Elizabeth Montagu (Robinson; ur. 2 Pażdziernika 1718 – zm. 25 Sierpnia 1800) brytyjska reformatorka społeczna, patronka sztuki, krytyczka literacka, pisarka, uczestniczyła w salonach literackich, pomogła w zorganizowaniu i prowadzeniu Blue Stockings Society. Jej rodzice pochodzili z zamożnych rodzin. Jej siostrą była Sary Scott, autorka A Description of Millenium [sic] Hall and the Country Adjacent. Wyszła za mąż za Edwarda Montagu, mężczyznę posiadającego rozległe tereny i stała się jedną z bogatszych kobiet tamtych czasów. Poświęciła swoją fortunę rozprzestrzenianiu Angielskiej i Szkockiej literatury i pomocy najbiedniejszym.
Wczesne lata życia
editUrodziła się w Yorkshire 2 października 1718 roku. Jej rodzicami byli Matthew Robinson (ur.1694 – zm.1778) z West Laytoni Edgeley w Yorkshire I Elizabeth, córka Roberta Drake'a z Cambridge I jego żony Sary Morris, córki Thomasa Morrisa z Mount Morris, Monks Horton. Elizabeth była najstarszą z ich trzech córek. Wybitny wykładowca z Cambridge - Conyers Middleton był drugim mężem jej babki Sary Morris.[1] W latach 1720 - 1736 ich rodzina miała na własność część, obecnie należącego do Narodowego Funduszu na rzecz Renowacji Zabytków w Wielkiej Brytanii (National Trust), Treasurer's House w York. Elizabeth wraz z siostrą [[Sarah Scott|Sarą Scott], przyszłą powieściopisarką, spędzały dzieciństwo z Dr Middleton, jako że oboje ich rodzice byli zdystansowani. Dziewczynki nauczyły się Łaciny, Francuskiego i Włoskiego, a także studiowały literaturę. Jako dzieci, Elizabeth i Sarah, były sobie bardzo bliskie, ale oddaliły się od siebie po tym, jak Sarah zachorowała na ospę.
W młodości Elizabeth zaprzyjaźniła się z Lady Margaret Harley, późniejszą księżną Portland, jedynym dzieckiem Edwarda Harleya, drugiego hrabii Oxfordu i hrabii Mortimer. Lady Margaret i Elizabeth były nierozłączne, a w czasie rozłąki korespondowały cotygodniowo. Spędzała dużo czasu z Lady Margaret w Londynie i poznała wiele znanych osobistości lat 30 XVIII wieku, w tym także poetę Edwarda Younga i myśliciela religijnego Gilberta Westa. W domostwie Lady Margaret kobiety i mężczyźni rozmawiali jako równi sobie i razem żartowali. Pani Montagu później korzystała z tego modelu dyskursu intelektualnego na swoich salonach. Odwiedzanie Lady Margaret stało się dla niej jeszcze ważniejsze gdy jej matka odziedziczyła posiadłość wiejską w Kent i zamieszkała tam razem ze swoimi córkami.
Małżeństwo z Montagu
editW 1738 Montagu napisała Harley, że nie zależy jej ani na mężczyznach, ani małżeństwie z nimi. Postrzegała małżeństwo jako racjonalną i korzystna umowę i nie uważała za możliwe pokochania mężczyzny. W 1742 wyszła za mąż za Edwarda Montagu, wnuka Edwarda Montagu, hrabii Sandwich, właściciela licznych kopalni węgla i kilku posiadłości w Northumberland. Miała 22 lata podczas gdy on miał 50. Ich małżeństwo było korzystne, jednak niezbyt namiętne. Mimo to w następnym roku urodziła syna, Johna, którego darzyła ogromną miłością. Była zdruzgotana gdy niespodziewanie umarł w 1744 roku. Pozostali z Edwardem w przyjaznych stosunkach przez resztę czasu spędzonego razem, nie miała jednak więcej dzieci i nie zaszła już w ciążę. Przed śmiercią syna nie była bardzo religijną osobą, jednak to wydarzenie sprawiło, że stała się głębiej wierząca. Tymczasem jej siostra, Sarah Scott, również stawała się coraz bardziej pobożna.
