Wikipedia

User:Noted Seven/LGBT

< User:Noted Seven
Part of a series on
Discrimination
Forms
Attributes
Social
Religious
Ethnic/national
Manifestations
Policies
Countermeasures
Related topics
See also: User:Noted Seven/List of Acts and Notable acts of violence against LGBT people

Violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people are actions which may occur either at the hands of individuals or groups, or as part of governmental enforcement of laws targeting people who are perceived to violate heteronormative rules and who contravene perceived protocols of gender and sexual roles. People who are perceived to be LGBTQ may also be targeted.

A hate crime is when individuals become victimized because of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexual orientation.[1] Hate crimes against LGBTQ people often occur because the perpetrators are homophobic. The attacks can also be blamed on society itself. A variety of religious groups as well as proponents of extremist political ideologies condemn homosexuality and relate it to being weak, ill, feminine, and morally wrong.[2] Violence targeted at people because of their perceived sexuality can be psychological and physical including murder. These actions may be caused by cultural, religious, or political mores and biases.

State-sanctioned violence edit

Historic edit

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
 
The knight von Hohenberg and his squire, being burned at the stake for sodomy, Zurich 1482 (Zurich Central Library)

The first recorded Abrahamic laws against sexual intercourse between men are dated to circa 550 BCE, during the Babylonian captivity of the Jewish people; they are recorded in Leviticus, and they prescribe the death penalty. Similar laws are found across Indo-European cultures in Lex Scantinia in Ancient Rome and nith in protohistoric Germanic culture, or the Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BCE.[3]

After Emperor Constantine established Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire, male homosexual activity became repressed, specifically for the passive role, often sanctioned with social ostracism, mutilation, or death.[4] In 342 CE, the Christian emperors Constantius and Constans declared same-sex marriage to be illegal.[5] Shortly after, in the year 390 CE, the Christian emperors Valentinian II, Theodosius I and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be publicly burned alive.[4] The Christian emperor Justinian I (527–565 CE) made homosexuals a scapegoat for problems such as "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences." [6][citation needed]

Laws and codes prohibiting homosexual practice were in force in Europe from the fourth[4] to the twentieth centuries, and Muslim countries have had similar laws from the beginnings of Islam in the seventh century up to and including the present day. Abbasid Baghdad, under the Caliph Al-Hadi (785–786 CE), punished homosexuality with death.

During the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of France and the City of Florence also instated the death penalty. In Florence, a young boy named Giovanni di Giovanni (1350–1365?) was castrated and burned between the thighs with a red-hot iron by court order under this law.[7][8] These punishments continued into the Renaissance, and spread to the Swiss canton of Zürich. Knight Richard von Hohenberg (d. 1482) was burned at the stake together with his lover, his young squire, during this time. In France, French writer Jacques Chausson (1618–1661) was also burned alive for attempting to seduce the son of a nobleman.

In England, the Buggery Act, which made sodomy and bestiality punishable by death, was instated in 1534 CE and remained law until 1861. In Nazi Germany, homosexuals were among the groups affected by the Holocaust. See Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust for more detailed explanations.

Contemporary edit

As of May 2010, 76 countries criminalize consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex.[9] They are punishable by death in seven countries:

Countries where homosexuality is criminalized but not punished by death, by region, include:

Africa

Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria (death penalty in some states), São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia (death penalty in some states), Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Asia

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Gaza Strip under Palestinian Authority

Europe

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (internationally unrecognised)

Latin America and the Caribbean

Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

Oceania

Kiribati, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Cook Islands[13]

Afghanistan, where such acts remain punishable with fines and a prison sentence, dropped the death penalty after the fall of the Taliban in 2001, who had mandated it from 1996. India criminalized homosexuality until June 2nd, 2009, when the High Court of Delhi declared section 377 of the Indian Penal Code invalid.[13]

Relationship between religious condemnation and violence edit

See also: Religion and homosexuality

Abrahamic religions edit

And if a man lie with mankind, as with womankind, both of them have committed abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.

— Leviticus 20:13

The above verse, along with Leviticus 18:22, is the cause of much tension between the devout of the Abrahamic religions and members of the LGBT community. It is viewed by many as an outright condemnation of homosexual acts between men, and, more commonly in ancient times than today, justification for violence.

