Wikipedia

User:Novaber24/Primnoa pacifica

< User:Novaber24

Primnoa pacifica edit

 
Yelloweye rockfish inhabiting red tree coral in Whale Bay, Alaska

Primnoa pacifica or red tree coral is a species of soft coral in the family Primnoidae. It is a deep water coral found in the North Pacific Ocean, and plays an integral role in supporting benthic ecosystems.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Red tree corals grow axially and radially, producing structures of calcite and gorgonian skeletons that form dense thickets.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Like other species of coral, red tree coral is made of a soluble form of calcium carbonate, which forms the reef structure, as well as provides food, shelter, and nutrients for surrounding organisms. Amongst the organisms red tree corals provide a home for, many are commercially important fish and crustaceans.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). These areas of marine habitat are listed as Habitat Areas of Particular Concern. However, anthropogenic impacts such as bottom trawling pose large-scale threats to these habitats.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). There are also concerns about the effects of ocean acidification on red tree coral, since it shares many of the same properties as other corals that are suffering from bleaching.

Description edit

Taxonomy edit

The family Primnoidae consists of soft corals that are mostly found in the deep sea. Due to the inaccessibility of sunlight below the photic zone, deep sea members of the Primnoidae family, such as Primnoa pacificia, do not have zooxanthellae symbionts[1]. Primnoidae also lack the typical calcium carbonate skeleton that many shallow water corals possess, and many species of soft coral have no hard structural support at all. Other soft corals, such as those responsible for building seafloor habitats like Primnoa paciifica, contain a calcite and gorgonian skeletal structure, more flexible than calcium carbonate.[2] Primnoa pacifica is different from other coral in its family because of its spinose basal scales. They also have narrower medial scales and large marginal scales, giving them a distinct shape.

Primnoa Pacifica
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Order: Alcyonacea
Family: Primnoidae
Genus: Primnoa
Species: P. pacifica
 
Close up of the structure of P. Pacifica

Anatomy edit

Like other corals, red tree corals also grow on hard substrates. The anatomy of a red tree coral consists of a holdfast base attached to a hard substrate, a bilaterally extending internal skeleton consisting of gorgonin and calcite, and polyp colonies covering the skeleton.[2]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Map of the Alaskan coast where P. Pacifica are frequently found.

Primnoa pacifica is a deep water coral, some of which can survive at depths as great as 6 kilometers and temperatures as low as 30°F.[3] Primnoa pacifica is typically found along North Pacific outer continental shelves and inner continental slopes ranging in depths of 150 meters (490 ft) and 900 meters (3,000 ft). The coral is notably abundant off the coast of Alaska. In 2010, Primnoa pacifica was found in the unique habitat of the Tracy Arm fjord between 20 feet (6.1 m) and 100 feet (30 m) and in Alaskan waters, including under glaciers. Since 2010, the coral was also discovered in other Pacific regions, including the waters surrounding Japan. Additionally, red tree corals prefer to attach to substrates made of mostly bedrock and prefer rougher seabeds to smooth.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).

Diet edit

Without photosynthetic symbionts to provide food and nutrients, red tree corals maintain a diet of mostly microscopic organisms and detritus.[3]

Predation edit

 
Spiny red sea star from Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, common Primnoa pacifica predator

Red tree coral thickets are preyed on by spiny red sea stars, calliostoma snails, and nudibranchs.[3]




Growth and reproduction edit

Red tree coral growth rate has yet to be well established. Past studies have shown that the radial growth rates are between .33 to .74 millimeters per year and axial growth rates between 2.41 to 6.39 centimeters per year. More recent studies, however have shown radial growth of 0.14 to .57 millimeters per year and axial growth rates 1.60 to 2.32 centimeters per year.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Red tree coral radial size has also been shown to correlate with age―massive corals exceeding the age of a century.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). An increase in red tree coral age is also linked with slowing growing rates.[4] Unlike the more common hermaphroditic corals, Red tree corals are a gonochoric coral species with separate sexes, similar to other Primnoidae.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). The reproductive processes of red tree corals have not been studied extensively; however, they exhibit both the asexual reproductive strategy of budding as well as the sexual reproductive strategy of broadcast spawning.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). However, their sexual reproduction has been observed to occur asynchronously as the colonies lack mass spawning events.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Brooding is also observed in red tree coral colonies.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).

