the daughters remaining with their mother. They later became Orthodox Jews, and the daughters married Uri Zohar's sons. Zohar was a good friend of Einstein and became one of the leading figures in the Orthodox community.
In Palestine edit
As a result of her first visit, Manya reached a conclusion which anticipated that of Arthur Ruppin. She understood that the model of plantation settlement, favored by Baron Rothschild, where Jewish owners employed Arab workers and were subject to economic overseers, could never be the basis for Jewish national life. It led to financial difficulties and disaffection. She concluded that only collective agricultural settlement could produce Jewish workers and farmers who would be the basis for building a Jewish homeland. Her first priority was finding a solution for the problem in Hauran.
Manya left for Paris, where one of her brothers was editor of an agricultural journal, to research the feasibility of her ideas and then to convince the Baron to back them. In 1905, a fresh wave of pogroms swept the Russian Empire. Meir Cohen, an old friend from Minsk, came to Paris seeking the aid of the Jewish community to buy arms so they could defend themselves. Manya laid aside the Hauran project and put her efforts towards fundraising instead. She convinced Rothschild to donate 50 000 gold francs to that end.
Guns and ammunition were bought in Liège and smuggled into Russia. To deliver the final consignment, Manya disguised herself as a young rabbanit from Frankfurt, bringing eight cases of scriptures, a gift for the yeshivot of Ukraine. The guns were successfully delivered to the Jewish underground. Not one was lost.
Manya returned to Palestine in 1906 to further pursue her Hauran plan. Towards the end of the year, she traveled to the United States to raise funds for that and arms for Russian Jews. Whilst in America she met Judah Magnes, and they formed a long lasting friendship.[6]The idea of collective settlements in general, and the Hauran scheme in particular, received no support. She realized that the only way to convince people that it could work was by putting it into practice, so she returned to Palestine in 1907. Manya shared her idea with members of "Poalei Tzion" and "Hapoel Hatzair". Hankin convinced Eliahu Krauze to give them stewardship over a failing agricultural experiment in Sejera for a year.[7] Manya was appointed manager responsible for establishing a training farm at Sejara. The farm was used as cover by Bar Giora a newly formed underground militia founded by Israel Shochat and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. The following year Bar Giora reinvented itself as HaShomer. Its goal was to take over the responsibility of guarding Jewish settlements which had previously being using local watchmen.[8]
She married Israel Shochat in May 1908.
In November 1914 she was arrested and sent to Damascus for interrogation[9] and was subsequently deported, along with her husband to Bursa, in Turkey. They returned around Passover, 1919, after attending the Poalei Tziyon convention in Stockholm.
In 1921 she was in Tel Aviv when riots broke out with Arab mobs attacking Jews in Jaffa. Along with other Hashomer members, she took part in the fighting. At great risk, she would walk around, disguised as a Red Cross nurse, to keep an eye out on developments. Her experience in Russia came in handy as they attempted to smuggle in grenades for the defenders of Petah-Tikva. She hid them among baskets of vegetables and eggs. The car they were in got mired just outside the town. A patrol of Indian cavalry approached. Their role was to search all travelers for arms. With great presence of mind, Manya averted disaster. She ran up to the patrol, begging them to help rescue the car from the mud. While they were pulling it out, she watched the baskets, saying that she didn't want the eggs to break. The cavalry then even provided an escort until they got into town. [citation needed]
After the riots were over, she traveled to the United States to raise funds for the defense efforts. Due to a series of differences of opinion between her and Pinhas Rutenberg, the transfer of funds was frozen and the two didn't speak for years. However, she did manage to send several thousand dollars to her husband who was waiting in Vienna, earmarked for the purchase of weapons for the Haganah. Israel Shochat oversaw the procurement and shipment of the weapons to Palestine.
Following the dissolution of Hashomer in 1920 Manya and other veterans established a new secret organisation calling themselves the Circle. One of their bases was at Kfar Giladi and their first action, May 1923, was the assassination of Tawfiq Bey, a senior police officer in Jaffa at the time of the riots.[10]
In 1924 she was among those arrested in connection with the assassination of Jacob de Haan. She subsequently broke off relations with Ben Gurion over his failure to come to her defence when it was known that the Haganah in Jerusalem had ordered the killing.[11]
In 1925 she joined Brit Shalom, a Jewish group that advocated a bi-national state in Palestine.[12]
Manya and Israel Shochat were active in the Gdud HaAvoda (lit.: the "Work Battalion") and clandestine immigration, as well as arms smuggling. In 1930, Manya Shochat was among the founders of the League for Arab-Jewish Friendship. In 1948 she joined the Mapam party.
Jezzin district edit
Aitouleh 33:31:18N 35:26:26E
- ^ Teveth, Shabtai (1987) Ben-Gurion. The Burning Ground. 1886-1948. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35409-9. p.56
- ^ "Darki Be'Hashomer'" (My Path to Hashomer) Manya Schochat, in "Sefer Hashomer; Divrei Chaverim" A book edited and published by Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Israel Schochat, Mati Meged and Yochanan Tversky.
- ^ Teveth, Shabtai (1987) Ben-Gurion. The Burning Ground. 1886-1948. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35409-9. p.56
- ^ Segev, Tom (2018 - 2019 translation Haim Watzman) A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion. Apollo. ISBN 9-781789-544633. p.83 this account maintains that the man was a secret agent. “obsessive and suicidal, she seems to have been more than a little out of her mind.”
- ^ a b "My Path"
- ^ Teveth p.57
- ^ A Voice Called: Stories of Jewish Heroism, Yossi Katz
- ^ The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History, Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz
- ^ Teveth p.93
- ^ Teveth. pp.292,301
- ^ Teveth p.301
- ^ Teveth p.293