Christianity edit

See also: Christianity and homosexuality

In today's society, most Christian denominations welcome people attracted to the same sex, but teach that same sex relationships and homosexual sex are sinful.[14][15] These denominations include the Roman Catholic Church,[15][16] the Eastern Orthodox church,[17] the Methodist Church,[14][18][19][20] and many other mainline denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[21] and the American Baptist Church,[22] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance,[23] and fundamentalist groups and churches, such as the Southern Baptist Convention.[24][25][26] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[27] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that gay sexual activity is immoral.[28][29]

Some Christian groups advocate conversion therapy and promote ex-gay groups. One such group, Exodus International, argues that conversion therapy may be a useful tool for decreasing same-sex desires.[30] The medical and scientific consensus in the United States is that conversion therapy is likely harmful and should be avoided because it may exploit guilt and anxiety, thereby damaging self-esteem and leading to depression and even suicide.[31][32][33] There is a broad concern in the mental health community that the advancement of conversion therapy itself causes social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about sexual orientation and the ability of gay, lesbian and bisexual people to lead happy, healthy lives.[31] This promotion of the idea that homosexuality is immoral and can be corrected may make would-be attackers of homosexuals feel justified in that they are "doing God's work" by ridding the world of LGBT people.[34]

Pope Benedict XVI, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church has stoked this sentiment as well, stating that "protecting" humanity from homosexuality was just as important as saving the world from climate change and that all relationships beyond traditional heterosexual ones are a "destruction of God's work".[34] Further, a Vatican official called homosexuality "a deviation, an irregularity, a wound".[34] While the Catholic Church teaches that same-sex attraction itself is not sinful, homosexual acts are "acts of grave depravity". Homosexual congregation members are to be accepted and not discriminated against, but are asked to remain celibate.[35]

Evangelicals in Africa sometimes use religion to justify violence against LGBT people and criminalizing homosexual behavior. Archbishops Peter Akinola of Nigeria and Henry Orombi of Uganda would not condemn violence against gays and lesbians when questioned on the issue at the Global Anglican Future Conference.[36] Mark Russell, Chief Executive of Church Army, expressed outrage over their resistance, stating "Quite honestly [refusal to condemn violence against gay people in their home countries] is disgraceful, it sullies their cause, and is totally un-Christian. You cannot justify violence in God's name. Period. [...] Those who perpetrate violence against gay people in Africa now can use this silence to justify their behaviour. Christians must speak up and say this is wrong."[36]

Islam edit

See also: Islam and homosexuality

The Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, cites the story of the "people of Lot" (also known as the people of Sodom and Gomorrah), destroyed by the wrath of Allah because they engaged in "lustful" carnal acts between men.

Eminent scholars of Islam, such as Sheikh ul-Islam Imam Malik, and Imam Shafi amongst others, ruled that Islam disallowed homosexuality and ordained capital punishment for a person guilty of it.[37]

The legal punishment for sodomy has varied among juristic schools: some prescribe capital punishment; while other prescribe a milder discretionary punishment. Homosexual activity is a crime and forbidden in most Muslim-majority countries. In some relatively secular Muslim-majority countries such as Indonesia,[38] Jordan and Turkey, this is not the case.

The Qur'an, much like the Bible and Torah, has a vague condemnation of homosexuality and how it should be dealt with, leaving it open to interpretation. For this reason, Islamic jurists have turned to the collections of the hadith (sayings of Muhammad) and akhbar (accounts of his life). These, on the other hand, are perfectly clear and particularly harsh.[39] Ibn al-Jawzi records Muhammad as cursing sodomites in several hadith, and recommending the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in same-sex acts.[40]

Sunan al-Tirmidhi again reports Muhammad as having prescribed the death penalty for both the active and the passive partner: "Whoever you find committing the sin of the people of [Lot], kill them, both the one who does it and the one to whom it is done."[37] The overall moral or theological principle is that a person who performs such actions challenges the harmony of God's creation, and is therefore a revolt against God.[41]

Some imams still preach extremist views, stating that homosexuals and "women who act like men" should be killed. Abu Usamah at Green Lane Mosque in Birmingham defended his words to followers by saying "If I were to call homosexuals perverted, dirty, filthy dogs who should be murdered, that's my freedom of speech, isn't it?"[42] Less extreme leaders decry this sort of preaching, calling it a "distortion of Islam itself, the abuse and misuse of this great faith".[42]

Judaism edit

See also: Judaism and homosexuality

In Judaism, the death penalty has not been used in practice for more than 2000 years, though many movements still view homosexual acts as sinful. Orthodox Judaism generally prohibits homosexual conduct. While there is disagreement about which acts come under core prohibitions, all of Orthodox Judaism puts certain core homosexual acts, including male-male anal sex in the category of yehareg ve'al ya'avor—"die rather than transgress"—the small category of Biblically-prohibited acts (also including murder, idolatry, adultery, and incest) which an Orthodox Jew is obligated under the laws of Self-sacrifice under Jewish Law to die rather than do.