Większość czasu Elizabeth spędzała w towarzystwie towarzyszki damy (której rola wywodzi się od królewskiej damy dworu). Jej zadaniem była pomoc Elizabeth w jej codziennych sprawunkach. Barbara Schnorrenberg sugeruje, że rolę te objęła Sarah Scott i dodaje, że istnieją powody aby przypuszczać, że Scott wyszła kiepsko za mąż, żeby się od niej uwolnić. Po śmierci matki Elizabeth, jej ojciec przeprowadził się do Londynu ze soją gosposią, tudzież kochanką, nie zostawiając swoim dzieciom żadnych pieniędzy. Gdy Sarah opuściła swoje nieszczęśliwe małżeństwo, jej ojciec nie tylko nie udzielił jej żadnej pomocy finansowej, ale także zakazał Elizabeth i jej bratu, Matthew, udzielania jej wsparcia.
Od 1750 co roku razem z Edwardem zimę spędzali w Londynie w Mayfair, a wiosnę w Sandleford w Berkshire, które należało do niego od 1730 roku. Następnie on jechał do Northumberland i Yorkshire aby zarządzać swoim majątkiem, podczas gdy ona okazjonalnie odwiedzała go w rodzinnym manoir w East Denton, zbudowanym w 1622 roku na wschodniej drodze do Newcastle upon Tyne.
Była bystrą biznesmenką, pomimo protekcjonalnego traktowania ludności Northumberland ze względu na prostotę ich języka. Choć zachowywała się jak Lady Bountiful względem górników i ich rodzin, zadowalały ją niskie koszty tego przedsięwzięcia. Cieszył ją także fakt, że ich górnicy "ze strachu przed utratą pracy utrzymują niespotykany porządek". Elizabeth lubiła słuchać śpiewu górników w kopalniach, jednak uważała ich dialekt (Geordie) za "okropny dla nerwów słuchaczy". Horace Walpole napisał do George'a Montagu w 1768: "Naszym najlepszym słońcem jest węgiel z Newcastle".
Życie na salonach
editW Londynie Elizabeth stała się znaną panią domu. Organizowała śniadania literackie z m.in. Gilbertem Westem i Georgem Lytteltonem. Do roku 1760 stały się popularną wieczorną rozrywką. Gry karciane i silne napoje alkoholowe były zakazane na tych spotkaniach grupy poźniej znanej jako Towarzystwo Niebieskich Pończoch.
By 1770, Montagu's home on Hill Street had become the premier salon in London. Samuel Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke, David Garrick, and Horace Walpole were all in the circle. For writers, being introduced there meant patronage, and Montagu patronized a number of authors, including Elizabeth Carter, Hannah More, Frances Burney, Anna Barbauld, Sarah Fielding, Hester Chapone, James Beattie, James Woodhouse and Anna Williams. Samuel Johnson's hostess, Hester Thrale, was also an occasional visitor to Hill Street. Among her persistent admirers was the physician Messenger Monsey. Among the Blue Stockings, Elizabeth Montagu was not the dominant personality, but she was the woman of greatest means, and it was her house, purse and power that made the society possible. As a literary critic, she was a fan of Samuel Richardson, both Fieldings (Henry Fielding and Sarah Fielding), and Fanny Burney, and she was pleased to discover that Laurence Sterne was a distant relation through the Botham family. He entrusted her with the disposition of his papers on his departure for France, as he was in ill health and the prospect of his dying abroad was real. She was a supporter of Bishop Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.