Environmental Importance edit

Importance in Ecosystem edit

 
A juvenile rockfish may use P. Pacifica as a nursery ground

Primnoa Pacifica is a keystone species, so the ecosystem is dependent on this species and would go through significant changes if P. Pacifica was removed. This species is of particular interest in the marine environment because of the dense bottom thickets they form. Red tree corals grow their calcite and gorgonian skeletons axially and radially.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). These three dimensional structured thickets serve as main sources of habitat to bottom dwelling organisms in the many areas red tree corals populate such as the Gulf of Alaska.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). A multitude of fish and crab species depend on the thickets as breeding, feeding, and nursery grounds, including juvenile rockfish. The corals shelter them from predators and currents.[3] However, the ecosystems of these habitats have their own intricate web of interactions that remain poorly understood.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).

 
P. Pacifica in an active coral reef ecosystem


Studies have shown that coral thickets in this area, coupled with sponge colonies, serve as a keystone species, their presence directly corresponding to biodiversity. The habitat that these deep sea corals provide serve as nursery grounds and refuge for a variety of fish taxon.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). In particular, rockfish are very strongly associated with red tree coral thickets. Red tree coral thickets are unmatched in density and size throughout the ocean.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). However, the massive thickets are also relatively rare. Therefore, primnoa pacifica prove to be crucial to the ecosystems they support, but only to a number of communities.

Relationship with Humans edit

Anthropogenic impacts such as bottom trawling pose large-scale threats to these rare benthic habitats.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Commercial deep sea trawling and fishing cause major disturbances to red tree coral habitats.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Trawl nets and fishing hooks can easily damage or uproot the delicate red tree coral’s gorgonian skeleton, effectively killing large amounts of the coral.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). The red tree coral’s large size and tangle of tree-like branches make it especially susceptible to human-caused damage.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). After a disturbance event, red tree corals will not return to their original state for tens to hundreds of years.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). In an effort to conserve the coral population, once a location of these deep sea oases is established, legislation protects the habitats by prohibiting bottom commercial activity in the surrounding waters.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Rising global temperatures and oil spills also threaten red tree coral populations.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).

References edit

  1. ^ 3
  2. ^ a b Roberts, Santi; Hirshfield, Michael (2004-04-XX). "Deep-sea corals: out of sight, but no longer out of mind". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2 (3): 123–130. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0123:DCOOSB]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1540-9295. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d 1
  4. ^ 4
  1. ↑ Cairns, Stephen D.; Bayer, Frederick M. (September 2005). "A review of the genus Primnoa (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea: Primnoidae), with the description of two new species". Bulletin of Marine Science. 32. 77 (2): 225–256. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  2. Choy E, Watanabe K, Williams B, Stone R, Etnoyer P, and Druffel E. 2020. Understanding growth and age of red tree corals (Primnoa pacifica) in the North Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0241692.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0241692
  3. Robert S and Hirshfield M. 2004. Deep‐sea corals: out of sight, but no longer out of mind. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2(30): 123-130. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/1540-9295%282004%29002%5B0123%3ADCOOSB%5D2.0.CO%3B2?casa_token=oLt0BuE686YAAAAA%3AF_kUDgUtvtK0Za6S2u4S_Nt_QoGsJJNEQ1RpjkuC0zqzneXRElT3rnT-C7MHxj-i7tFNN3q3e5PF  
  4. Stone RP, Masuda MM, and Karinen JF. 2015. Assessing the ecological importance of red tree coral thickets in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. ICES Journal of Marine Science 72(3): 900-915. https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/72/3/900/694278?login=true  
  5. ↑ Stone Robert P; Shotwell S Kalei. (2007). "State of deep coral ecosystems in the Alaska Region: Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands" (PDF). In: Lumsden SE et Al., Eds. The State of Deep Coral Ecosystems of the United States. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP-3. Silver Spring, MD: 65–108. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  6. Waller RG, Stone RP, Johnstone J, and Mondragon J. 2014. Sexual Reproduction and Seasonality of the Alaskan Red Tree Coral, Primnoa pacifica. PLoS ONE 9(4): e90893.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0090893
  7. 1 2 Waller, RG; Stone, RP; Mondragon, J; Clark, CE (2011). "Reproduction of Red Tree Corals in the Southeastern Alaskan Fjords: Implications for Conservation and Population Turnover". In: Pollock NW, Ed. Diving for Science 2011. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  8. Waller RG, Stone RP, Rice LN, Johnstone J, Rossin AM, Hartil E, Feehan K, Morrison CL. 2019. Phenotypic Plasticity or a Reproductive Dead End? Primnoa pacifica (Cnidaria: Alcyonacea) in the Southeastern Alaska Region. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 709. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00709/full
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Novaber24/Primnoa_pacifica&oldid=1020217094"