User:Otteramdn22/Phallolysin

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Article Draft edit

Phallolysin is a Protein found the Amanita phalloides species of the Amanita genus of mushrooms, the species commonly known as the death cap mushroom. The protein is toxic and causes Cytolysis in many cells found in animals, and is noted for its Hemolytic properties. ^[1] It was one of the first toxins discovered in Amanita phalloides when the various toxins in the species where first being researched. ^[2] The protein itself is observed to come in 3 variations, with observed differences in Isoelectric point.^[3]

History edit

The toxic properties of death cap mushrooms have been known for most of recorded history, with historical accounts implicating it in the deaths of emperors. ^[4] Attempts to isolate the toxic compounds began in the late 19th century, with the cytolytic elements of A. phalloides being isolated in 1891. ^[5]^[2]

Physical Properties edit

Phallolysin has three variations, which differs in observed Isoelectric point. The variations have differences in the amino acids that make up the protein structure, with identical amounts of some amino acids while varying in others. The have near identical molecular weights of 34 kDa. ^[1]

Effects on Animal Cells edit

Phallolysin has been observed to have hemolytic properties toward a variety of animal cells, with it primarily being observed in mammals. The toxic effects are reduced at higher temperatures.^[1]^[6]

See also edit

References edit

^ ^a ^b ^c Faulstich, H.; Buehring, H. J.; Seitz, J. (1983-09-13). "Physical properties and function of phallolysin". Biochemistry. 22 (19): 4574–4580. doi:10.1021/bi00288a035. ISSN 0006-2960.
^ ^a ^b Wieland, T. (1996), Howard, Dexter H.; Miller, J. David (eds.), "Toxins and Psychoactive Compounds from Mushrooms", Human and Animal Relationships, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 229–248, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10373-9_12, ISBN 978-3-662-10375-3, retrieved 2022-05-05
^ Seeger, Ruth (1975-09-01). "Demonstration and isolation of phallolysin, a haemolytic toxin from Amanita phalloides". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 287 (3): 277–287. doi:10.1007/BF00501473. ISSN 1432-1912.
^ Marmion, V J; Wiedemann, T E J (2002-05-01). "The death of Claudius". JRSM. 95 (5): 260–261. doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.5.260. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1279685. PMID 11983773.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Kobert R (1891) Über Pilzvergiftung. St. Petersburger Med Wochenschr 16:463–471
^ Faulstich, Heinz; Weckauf-Bloching, Maria (1974-01-01). "Isolation and Toxicity of two Cytolytic Glycoproteins from Amanita phalloides Mushrooms". 355 (2): 1489–1494. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1974.355.2.1489. ISSN 1437-4315. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[:1-1] Faulstich, H.; Buehring, H. J.; Seitz, J. (1983-09-13). "Physical properties and function of phallolysin". Biochemistry. 22 (19): 4574–4580. doi:10.1021/bi00288a035. ISSN 0006-2960.

[:0-2] Wieland, T. (1996), Howard, Dexter H.; Miller, J. David (eds.), "Toxins and Psychoactive Compounds from Mushrooms", Human and Animal Relationships, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 229–248, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10373-9_12, ISBN 978-3-662-10375-3, retrieved 2022-05-05

[3] Seeger, Ruth (1975-09-01). "Demonstration and isolation of phallolysin, a haemolytic toxin from Amanita phalloides". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 287 (3): 277–287. doi:10.1007/BF00501473. ISSN 1432-1912.

[4] Marmion, V J; Wiedemann, T E J (2002-05-01). "The death of Claudius". JRSM. 95 (5): 260–261. doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.5.260. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1279685. PMID 11983773.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[5] Kobert R (1891) Über Pilzvergiftung. St. Petersburger Med Wochenschr 16:463–471

[6] Faulstich, Heinz; Weckauf-Bloching, Maria (1974-01-01). "Isolation and Toxicity of two Cytolytic Glycoproteins from Amanita phalloides Mushrooms". 355 (2): 1489–1494. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1974.355.2.1489. ISSN 1437-4315. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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