User:Onetwothreeip/Opinion polling for the 2015 United Kingdom general election

Detailed poll results edit

The tables above show poll results just for the five largest parties. Detailed poll results are given below. Often poll companies publish a combined result for SNP and Plaid Cymru, indicated by a merged cell below. Other cases of Party results' not being shown individually are included in the "Others" column, with the individual party's box remaining empty. Results showing <0.5% imply percentages ranging from 0.01% to 0.49%. 0.5% to 1.49% are rounded to 1%.

Date(s)
conducted
Polling organisation/client Sample size Con Lab Lib Dem UKIP SNP Plaid Green BNP Others Lead
2–3 Nov YouGov/The Sun 1,652 33% 34% 8% 15% 4% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 1%
28–29 Oct YouGov/The Sun 31% 34% 6% 17% 7% 3%
27–28 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,052 32% 33% 8% 17% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 1%
26–27 Oct YouGov/The Sun 1,629 32% 32% 8% 18% 4% 6% 0% <0.5% Tie
24–26 Oct ComRes/The Independent 651 30% 30% 9% 19% 4% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 3% Tie
24–26 Oct Lord Ashcroft 511 31% 31% 7% 18% 4% 1% 5% <0.5% 3% Tie
24–26 Oct Populus 2,004 34% 36% 8% 13% 4% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
23–24 Oct YouGov/Sunday Times 2,069 33% 33% 7% 16% 5% 6% <0.5% 1% Tie
21–24 Oct Opinium/The Observer 1,462 33% 33% 6% 18% 4% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% Tie
22–23 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,020 34% 34% 6% 15% 4% 6% <0.5% 1% Tie
22–23 Oct Populus 1,132 33% 35% 9% 15% 4% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
21–22 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,052 31% 33% 7% 17% 5% 6% <0.5% 1% 2%
20–21 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,103 32% 33% 8% 16% 4% 5% 0% 1% 1%
19–20 Oct YouGov/The Sun 1,727 31% 33% 7% 15% 5% 6% <0.5% 1% 2%
17–19 Oct Lord Ashcroft 1,000 28% 31% 7% 18% 5% 1% 8% <0.5% 2% 3%
17–19 Oct Populus 1,190 34% 36% 9% 13% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% <0.5% 2%
16–17 Oct YouGov/Sunday Times 1,966 32% 35% 7% 16% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 3%
15–16 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,045 31% 32% 8% 18% 4% 7% 0% <0.5% 1%
15–16 Oct ComRes/Sunday Mirror, Independent on Sunday 757 29% 31% 7% 24% 4% <0.5% 5% <0.5% 1% 2%
15–16 Oct ComRes/Sunday Mirror, Independent on Sunday 761 31% 34% 7% 19% 4% 0% 4% 1% <0.5% 3%
15–16 Oct Populus 1,144 33% 35% 10% 14% 3% <0.5% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
14–15 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,133 31% 33% 7% 19% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 2%
13–14 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,144 30% 34% 8% 18% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 4%
11–14 Oct Ipsos MORI 542 30% 33% 8% 16% 5% 1% 5% 1% 1% 3%
12–13 Oct YouGov/The Sun 1,782 31% 34% 7% 17% 5% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
10–12 Oct Lord Ashcroft 1,001 28% 32% 8% 19% 5% <0.5% 5% 2% 4%
10–12 Oct ICM/The Guardian[1] 696 31% 35% 11% 14% 3%[1] 1%[1] 4%[1] <0.5%[1] 2% 4%
10–12 Oct Populus 2,067 35% 36% 9% 13% 4% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 1%
9–10 Oct YouGov/Sunday Times 2,167 32% 34% 9% 16% 4% 5% 1% 1% 2%
10 Oct Survation/Mail on Sunday 849 31% 31%[n 1] 7% 25% 4% <0.5% 2% <0.5% <0.5%
8–9 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,049 30% 35% 9% 15% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 5%
8–9 Oct Lord Ashcroft 3,956 31% 34% 8% 18% 4% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
8–9 Oct Populus 2,055 34% 35% 9% 13% 4% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% 1%
7–9 Oct Opinium/The Observer 1,968 28% 35% 9% 17% 4% <0.5% 4% 1% 1% 7%
7–8 Oct YouGov/The Sun 1,862 33% 34% 7% 14% 5% 6% <0.5% 1% 1%
6–7 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,155 32% 34% 8% 15% 5% 5% <0.5% 1% 2%
5–6 Oct YouGov/The Sun 1,739 35% 33% 8% 13% 4% 4% 1% 1% 2%
3–5 Oct Lord Ashcroft 1,002 32% 30% 7% 17% 4% <0.5% 7% 2% 2%
3–5 Oct Populus 1,134 31% 37% 8% 15% 4% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 6%
2–3 Oct YouGov/Sunday Times 2,130 36% 34% 7% 13% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 2%
1–2 Oct Populus 1,131 33% 38% 8% 13% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% <0.5% 5%
1–2 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,133 35% 34% 6% 14% 4% 5% 1% 1% 1%
30 Sep – 1 Oct YouGov/The Sun 2,068 31% 38% 7% 15% 3% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 7%
29–30 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,106 31% 36% 7% 15% 5% 5% <0.5% 1% 5%
28–29 Sep YouGov/The Sun 1,715 31% 36% 7% 16% 5% 4% <0.5% 1% 5%
26–28 Sep ComRes/Independent 651 29% 35% 10% 15% 4% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 3% 6%
26–28 Sep Lord Ashcroft 1,000 32% 32% 8% 17% 4% 1% 4% 2% Tie
26–28 Sep Populus 1,257 34% 36% 7% 14% 3% <0.5% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