Montagu also held similar events at her residence in the centre house (No. 16) of the Royal Crescent, Bath.[2]
Some years after Montagu's death, there appeared a poem by James Woodhouse, who had served the family as land bailiff and steward. This criticized her for being proud and vain.[3] Woodhouse wrote that she patronized poets:
For they could best bestow delightful dow'rs, by flattering speech, or fam'd poetic pow'rs.
Bluestocking work and writing
editElizabeth as a Bluestocking called the "Queen of the Blues" led and hosted the Blue Stockings Society of England from about 1750. It was a loose organization of privileged women with an interest in education, but it waned in popularity at the end of the 18th century. It gathered to discuss literature and also invited educated men to participate. Talk of politics was prohibited; literature and the arts were the main subjects. Many Bluestocking women supported each other in intellectual endeavours such as reading, art work, and writing. Many also published literature.[4]
Elizabeth Montagu published two works in her lifetime. George Lyttelton in 1760 encouraged Elizabeth to write Dialogues of the Dead, and she contributed three sections to the work anonymously. (Her authorship is testified elsewhere.) It consists of a series of conversations between the living and the illustrious dead, and works as a satire of 18th-century vanity and manners. In 1769, she published An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespear. In it, she proclaims Shakespeare to be the greatest English poet, and in fact the greatest poet of any nation. She also attacks Samuel Johnson's 1765 Preface to Shakespeare for not having gone on to praise Shakespeare's plays enough. While Johnson had dealt with text, history, and the circumstances of editing, Montagu wrote instead about the characters, plots, and beauties of the verse in Shakespeare and saw in him a championing of all things inherently English. When the book was initially published anonymously, it was thought to be by Joseph Warton, but by 1777 her name appeared on the title page. Johnson, for his part, was estranged from Montagu at this point.
In the late 1760s, Edward Montagu fell ill, and Elizabeth took care of him, although she resented giving up her freedom. He died in 1775. In 1776, she adopted her nephew, the orphan of her brother. Matthew Robinson, the child, kept his family name, but he was named Elizabeth's heir. At that point, the coal and landholdings Montagu passed on to Elizabeth accounted for an income of £7,000 a year. She managed her wealth and estates well, and by her death her coal income was worth 10,000 pounds a year.
In 1777, Montagu began work on Montagu House in Portman Square in London, where she moved in 1781, on land leased for 99 years. She also expanded Sandleford Priory in the 1780s, and had Capability Brown design its garden and alter the park. She died at Montagu House in London on 25 August 1800 and left Sandleford and all of her money to her nephew.
Works
editElizabeth Montagu was the author of two works published in her lifetime: three sections in George Lyttelton's Dialogues of the Dead (1760) and An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespeare (1769). In addition, two collections of Montagu's letters were published posthumously.
Dialogues of the Dead was a series of critiques of 18th-century society. In Dialogue 26, Hercules is engaged in a discussion of virtue. In Dialogue 27, a character, Mrs. Mopish, cannot go the Elysian Fields because she is endlessly distracted by worldly influences. In Dialogue 28, a bookseller explains to Plutarch the difficulties of publishing in modern society.
An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespeare defends Shakespeare against criticism by supporters of the French style of drama, particularly against the attacks of Voltaire. In Essay Montagu claims Shakespeare's success comes from his overall virtue and ability to engaging the audiences' emotion, not from strict adherence to the classical models of drama.