The Reform Judaism movement, the largest branch of Judaism in North America, has rejected the traditional view of Jewish Law on this issue. As such, they do not prohibit ordination of gays and lesbians as rabbis and cantors. They view Levitical laws as sometimes seen to be referring to prostitution, making it a stand against Jews adopting the idolatrous fertility cults and practices of the neighbouring Canaanite nations rather than a blanket condemnation of same-sex intercourse or homosexuality. Reform authorities consider that, in light of what is seen as current scientific evidence about the nature of homosexuality as a biological sexual orientation, a new interpretation of the law is required.

Rastafari movement edit

Jamaica has some of the toughest sodomy laws in the world, with homosexual activity carrying a 10-year jail sentence.[43] In the tougher parts of the island nation, children are raised surrounded by strict anti-gay Christian churches and Rastafari preachers.[44][43][45] This was the case for many reggae and dancehall artists, such as Buju Banton, Elephant Man, Sizzla, and others. Banton wrote a song when he was 15 years old that became a hit when he released it years later in 1992 called "Boom Bye Bye". The song is about violently murdering homosexuals and "advocated the shooting of gay men, pouring acid on them and burning them alive."[44] A song by Elephant Man proclaims: "When you hear a lesbian getting raped/It's not our fault ... Two women in bed/That's two sodomites who should be dead."[43]

Due to the violent, homophobic nature of some of their songs, several reggae artists have been investigated by police for promoting anti-LGBT violence. Some lyrics have been investigated by Scotland Yard, and Sizzla was barred from entering the U.K. in 2004 while being investigated for promoting murder through his music.[46][44] Gay rights advocates have started the group Stop Murder Music to combat the promotion of hate and violence by artists. The group organized protests, causing some venues to refuse to allow the targeted artists to perform, and the loss of sponsors. In 2007, Stop Murder Music introduced the Reggae Compassionate Act, which states that "the artists promise not to produce music or make public statements inciting hatred against gay people. Neither can they authorise the re-release of previous homophobic songs." Several artists have signed the Act, including Buju Banton, Beenie Man, Sizzla and Capleton,[44] but have later denied making any commitment to stop promoting homophobia.[43][47]

Legal and police responses to criminal violence edit

Otherwise law-abiding citizens have at times been prepared to break the law, either out of prejudice or in order to repress people they perceive as having LGBT identities or engaging in LGBT activity. In many parts of the world, including much of the European Union and United States, acts of violence are legally classified as hate crimes, which entail harsher sentences if convicted. In some countries, this form of legislation extends to verbal abuse as well as physical violence. Sometimes, people have been the target of anti-LGBT violence because they were perceived by their attacker to be LGBT, whether they were or not.

In the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, though many of the 56 participating countries have hate crime legislation for racism and religious intolerance, only 12 have legislation that allows for bias based on sexual orientation to be treated as an aggravating circumstance in the commission of a crime.[48] The United States does not have federal legislation marking sexual orientation as criteria for hate crimes, but several states, including the District of Colombia, enforce harsher penalties for crimes where real or perceived sexual orientation may have been a motivator. Among these 12 countries as well, only the United States has criminal law that specifically mentions gender identity, and even then only in 11 states and the District of Colombia.[48]

Violent hate crimes against LGBT people are notable because they tend to be especially brutal, "an intense rage is present in nearly all homicide cases involving gay male victims". It is rare for a victim to just be shot; he is more likely to be stabbed multiple times, mutilated, and strangled. "They frequently involved torture, cutting, mutilation... showing the absolute intent to rub out the human being because of his (sexual) preference".[49] In a particularly brutal case, on March 14, 2007, in Wahneta, Florida, 25-year-old Ryan Keith Skipper was found dead from 20 stab wounds and a slit throat. His body had been dumped on a dark, rural road less than 2 miles from his home. His two alleged attackers, William David Brown, Jr., 20, and Joseph Eli Bearden, 21, were indicted for robbery and first-degree murder. Highlighting their malice and contempt for the victim, the accused killers allegedly drove around in Skipper's blood-soaked car and bragged of killing him. According to a sheriff's department affidavit, one of the men stated that Skipper was targeted because "he was a faggot."[48]

In Canada in 2008, police-reported data found that approximately 10% of all hate crimes in the country were motivated by sexual orientation. Of these, 56% were of a violent nature. In comparison, 38% of all racially motivated offenses were of a violent nature.[48] In the same year in the United States, according to FBI data, though 4,704 crimes were committed due to racial bias and 1,617 were committed due to sexual orientation, only one murder and one forcible rape were committed due to racial bias, whereas five murders and six rapes were committed based on sexual orientation.[50] In Northern Ireland in 2008, 160 homophobic incidents and 7 transphobic incidents were reported. Of those incidents, 68.4% were violent crimes; significantly higher than for any other bias category. By contrast, 37.4% of racially motivated crimes were of a violent nature.[48]