25–26 Sep YouGov/Sunday Times 1,992 31% 36% 6% 15% 5% 6% <0.5% 1% 5%
24–26 Sep ComRes/Sunday Mirror, Independent on Sunday 2,003 29% 35% 7% 19% 4% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% 6%
23–26 Sep Opinium/The Observer 1,984 32% 34% 7% 17% 4% <0.5% 4% 1% 1% 2%
24–25 Sep YouGov/The Sun 1,972 31% 37% 7% 13% 6% 5% 0% 1% 6%
24–25 Sep Populus 2,034 33% 37% 9% 13% 3% 1% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 4%
23–24 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,117 33% 37% 7% 13% 4% 5% 1% 1% 4%
22–23 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,141 31% 37% 7% 15% 5% 5% <0.5% 1% 6%
21–22 Sep YouGov/The Sun 1,671 33% 35% 7% 14% 4% 5% 1% 1% 2%
19–21 Sep Lord Ashcroft 1,004 27% 33% 9% 17% 4% 1% 6% 3% 6%
19–21 Sep Populus 2,048 33% 37% 9% 12% 3% 1% 4% <0.5% 1% 4%
18–19 Sep YouGov/Sunday Times 2,126 31% 36% 7% 16% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 5%
17–18 Sep Populus 2,268 32% 36% 9% 15% 3% <0.5% 4% 1% 1% 4%
17–18 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,072 33% 35% 8% 14% 4% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
16–17 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,029 33% 36% 8% 13% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 3%
15–16 Sep YouGov/The Sun 1,977 34% 37% 7% 12% 4% 6% <0.5% 1% 3%
14–15 Sep YouGov/The Sun 1,703 31% 35% 7% 15% 4% 6% <0.5% <0.5% 4%
12–14 Sep ICM/The Guardian 1,002 33% 35% 10% 9% 4% 1% 7% <0.5% 2% 2%
12–14 Sep Lord Ashcroft 1,004 33% 33% 9% 14% 3% <0.5% 6% 3% Tie
12–14 Sep Populus 2,052 34% 35% 9% 13% 4% <0.5% 3% 1% <0.5% 1%
12 Sep Survation/Mail on Sunday 1,090 31% 35% 8% 19% 2% <0.5% 3% 2% 1% 4%
11–12 Sep YouGov/Sunday Times 1,900 32% 35% 7% 15% 4% 6% 1% 1% 3%
10–11 Sep YouGov/TheSun 2,068 31% 35% 7% 16% 4% 5% 1% 1% 4%
9–11 Sep Opinium/The Observer 1,960 29% 37% 7% 19% 3% 1% 4% <0.5% 1% 8%
9–10 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,122 32% 38% 6% 14% 4% 5% 1% <0.5% 6%
8–9 Sep YouGov/TheSun 2,099 30% 36% 8% 16% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 6%
6–9 Sep Ipsos MORI 1,010 34% 33% 7% 15% 4% <0.5% 6% <0.5% 1% 1%
7–8 Sep YouGov/The Sun 1,724 31% 36% 8% 16% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 5%
5–7 Sep Lord Ashcroft 1,001 28% 35% 8% 18% 2% <0.5% 6% 3% 7%
5–7 Sep Populus 2,058 34% 36% 9% 12% 3% 1% 4% 1% 1% 2%
4–5 Sep YouGov/Sunday Times 1,961 33% 35% 7% 15% 4% 4% <0.5% 1% 2%
3–4 Sep Populus 2,026 32% 38% 8% 14% 3% 1% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 6%
3–4 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,043 32% 36% 7% 16% 3% 5% 1% 1% 4%
2–3 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,103 33% 36% 7% 14% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 3%
1–2 Sep YouGov/The Sun 2,068 32% 35% 8% 15% 4% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 3%
31 Aug – 1 Sep YouGov/The Sun 1,704 34% 35% 7% 14% 5% 3% <0.5% 1% 1%
29–31 Aug ComRes/Independent 1,001 28% 35% 9% 17% 2% 1% 6% <0.5% 2% 7%
29–31 Aug Populus 2,010 32% 36% 9% 15% 3% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 4%
29–30 Aug YouGov/Sunday Times 2,010 32% 36% 7% 16% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 4%
26–29 Aug Opinium/The Observer 1,974 30% 36% 7% 16% 5% 1% 4% 1% 1% 6%
27–28 Aug Populus 2,006 35% 34% 8% 13% 4% <0.5% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 1%
27–28 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,046 33% 36% 7% 13% 4% 5% 1% 1% 3%
26–27 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,129 34% 35% 7% 14% 4% 6% <0.5% 1% 1%
25–26 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,021 33% 37% 8% 13% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 4%
22–25 Aug Populus 2,062 32% 38% 8% 15% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% <0.5% 6%
21–22 Aug YouGov/Sunday Times 1,866 34% 36% 8% 14% 3% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
20–22 Aug ComRes/Sunday Mirror, Independent on Sunday 2,058 32% 34% 8% 18% 3% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 2%
20–21 Aug Populus 2,065 33% 39% 9% 11% 3% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 6%
20–21 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,028 33% 38% 8% 12% 3% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 5%
19–20 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,070 34% 38% 9% 11% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 4%
18–19 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,036 36% 37% 9% 12% 3% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 1%
17–18 Aug YouGov/The Sun 1,710 33% 38% 8% 12% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 5%
15–17 Aug Populus 2,049 32% 37% 9% 14% 3% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 5%
14–15 Aug YouGov/Sunday Times 2,019 34% 38% 7% 13% 3% 4% 1% 1% 4%
12–15 Aug Opinium/The Observer 1,963 28% 32% 10% 21% 3% 1% 4% 1% 1% 4%
13–14 Aug Populus 2,018 32% 35% 9% 14% 2% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 3%
13–14 Aug YouGov/The Sun 1,984 35% 35% 8% 12% 3% 5% 1% 1% Tie