Letters
editMontagu was a copious writer of letters to her coterie and beyond. They include discussions of health, domestic arraignments, travel plans and reports of social events. About a third of her correspondence focuses on culture such as theatre, opera, public spectacles, moral philosophy and divinity.[5] Of these topics, history was discussed more than twice as much as any other topic.[5]
Her most frequent correspondence on literature was with her sister, Sarah Scott, followed by her friends, Elizabeth Carter and Gilbert West.[5] She and Scott were both avid readers of published letters throughout their lives, reading collections by Pope and Swift.[6] This influenced the women's own letter writing. Their frequency of correspondence waxed and waned over the years depending on the circumstances of their lives;[7] Montagu is believed to have written to Scott more frequently than she replied.[5]
Similarly, Montagu is said to have sent more letters to Elizabeth Carter than she received from her.[5] Montagu was an ardent supporter of Carter, despite her friend being of a lower class. She respected her skill and virtue. Montagu felt comfortable enough to correspond with Carter about the responsibility of great wealth.[8]
Gilbert West influenced Montagu's thinking about religion, history and literature. He also affected her style of writing for a time. Based on his example, she began writing in more formal syntax, but eventually became irritated by the restrictions and reverted to her freer, more natural style.[8]
Montagu corresponded with George Lyttelton frequently about literature and history, a relationship which would later lead to Lyttelton to include three of her works in his Dialogues of the Dead. Their letters were known to have markedly different tones: hers were serious and intellectual, his responses tended towards the flirtatious.[9]
Montagu maintained a close relationship with the elder statesman, William Pulteney, Lord Bath. This was purely emotional, but described as a "pseudo-courtship".[8]
Lady Margaret Harley was a lifelong friend of Montagu's, to whom Montagu vented her frustrations over the institution of marriage and her desire for a truly companionate marriage – if she must have one at all. Montagu also said that marriage should include a financial incentive.[7]
A collection of Montagu's letters was first published 1809 by her nephew and heir, Matthew Montagu, under the title, The Letters of Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu, with Some of the Letters of her Correspondents. The selection reflects a concern for Montagu's moral reputation. Another edition of her letters was released in 1906 by Matthew's granddaughter, Emily J. Climenson, and her friend, Reginald Blunt. This revised collection expanded on Montagu's view of the social world, including fashion, politics, and nobility.[5]
References
edit- ^ Schnorrenberg, Barbara Brandon. "Montagu, Elizabeth". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Lowndes, William (1981). The Royal Crescent in Bath. Redcliffe Press. ISBN 978-0-905459-34-9.
- ^ Hornbeak, Katherine G. (1949). Age of Johnson, Essays presented to Chauncey Brewster Tinker. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. pp. 349–361.
- ^ Tinker, Chauncey Brewster (1915). The salon and English letters: chapters on the interrelations of literature and society in the age of Johnson. Macmillan.
- ^ a b c d e f Eger, Elizabeth (2010). Bluestockings: Women of Reason from Enlightenment to Romanticism. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ Berg, Temma (2013). Women, Gender, and Print Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Essays in Memory of Betty Rizzo. Lanham: Lehigh U P.
- ^ a b Hill, Bridget (2010). "A Tale of Two Sisters: The Contrasting Careers And Ambitions of Elizabeth Montagu And Sarah Scott". Women's History Review. 19 (2): 215–229. doi:10.1080/09612021003633937. S2CID 145292355.
- ^ a b c Myers, Sylvia Harcstark (1990). The Bluestocking Circle: Women, Friendship, and the Life of the Mind in Eighteenth-Century England. Oxford: Claredon.
- ^ Ellis, Markman (2010). "'An Author in Form': Women Writers, Print Publication, and Elizabeth Montagu's Dialogues of the Dead". ELH. 2: 417–438.
Further reading
edit- Eger, Elizabeth (2008). Brilliant women : 18th-century bluestockings. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300141030.
- Pohl, Nicole (2003). Reconsidering the Bluestockings. San Marino, Calif: Huntington Library. pp. 30–31, 60, 105, 263. ISBN 9780873282024.
- Pohl, Nicole (2019). "'The Commerce of Life': Elizabeth Montagu (1718–1800)". Huntington Library Quarterly. 81 (4): 443–463. doi:10.1353/hlq.2018.0029. S2CID 159969104.
External links
edit- Works by Elizabeth Montagu at Project Gutenberg
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- Portraits of Elizabeth Montagu (née Robinson) (1718–1800) at the National Portrait Gallery, London