User:OnBeyondZebrax/sandbox/Philosophy

Patricia Churchland (her position has been referred to as "postpositivist physicalism")

Importance

"Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) was one of the most influential political philosophers of the twentieth century."

Categorization challenges

"Hannah Arendt is a twentieth century political philosopher whose writings do not easily come together into a systematic philosophy that expounds and expands upon a single argument over a sequence of works. Instead, her thoughts span totalitarianism, revolution, the nature of freedom and the faculties of thought and judgment."

Mary Wollstonecraft

When Wollstonecraft's The Vindication of the Rights of Woman called for "...women to be transformed into rational and independent beings whose sense of worth came, not from their appearance, but from their inner perception of self-command and knowledge. Women had to be educated; their minds and bodies had to be trained." In the work, she criticized "...Rousseau's Emile (1762)" and proposes that "...women be granted not only civil and political rights, but have elected representatives of their own." She "...wanted women to aspire to full citizenship..."

It "...is one of the trailblazing works of feminism." It called for "...an educational system that allowed girls the same advantages as boys would result in women who would be ...capable workers in many professions." The work "...caused considerable controversy but failed to bring about any immediate reforms." It had a "particular influence on American women’s rights pioneers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Margaret Fuller."

"Wollstonecraft is a founding mother of feminism and her most famous work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is widely viewed as the first great feminist treatise. She wrote in the classical liberal tradition, which promoted individual rights, especially against the restrictions of political power. Wollstonecraft’s primary concern was the rights and status of women against the claims of society and law."

History of philosophy

Some of the key developments in the early history of philosophy include the Ancient Greek period, in which Plato is credited as the first Western philosopher; the formalization of Indian philosophy beginning in 1000 BCE, which includes several Eastern philosophies, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Jain philosophy; Islamic philosophy, notably as practiced during the Islamic Golden Age between the 8th and 12th centuries; Persian philosophy, which gave rise to Zoroastrianism (first recorded c. 440 BCE), one of the key events in the development of philosophy; Medieval philosophy, which saw the further development of classical Greek and Hellenistic philosophy and the integration of the doctrines of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity with secular learning; and the Renaissance ("rebirth") era, in which philosophical interests shifted towards inquiries into morality, philology, and mysticism.

The early modern era of Western philosophy is identified with the 17th and 18th centuries, with the 18th century often referred to as the Age of Enlightenment. Modern philosophy is distinguished from its predecessors by its increasing independence from traditional authorities such as the church and academia. Later modern philosophy is usually considered to begin at the beginning of the 19th century. In the 20th century, philosophy has increasingly become a professional discipline practiced within universities, like other academic disciplines, which has made it more specialized.

Controversies

The type of existence, if any, of universals and abstract objects is an issue of serious in metaphysical philosophy. One debate that has commanded the attention of ethicists in the modern era has been between whether actions are to be morally evaluated solely by their consequences or whether actions are to be morally evaluated solely by consideration of agents' duties or the rights of those whom the action concerns. In philosophy of language, the issue of whether terms have meaning in virtue of the objects to which they refer has led to much debate; Frege denied this, and much of Kripke's fame comes from disputing Frege on this.