12–13 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,116 34% 36% 10% 12% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 2%
11–12 Aug YouGov/The Sun 1,942 35% 38% 8% 11% 3% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 3%
10–11 Aug YouGov/The Sun 1,676 33% 37% 8% 12% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 4%
9–11 Aug Ipsos MORI 1,003 33% 33% 7% 13% 3% 1% 7% <0.5% 2% Tie
8–11 Aug Populus 2,031 33% 37% 9% 12% 4% <0.5% 3% 1% <0.5% 4%
8–10 Aug ICM/The Guardian 1,002 31% 38% 12% 10% 2% 1% 4% 1% 1% 7%
7–8 Aug YouGov/Sunday Times 1,943 33% 37% 8% 13% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 4%
6–7 Aug Populus 2,050 36% 35% 9% 11% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% 1% 1%
6–7 Aug YouGov/The Sun 2,016 33% 38% 7% 12% 4% 4% 1% 1% 5%
5–6 Aug YouGov/The Sun 1,944 34% 37% 9% 12% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
4–5 Aug YouGov/The Sun 1,977 33% 38% 8% 12% 4% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 5%
3–4 Aug YouGov/The Sun 1,617 34% 38% 6% 13% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 4%
1–3 Aug Lord Ashcroft 1,002 30% 33% 8% 18% 2% <0.5% 6% <0.5% 2% 3%
1–3 Aug Populus 2,021 35% 37% 9% 12% 3% 1% 3% 1% 1% 2%
31 Jul – 1 Aug YouGov/Sunday Times 2,083 35% 38% 7% 12% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
29 Jul – 1 Aug Opinium/The Observer 1,979 32% 35% 7% 15% 4% 1% 5% 1% 1% 3%
30–31 Jul Populus 2,027 35% 36% 8% 13% 3% 1% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 1%
30–31 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,023 34% 38% 8% 13% 2% 4% 1% 1% 4%
29–30 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,100 35% 37% 8% 12% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 2%
28–29 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,004 34% 35% 8% 12% 3% 6% 1% <0.5% 1%
27–28 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,658 33% 39% 8% 12% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 6%
25–27 Jul ComRes/Independent 1,001 27% 33% 8% 17% 2% <0.5% 7% 1% 3% 6%
25–27 Jul Lord Ashcroft 1,000 32% 34% 9% 14% 2% 1% 6% <0.5% 2% 2%
25–27 Jul Populus 2,024 33% 37% 9% 12% 2% <0.5% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 4%
24–25 Jul YouGov/Sunday Times 1,741 35% 36% 8% 13% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 1%
23–24 Jul Populus 2,035 35% 37% 9% 9% 4% 1% 4% 1% <0.5% 2%
23–24 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,065 35% 38% 8% 11% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
22–23 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,897 34% 38% 8% 12% 3% 4% 1% <0.5% 4%
21–22 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,904 34% 37% 7% 14% 2% 5% 1% 1% 3%
20–21 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,107 34% 38% 9% 11% 3% 4% 1% 1% 4%
18–20 Jul Lord Ashcroft 1,007 27% 35% 7% 17% 2% <0.5% 7% 1% 4% 8%
18–20 Jul Populus 2,035 32% 37% 9% 13% 3% <0.5% 4% 1% 1% 5%
17–18 Jul YouGov/Sunday Times 2,078 32% 37% 9% 13% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 5%
16–18 Jul ComRes/Independent on Sunday, Sunday Mirror 2,054 31% 34% 9% 17% 3% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
16–17 Jul Populus 2,007 35% 35% 8% 14% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% 1% Tie
16–17 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,038 32% 39% 8% 13% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 7%
15–17 Jul TNS BMRB 1,191 29% 36% 7% 19% 3% 6% 7%
15–17 Jul Opinium/The Observer 1,967 30% 34% 9% 17% 4% <0.5% 4% 1% <0.5% 4%
15–16 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,107 33% 36% 9% 13% 3% 4% 1% 1% 3%
14–15 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,072 34% 38% 6% 13% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 4%
12–15 Jul Ipsos MORI 1,000 32% 35% 8% 12% 4% <0.5% 8% <0.5% 1% 3%
13–14 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,745 35% 38% 8% 10% 4% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
11–13 Jul ICM/The Guardian 1,000 34% 33% 12% 9% 4% 1% 4% <0.5% 3% 1%
11–13 Jul Lord Ashcroft 1,000 32% 36% 7% 14% 2% <0.5% 6% 1% 3% 4%
11–13 Jul Populus 2,055 34% 37% 9% 12% 3% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 3%
10–11 Jul YouGov/Sunday Times 1,963 33% 38% 9% 12% 3% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 5%
9–10 Jul Populus 2,052 34% 36% 8% 12% 4% 1% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
9–10 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,022 34% 37% 8% 12% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 3%
8–9 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,034 32% 36% 10% 12% 3% 5% 1% 1% 4%
7–8 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,072 31% 38% 8% 12% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 7%
6–7 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,650 34% 37% 9% 13% 2% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
4–6 Jul Lord Ashcroft 1,005 27% 34% 11% 15% 3% <0.5% 6% 1% 3% 7%
4–6 Jul Populus 2,053 31% 38% 9% 14% 3% <0.5% 4% 1% <0.5% 7%