Legal and police response to these types of hate crimes is hard to gauge, however. Lack of reporting by authorities on the statistics of these crimes and under-reporting by the victims themselves are factors for this difficulty.[48] Oftentimes a victim will not report a crime as it will shed unwelcome light on their orientation and invite more victimization.[51] Victims may also have a distrust of police to respond appropriately to the crimes, given the history of assailants getting away with light sentences, even when attacks result in death.

Legal defenses like the Gay Panic Defense allow for more lenient punishments for people accused of beating, torturing, or killing homosexuals because of their orientation. These arguments posit that the attacker was so enraged by their victim's advances as to cause temporary insanity, leaving them unable to stop themselves or tell right from wrong. In these cases, if the loss of faculties is proven, or sympathized to the jury, an initially severe sentence may be significantly reduced. Take for example the case of Kenneth Brewer. On 30th September 1997, he met Stephen Bright at a local gay bar. He bought the younger man drinks and they later went back to Brewer's apartment. While there, Brewer made a sexual advance toward Bright, and Bright beat him to death. Bright was initially charged with second-degree murder, but he was eventually convicted of third-degree assault and was sentenced to one year in prison.[52][53]

"It's pretty disturbing that somebody that [kills] a person in cold blood gets out very quickly…."

Spencer Herbert, NDP MLA[51]

Cases like Bright's are not isolated. In 2001, Aaron Webster was beaten to death by a group of youths armed with baseball bats and a pool cue while hanging around an area of Stanley Park frequented by gay men. Ryan Cran was convicted of manslaughter in the case in 2004 and released on parole in 2009 after serving only 4 years of his six-year sentence.[51] Two youths were tried under Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act and sentenced to three years after pleading guilty. A fourth assailant was acquitted.[51]

Judges are not immune to letting their own prejudices affect their judgment either. In 1988, Texas Judge Jack Hampton gave a man 30 years for killing two gay men, instead of the life sentence requested by the prosecutor. After handing down his judgment, he said: "I don't much care for queers cruising the streets picking up teenage boys ...[I] put prostitutes and gays at about the same level ... and I'd be hard put to give somebody life for killing a prostitute."[52]

In 1987, a Florida judge trying a case concerning the beating to death of a gay man asked the prosecutor, "That's a crime now, to beat up a homosexual?" The prosecutor responded, "Yes, sir. And it's also a crime to kill them." "Times have really changed," the judge replied. The judge, Daniel Futch, maintained that he was joking, but was removed from the case.[49][52]

LGBT Pride Parades often attract violence because of their public nature. Though many countries where such events take place attempt to provide police protection to participants, some would prefer that the parades not happen, and police either ignore or encourage violent protesters. The country of Moldova has shown particular contempt to marchers, shutting down official requests to hold parades and allowing protesters to intimidate and harm any who try to march anyway. In 2007, after being denied a request to hold a parade, a small group of LGBT people tried to hold a small gathering. They were surrounded by a group twice their size who shouted derogatory things at them and pelted them with eggs. The gathering proceeded even so, and they tried to lay flowers at the Monument to the Victims of Repression. They were denied the opportunity, however, by a large group of police claiming they needed permission from city hall.[48]

The following year, a parade was again attempted. A bus carried approximately 60 participants to the capital, but before they could disembark, an angry crowd surrounded the bus. They shouted things like "let's get them out and beat them up," and "beat them to death, don't let them escape" at the frightened passengers. The mob told the activists that if they wanted to leave the bus unharmed, they would have to destroy all of their pride materials. The passengers complied and the march was called off. All the while, police stood passively about 100 meters away, taking no action even though passengers claimed at least nine emergency calls were made to police while on the bus.[48][54][55]

"No one needs lesbians, no one will ever get you out of here."