3–4 Jul YouGov/Sunday Times 2,095 34% 36% 8% 13% 3% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
2–3 Jul Populus 2,029 34% 35% 9% 14% 3% 1% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 1%
2–3 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,611 35% 36% 8% 12% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 1%
1–3 Jul Opinium/The Observer 1,946 29% 35% 7% 18% 4% <0.5% 5% 1% 1% 6%
1–2 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,991 35% 37% 8% 12% 3% 5% 1% 1% 2%
30 Jun – 1 Jul YouGov/The Sun 2,073 33% 38% 8% 11% 3% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 5%
29–30 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,729 35% 37% 8% 12% 3% 3% 1% 1% 2%
27–29 Jun ComRes/Independent 1,005 30% 32% 7% 18% 3% 1% 5% 1% 4% 2%
27–29 Jun Populus 2,049 33% 37% 10% 12% 3% 1% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 4%
27–29 Jun Lord Ashcroft 1,006 33% 31% 9% 15% 2% 1% 6% 3% 2%
27 Jun Survation/Mail on Sunday 896 27% 36% 7% 22% 3% 1% 5% <0.5% 1% 9%
26–27 Jun YouGov/Sunday Times 1,936 33% 37% 8% 14% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 4%
25–26 Jun Populus 1,105 34% 35% 8% 13% 3% <0.5% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 1%
25–26 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,996 33% 38% 8% 13% 3% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 5%
24–25 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,044 32% 37% 7% 14% 3% 5% 1% 1% 5%
23–24 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,984 33% 36% 8% 15% 4% 4% 0% 1% 3%
22–23 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,652 32% 36% 9% 15% 3% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 4%
20–22 Jun Lord Ashcroft 1,006 28% 33% 9% 17% 3% 1% 7% 3% 5%
20–22 Jun Populus 1,192 32% 37% 9% 13% 3% 1% 3% 1% 1% 5%
19–20 Jun YouGov/Sunday Times 2,016 32% 38% 8% 14% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 6%
18–19 Jun Populus 1,122 34% 36% 8% 13% 4% <0.5% 3% 1% 1% 2%
18–19 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,097 33% 37% 8% 15% 3% 3% 0% 1% 4%
17–19 Jun Opinium/The Observer 1,946 31% 35% 7% 17% 4% 1% 5% 1% 1% 4%
17–18 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,066 34% 38% 7% 13% 3% 5% 1% <0.5% 4%
16–17 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,897 34% 37% 7% 13% 4% 4% 1% 1% 3%
14–17 Jun Ipsos MORI 1,001 31% 34% 8% 14% 4% 1% 8% 1% 1% 3%
15–16 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,696 32% 36% 10% 14% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 4%
13–15 Jun ICM/The Guardian[1] 1,001 31% 32% 10% 16% 4%[1] 1%[1] 6%[1] <0.5%[1] 1% 1%
13–15 Jun Lord Ashcroft 1,001 29% 35% 8% 15% 3% 1% 6% 3% 6%
13–15 Jun Populus 1,171 33% 37% 9% 13% 3% <0.5% 4% 1% <0.5% 4%
12–13 Jun YouGov/Sunday Times 2,106 33% 37% 8% 13% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 4%
11–13 Jun ComRes/Independent on Sunday, Sunday Mirror 1,539 32% 34% 7% 18% 3% 1% 4% 1% <0.5% 2%
11–12 Jun YouGov/The Sun on Sunday 2,337 33% 36% 8% 14% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 3%
11–12 Jun Populus 1,180 32% 35% 8% 15% 3% 1% 5% <0.5% <0.5% 3%
11–12 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,183 32% 38% 8% 12% 3% 5% 0% 1% 6%
10–12 Jun TNS BMRB 896 29% 35% 6% 23% 3% 5% 6%
10–11 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,157 34% 36% 6% 14% 2% 5% <0.5% 1% 2%
9–10 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,974 35% 37% 8% 12% 3% 3% 1% 1% 2%
8–9 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,685 31% 37% 7% 15% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 6%
6–8 Jun Lord Ashcroft Summary 1,003 28% 32% 8% 17% 3% 1% 7% 4% 4%
6–8 Jun Populus 1,157 35% 36% 9% 14% 3% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 1%
5–6 Jun YouGov/Sunday Times 2,134 33% 37% 7% 14% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 4%
4–6 Jun Populus 1,119 34% 35% 9% 14% 3% 1% 5% <0.5% 1% 1%
4–5 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,107 31% 37% 8% 15% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 6%
3–5 Jun Opinium/The Observer 1,950 31% 35% 6% 19% 3% 1% 4% 1% 1% 4%
3–4 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,951 32% 37% 7% 13% 4% 5% <0.5% 1% 5%
2–3 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,962 32% 36% 8% 14% 4% 5% 0% <0.5% 4%
1–2 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,740 30% 36% 8% 17% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 6%
30 May – 1 Jun Lord Ashcroft[2] 1,000 25% 34% 6% 19% 3% 1% 7%[2] 1%[2] 4%[2] 9%
30 May – 1 Jun Populus 1,151 32% 37% 10% 13% 3% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 5%
29–30 May YouGov/Sunday Times 2,090 33% 36% 7% 15% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
28–29 May Populus 1,135 34% 35% 9% 14% 4% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% 1%
28–29 May YouGov/The Sun 2,123 31% 38% 7% 16% 4% 4% <0.5% 1% 7%
27–28 May YouGov/The Sun 2,109 32% 36% 9% 14% 3% 5% 1% 1% 4%
26–27 May YouGov/The Sun 2,079 32% 34% 8% 15% 4% 5% 1% <0.5% 2%
23–26 May Populus 1,168 34% 36% 9% 14% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% <0.5% 2%
23–25 May Lord Ashcroft 1,000 29% 31% 8% 17% 3% 1% 7%[2] 2%[2] 4%[2] 2%
23 May Survation/Mail on Sunday 1,017 27% 32% 9% 23% 4% <0.5% 3% <0.5% 2% 5%
22–23 May YouGov/Sunday Times 1,898 34% 35% 9% 13% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% 1%
20–23 May Opinium/The Observer 1,968 32% 33% 7% 19% 3% <0.5% 4% 1% 1% 1%
21–22 May Populus 1,150 34% 36% 9% 14% 3% 1% 3% 1% 1% 2%
21–22 May YouGov/The Sun 1,922 34% 34% 9% 14% 3% 5% <0.5% 1% Tie
20–21 May YouGov/The Times, The Sun 6,124 33% 36% 9% 13% 3% 4% 1% 1% 3%
19–20 May Survation/Daily Mirror 895 28% 34% 9% 20% 4% <0.5% 3% 1% 1% 6%
19–20 May YouGov/The Sun 1,874 33% 35% 11% 13% 3% 3% <0.5% 1% 2%
18–19 May YouGov/The Sun 1,740 33% 37% 9% 11% 3% 6% 1% 1% 4%
16–18 May ComRes/Independent 682 30% 35% 8% 14% 2% 1% 5% 1% 5% 5%
16–18 May Lord Ashcroft 1,006 29% 35% 9% 14% 3% 1% 5%[2] 1%[2] 3%[2] 6%
16–18 May Populus 1,122 35% 34% 8% 14% 3% 1% 3% 1% 1% 1%
15–16 May YouGov/Sunday Times 1,892 34% 37% 9% 13% 3% 4% 1% 1% 3%
14–15 May ComRes/Independent on Sunday, Sunday Mirror[permanent dead link] 2,045 29% 33% 8% 19% 3% 1% 4% 1% 1% 4%
14–15 May YouGov/The Sun 2,083 34% 36% 8% 13% 3% 4% 1% 1% 2%
14–15 May Populus 1,116 32% 36% 10% 13% 4% 1% 3% 1% 1% 4%
13–14 May YouGov/The Sun 1,968 32% 35% 10% 13% 4% 4% 1% 1% 3%
12–13 May YouGov/The Sun 1,977 34% 34% 8% 15% 3% 3% 1% 1% Tie
11–12 May YouGov/The Sun 1,680 35% 36% 9% 14% 3% 3% 1% 1% 1%
10–12 May Ipsos MORI/Evening Standard 1,003 31% 34% 9% 11% 4% 8% 1% 1% 3%
9–11 May ICM/The Guardian[1] 1,000 33% 31% 13% 15% 3%[1] 2%[1] 4%[1] 1% 2%
9–11 May Lord Ashcroft 1,001 34% 32% 9% 15% 3% <0.5% 5%[2] 1%[2] 2%[2] 2%
9–11 May Populus 1,180 35% 36% 8% 13% 3% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 1%
9 May Survation/Mail on Sunday 1,005 28% 33% 10% 20% 3% 2% 3% 1% 1% 5%
8–9 May YouGov/Sunday Times 1,905 31% 38% 9% 13% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 7%
7–8 May Populus 2,006 32% 36% 8% 16% 3% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% 4%
7–8 May YouGov/The Sun 1,875 34% 35% 8% 13% 4% 4% 1% 1% 1%
6–8 May Opinium/The Observer 1,997 29% 33% 9% 20% 3% 1% 4% 1% 1% 4%
6–7 May YouGov/The Sun 1,858 34% 37% 8% 13% 4% 3% <0.5% 1% 3%
5–6 May YouGov/The Sun 1,933 34% 35% 9% 14% 3% 3% <0.5% 1% 1%
2–5 May Populus 1,133 33% 36% 8% 14% 3% 1% 4% 1% 1% 3%
2–3 May Survation/Daily Mirror 837 33% 34% 8% 18% 3% 2% 4% 1% 1% 1%
1–2 May YouGov/Sunday Times 1,945 33% 36% 9% 15% 3% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
30 Apr – 1 May YouGov/The Sun on Sunday 1,844 33% 36% 10% 15% 3% 2% 1% <0.5% 3%
30 Apr – 1 May Populus 2,060 34% 35% 9% 14% 3% 1% 3% <0.5% 1% 1%
30 Apr – 1 May YouGov/The Sun 1,813 33% 36% 10% 14% 3% 3% 1% <0.5% 3%
2 Apr – 1 May Populus/Financial Times 10,301 34% 36% 10% 13% 3% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 2%
29–30 Apr YouGov/The Sun 1,898 31% 37% 9% 15% 4% 3% 1% 1% 6%
28–29 Apr YouGov/The Sun 1,804 32% 37% 9% 14% 4% 3% <0.5% 1% 5%
27–28 Apr YouGov/The Sun 1,629 32% 37% 10% 15% 3% 2% <0.5% 1% 5%
25–27 Apr Populus 1,155 32% 35% 10% 15% 3% 1% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 3%
24–25 Apr YouGov/Sunday Times 1,835 31% 36% 9% 15% 4% 4% <0.5% 1% 5%
22–25 Apr Opinium/The Observer 1,965 32% 34% 7% 18% 3% 1% 3% 1% 1% 2%
23–24 Apr Populus 1,125 35% 35% 9% 13% 3% 1% 3% <0.5% <0.5% Tie
23–24 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,072 32% 38% 8% 14% 3% 4% <0.5% <0.5% 6%
22–23 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,143 32% 37% 10% 15% 3% 2% <0.5% 1% 5%
21–22 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,190 34% 37% 10% 12% 3% 2% <0.5% 1% 3%
17–21 Apr Populus 1,123 33% 36% 10% 13% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% <0.5% 3%
16–17 Apr YouGov/The Sun 1,884 33% 35% 11% 15% 3% 2% 1% 1% 2%
15–16 Apr Populus 1,173 34% 35% 9% 14% 4% 1% 3% 1% <0.5% 1%
15–16 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,166 33% 39% 9% 11% 3% 3% 1% 1% 6%
14–15 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,162 34% 37% 10% 13% 3% 2% <0.5% <0.5% 3%
13–14 Apr YouGov/The Sun 1,541 33% 38% 9% 12% 3% 3% <0.5% 1% 5%
11–13 Apr ComRes/The Independent 663 30% 36% 9% 12% 4% 1% 4% 1% 3% 6%
11–13 Apr ICM/The Guardian[1] 681 32% 37% 12% 11% 4%[1] 1%[1] 2%[1] <0.5%[1] <0.5% 5%
11–13 Apr Populus 1,098 33% 35% 11% 13% 3% 1% 2% <0.5% 1% 2%
10–11 Apr YouGov/Sunday Times 2,036 32% 38% 8% 14% 4% 2% <0.5% 2% 6%
9–10 Apr ComRes/Independent on Sunday, Sunday Mirror 1,537 29% 35% 7% 20% 3% <0.5% 4% 1% 1% 6%
9–10 Apr Populus 1,150 34% 35% 11% 12% 4% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1%
9–10 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,111 32% 38% 8% 14% 3% 2% 1% 1% 6%
8–10 Apr Opinium/The Observer 1,972 30% 36% 7% 18% 4% 1% 3% 1% 1% 6%
8–9 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,061 33% 36% 10% 14% 4% 2% <0.5% 1% 3%
7–8 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,144 33% 37% 10% 13% 3% 2% 1% <0.5% 4%
6–7 Apr YouGov/The Sun 1,748 33% 36% 10% 14% 3% 2% 1% 1% 3%
5–7 Apr Ipsos MORI/Evening Standard 1,002 31% 34% 9% 15% 3% <0.5% 4% <0.5% 1% 3%
4–6 Apr Populus 1,147 34% 37% 9% 14% 3% <0.5% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 3%
4 Apr Survation/Mail on Sunday 887 29% 36% 10% 20% 4% 0.4% 2% 0.3% 0.5% 7%
3–4 Apr YouGov/Sunday Times 1,998 34% 39% 9% 12% 3% 2% <0.5% 1% 5%
2–3 Apr Populus 1,176 33% 37% 10% 13% 3% <0.5% 2% 1% <0.5% 4%
2–3 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,076 32% 38% 10% 13% 3% 3% <0.5% 1% 6%
1–2 Apr YouGov/The Sun 2,148 32% 38% 10% 13% 3% 2% 1% 1% 6%
31 Mar – 1 Apr YouGov/The Sun 1,981 33% 37% 10% 12% 4% 2% 1% 1% 4%
30–31 Mar YouGov/The Sun 1,696 34% 37% 11% 13% 3% 2% 1% 1% 3%
28–30 Mar Populus 1,118 34% 37% 10% 11% 3% <0.5% 3% 1% 1% 3%
5–30 Mar Populus/Financial Times 9,162 34% 37% 9% 12% 3% 1% 3% 1% 1% 3%
27–28 Mar YouGov/Sunday Times 1,916 33% 40% 9% 11% 3% 2% 1% 1% 7%
27–28 Mar Populus 1,169 35% 37% 8% 12% 3% 1% 3% <0.5% <0.5% 2%
25–28 Mar Opinium/The Observer 1,936 32% 33% 10% 15% 4% 1% 3% 1% 1% 1%
26–27 Mar YouGov/The Sun 2,039 35% 36% 10% 11% 3% 3% <0.5% 1% 1%
25–26 Mar YouGov/The Sun 2,070 35% 37% 9% 11% 3% 2% <0.5% 1% 2%
24–25 Mar YouGov/The Sun 1,958 35% 38% 10% 10% 3% 2% 0% 1% 3%
23–24 Mar YouGov/The Sun 1,558 36% 38% 10% 10% 3% 2% <0.5% 1% 2%
21–23 Mar ComRes/Independent 614 31% 36% 9% 11% 3% 1% 5% 1% 3% 5%
21–23 Mar Populus 1,126 34% 35% 10% 13% 4% <0.5% 2% 1% 1% 1%
20–21 Mar YouGov/Sunday Times 2,103 36% 37% 9% 11% 4% 2% 1% <0.5% 1%
2014
2013
2012
2011
4–5 Jul YouGov/The Sun 1,424 40% 36% 16% 2% 6% 4%
2 Jul Opinium - 37% 33% 18% 12% 4%
1–2 Jul YouGov/Sunday Times - 41% 36% 16% 7% 5%
30 Jun – 1 Jul YouGov/The Sun - 42% 35% 16% 7% 7%
29–30 Jun YouGov/The Sun 42% 36% 15% 6% 6%
28–29 Jun YouGov/The Sun 42% 36% 15% 7% 6%
27–28 Jun YouGov/The Sun 42% 35% 16% 7% 7%
25–27 Jun ComRes/The Independent 1,003 40% 31% 18% 3% 3% <0.5% 2% 2% 1% 8%
24–25 Jun YouGov/Sunday Times 2,038 43% 36% 16% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 7%
23–24 Jun YouGov/The Sun 43% 34% 17% 5% 9%
23–24 Jun ICM/Sunday Telegraph 1,006 41% 35% 16% 2% 2% 1% 1% <0.5% <0.5% 6%
22–23 Jun YouGov/The Sun 1,641 42% 34% 17% 3% 1% 1% 1% <0.5% 8%
22–23 Jun Populus/The Times 1,003 39% 33% 18% 3% 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 6%
21–22 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,295 41% 37% 15% 2% 1% 1% 1% <0.5% 4%
20–21 Jun YouGov/The Sun 2,042 41% 33% 18% 3% 2% 1% 1% <0.5% 8%
18–20 Jun Ipsos MORI/Reuters 1,002 39% 31% 19% 2% 2% 4% 3% 1% 8%
18–20 Jun ICM/The Guardian 1,000 39% 31% 21% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 8%
18 Jun Opinium 40% 31% 19% 10% 9%
17–18 Jun YouGov/Sunday Times 1,491 39% 34% 19% 3% 2% 1% 1% <0.5% 5%
16–17 Jun ComRes/The Independent on Sunday 1,004 36% 30% 23% 4% 3% <0.5% 2% 2% <0.5% 6%
10–11 Jun YouGov/Sunday Times 1,482 40% 32% 18% 3% 2% 1% 2% 1% 8%
10–11 Jun BPIX/Mail on Sunday[3] 2,117 39% 32% 19% 10% 7%
1–9 Jun Harris Interactive/Metro 1,906 36% 30% 25% 9% 6%
4 Jun Opinium 42% 28% 19% 11% 14%
28–31 May ComRes/The Independent 1,000 37% 33% 21% 4% 1% 1% 3% 1% 1% 4%
21–23 May ICM/The Guardian 1,001 39% 32% 21% 2% 3% 1% 1% 1% <0.5% 7%
21 May Opinium 38% 29% 21% 12% 9%
20–21 May YouGov/Sunday Times 1,477 39% 32% 21% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 7%
13–14 May YouGov/Sunday Times 1,489 37% 34% 21% 8% 3%
12–13 May ICM/Sunday Telegraph 1004 38% 33% 21% 1% 2% 1% 2% <0.5% 2% 5%
12–13 May ComRes/The Independent on Sunday/Sunday Mirror 1,010 38% 34% 21% 2% 1% 1% 3% 1% 1% 4%
6 May 2010 General Election Results (GB only) N/A 36.9% 29.7% 23.6% 3.1% 1.7% 0.6% 1.0% 1.9% 1.5% 7.2%

Methodology edit

Each polling organisation uses slightly different methodology in their collection of data; a brief description of each company's methods is as follows:

  • Angus Reid Public Opinion collects its data through online internet surveys, and demographically weights its data to be representative of the whole population in terms of age, gender, social class, the region of the country lived in and newspaper readership. Past vote weighting is used, and is calculated separately for respondents from Scotland and respondents from England and Wales, whilst those saying they do not know how they will vote are asked which party they are leaning towards, and any responses to this are used as a full response, whilst those still unsure being discounted from the final calculation of levels of party support.[4]
  • BMG Research[5] is a Birmingham-based social research company which carried out its first political poll from 25 to 27 April 2015 for PoliticsHome,[6] May2015[7] and the Electoral Reform Society, with the voting intention questions being commissioned by May2015.[8] BMG carries out its fieldwork online and weights for past vote and likelihood to vote with people who did not vote at the previous General Election weighted down by 50%.[9] BMG Research is not a member of the British Polling Council but is applying for membership and abides by BPC rules in carrying out opinion polls. It is recognised by the BPC as a market researcher.[10][11]
  • ComRes uses both telephone interviews and online surveys to collect its data; all polls will be conducted using one method exclusively. It is not shown explicitly in the tables in this article whether a particular poll has been conducted by telephone or online but in general those polls with the smaller samples (~1,000) are telephone polls and those with the larger samples (~2,000) were conducted online. The data tables will confirm how the poll was conducted. Whatever the data collection method, all respondents are weighted according to gender, age, social class, household tenure, work status, number of cars owned and whether or not they have taken a foreign holiday in the previous three years. Both telephone and online polls are weighted according to past vote in the last general election, whilst telephone polls also use data from the last 12 ComRes telephone-conducted opinion polls. ComRes compensates for those respondents who says they do not know by asking them instead which party they most clearly identify with, whilst all respondents are weighted according to likelihood to vote on a scale of one to ten, with respondents saying their likelihood of voting is less than four being discounted entirely, and respondents saying their likelihood is more than five being progressively weighted, with a five-out-of-ten likelihood being weighted as half a response and a ten-out-of-ten likelihood being weighted as one whole response.[12]
  • ICM also collects its data through telephone interviews, and also demographically weights its respondents according to their gender, age, social class, household tenure, work status and the region of the country they live in. It weights respondents according to the levels of support a party received in the previous general election and the last 25 ICM opinion polls and, if a past vote is given, this is used to allocate a response to those who say they do not know how they will vote, although such a response is counted as only half of one whole response. ICM also weights its respondents as to how likely they say they are to vote, with respondents who say they are certain to vote given a higher weighting than those who are not as certain, while if a respondent did not vote at the previous general election, their turnout weighting is automatically reduced by half.[13]
  • Ipsos MORI collects its data through telephone interviews, and weights its respondents to be demographically representative of gender, age, social class, work status, work sector, household tenure and the region of the country they live in. Data is not weighted according to the way respondents voted at the previous general election, any respondents who say they do not know how they will vote are discounted, and only the responses of people who says they are certain to vote are included in the final calculation of levels of support for each party.[14]
  • Lord Ashcroft commissions and publishes polls as Lord Ashcroft Polls. On 12 May 2014 he published the first in a series of opinion polls to be published weekly up to the 2015 UK general election.[15] These polls are carried out by telephone, and are past-vote weighted with an allowance for false recall. They are also weighted for likelihood to vote, with a proportion of Don't Knows reallocated to how respondents said they voted at the 2010 general election. The Conservatives, Labour, Liberal Democrats and UKIP are prompted for. Lord Ashcroft does not disclose the organisations which carry out his fieldwork, but states that a number are used.[16] Initially, the methodology of the weekly Ashcroft National Poll was said to be similar to that used by Populus before they moved to polling online.[17] He is not a BPC member; he was initially invited to join[18] but the BPC now states that he is not eligible as he does not work for multiple clients.[19]
  • Opinium surveys are conducted online via web interviewing, drawing a sample of responses from the company's panel of around 30,000 people. This sample is representative of the adult population of Great Britain in the areas of age, gender, regional location, working status and social grade, as according to the latest Office for National Statistics data. Responses from different demographic groups are handled appropriately to compensate for differential response rates in these different groups.[20]
  • Populus conducts its surveys over the telephone, and weights all respondents according to gender, age, social class, household tenure, work status, the number of cars they own, and whether they have taken a foreign holiday in the past three years, to be representative of the whole electorate. Respondents are weighted according to their past vote and the levels of support for each party recorded in the previous 20 Populus opinion polls. Respondents who say they do not know how they will vote are allocated according to how they voted at the last general election, at a reduced weighting of 0.5 for previous Conservative or Labour voters and 0.3 for previous Liberal Democrat voters. All respondents are also weighted according to how likely they are to vote, with those certain to vote given the highest weighting.[21]
  • Survation opinion polling is achieved through online surveys, and all data is weighted to represent the wider population of Great Britain in terms of gender, age, socio-economic group, religion, how the respondent previously voted, and stated likelihood of voting in the next general election. Respondents who are either undecided or refuse to state how they would vote are excluded from the final results, unless they have provided details of how they have voted in the past, in which case, that information is used to adjust the results.[22]
  • TNS-BMRB[n 2] interviews a representative sample of adults aged 18+. All interviews are conducted in respondents' homes, although the voting intention data is collected using self-completion methods. The data is weighted twice: firstly to match population totals for age, sex, social grade, working status, presence of children, 2010 voting patterns and region; and secondly, for voting intention questions only, an additional 'likelihood-to-vote' weight is applied.[23]
  • YouGov collects its data through an online survey, and weights its respondents to be representative of the population as a whole in terms of age, gender, social class, identification with a political party, region of the country and newspaper readership. Respondents are weighted according to how they voted in the previous general election in order to achieve a sample that is reflective of each party's level of support at that election, whilst those respondents who say they do not know who they will vote for are discounted from calculating levels of support for each party.[24]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s ICM adjust for don't know/refusers by reallocating a proportion of those to the major party they tend to support. Percentages for SNP/Plaid Cymru/Greens/BNP are based on a table that does not adjust for don't know/refusers.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Michael Ashcroft adjusts for don't know/refusers by reallocating a proportion of those to the party they tend to support. At this date percentages for Greens/BNP/Others are based on a table that does not adjust for don't know/refusers.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference BPIX was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Angus Reid Public Opinion Methodology" (PDF). Angus Reid Public Opinion. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  5. ^ "BMG Research". 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  6. ^ "PoliticsHome". 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  7. ^ "May2015". 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference BMGref was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Wells, Anthony (29 April 2015). "BMG, MORI Scotland, Ashcroft constituencies and ComRes marginals". UK Polling Report. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  10. ^ "Election 2015: New exclusive poll puts Tories three points ahead of Labour". May2015.com. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  11. ^ "Election 2015: New exclusive poll puts Labour and Tories on exactly 33.7 per sent each". May2015.com. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  12. ^ "Public Polling Methodology". ComRes. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  13. ^ "July Poll for the Guardian" (PDF). ICM Research. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  14. ^ "Data Collection". Ipsos MORI. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  15. ^ "Tories lead in my first weekly national poll". Lord Ashcroft Polls. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  16. ^ "Sheffield Hallam, Doncaster North and Thanet South". Lord Ashcroft Polls. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Ashcroft – CON 34, LAB 32, LDEM 9, UKIP 15". Anthony Wells. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  18. ^ "Minutes of the Annual General Meeting 2013". British Polling Council. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  19. ^ Curtice, John (16 April 2015). "Reading the Polls: Election 2015 and The British Polling Council". British Polling Council. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  20. ^ "Political Polling". Opinium Research LLP. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  21. ^ "Populus sampling and weighting methodology". Populus. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  22. ^ "Survation Poll The Budget Aftermath For The Mail On Sunday". Survation. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  23. ^ "TNS BMRB Methodology". TNS BMRB. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  24. ^ "Panel Methodology". YouGov. Retrieved 26 July 2011.


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