Moscow police to women arrested at a demonstration[48]

Russia's officials are similarly averse to Pride Parades. Mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov has repeatedly banned marches, calling them "satanic".[56] Pride participants instead tried to peacefully assemble and deliver a petition to city hall regarding the right of assembly and freedom of expression. They were met by skinheads and other protesters, and police who had closed off the square and immediately arrested activists as they entered. As some were being arrested, other participants were attacked by protesters. Police did nothing. Around eleven women and two men were arrested and left in the heat, denied medical attention, and verbally abused by police officers. The officers told the women, "No one needs lesbians, no one will ever get you out of here." When participants were released from custody hours later, they were pelted by eggs and shouted at by protesters who had been waiting.[48][57]

Hungary, on the other hand, has tried to afford the best protection they can to marchers, but cannot stem the flow of violence. In 2008, hundreds of people participated in the Budapest Dignity March. Police, on alert due to attacks on two LGBT-affiliated businesses earlier in the week, erected high metal barriers on either side of the street the march was to take place on. Hundreds of angry protesters threw petrol bombs and rocks at police in retaliation. A police van was set on fire and two police officers were injured in the attacks. During the parade itself, protesters threw Molotov cocktails, eggs and firecrackers at marchers. At least eight participants were injured.[58] Forty-five people were detained in connection with the attacks, and observers called the spectacle "the worst violence during the dozen years the Gay Pride Parade has taken place in Budapest."[48][59]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Stotzer, R.: Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups, Williams Institute, 2007–06. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  2. ^ Joanna Sugden, Bishop accuses gays of 'conspiracy' against the Catholic Church, Times Online 13 March 2008
  3. ^ The Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BCE) states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch", see Sodomy_law#History
  4. ^ a b c (Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.
  5. ^ Theodosian Code 9.8.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.
  6. ^ Justinian Novels 77, 144
  7. ^ Rocke, Michael (1996). Forbidden Friendships, Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 227, 356, 360. ISBN 0195122925.
  8. ^ Meyer, Michael J (2000). Literature and Homosexuality. Rodopi. p. 206. ISBN 904200519X.
  9. ^ a b "ILGA publishes 2010 report on State sponsored homophobia throughout the world". International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 2010.
  10. ^ Kennedy, Dominic (November 13, 2007). "Gays Deserve Torture, Death Penalty, Iranian Minister Says". The Times.
  11. ^ "Homosexuality and Religion".
  12. ^ "Is Beheading Really the Punishment for Homosexuality in Saudi Arabia?".
  13. ^ a b Ottosson, Daniel (May 2010). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (Document). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b "Human Sexuality". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 2008-05-16. Cite error: The named reference "UMC - Sexuality" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b Catechism of the Catholic Church. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. You must include a version parameter with a value of 2.1, like this: {{Cite CCC|2.1}}.
  16. ^ "Criteria for the Discernment of Vocation for Persons with Homosexual Tendencies".
  17. ^ "On Marriage, Family, Sexuality, and the Sanctity of Life".
  18. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: African Methodist Episcopal Church". The Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  19. ^ "The Christian Life - Christian Conduct". Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  20. ^ "British Methodists reject blessing of same-sex relationships". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  21. ^ "Summaries of General Synod Discussions and Actions on Homosexuality and the Rights of Homosexuals". Reformed Church in America. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  22. ^ "We Are American Baptists". American Baptist Churches USA. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  23. ^ "Evangelical Alliance (UK): Faith, Hope and Homosexuality" (PDF).
  24. ^ "Position Statements/Sexuality".
  25. ^ "Statement on Homosexuality".
  26. ^ "Position Paper on Homosexuality".
  27. ^ "Homosexuality" (PDF).
  28. ^ "Homosexuality — How Can I Avoid It?".
  29. ^ "Same-Gender Attraction". LDS Newsroom.
  30. ^ "Exodus International Policy Statements". Exodus International. Retrieved 04-07-2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  31. ^ a b "Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel". American Academy of Pediatrics, American Counseling Association, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, The Interfaith Alliance, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Social Workers, National Education Association. 1999. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  32. ^ H., K. (15 January 1999). "APA Maintains Reparative Therapy Not Effective". Psychiatric News (news division of the American Psychiatric Association). Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  33. ^ Luo, Michael (12 February 2007). "Some Tormented by Homosexuality Look to a Controversial Therapy". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  34. ^ a b c Naughton, Philippe (December 23, 2008). "Pope accused of stoking homophobia after he equates homosexuality to climate change". The Times.
  35. ^ "Vatican U.N. delegation calls for end to unjust discrimination against homosexuals". Catholic News Agency. December 19, 2008.
  36. ^ a b "Evangelical leader criticises failure to condemn violence against gays". Ekklesia. June 26, 2008.
  37. ^ a b "Homosexuality and Lesbianism: Sexual Perversions". IslamOnline.
  38. ^ Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition. Rough Guides Ltd. August 2005. p. 74. ISBN 1843534371.
  39. ^ Bosworth, Ed. C. and E. van Donzel (1983). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden.
  40. ^ Wafer, Jim (1997). Muhammad and Male Homosexuality. New York University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780814774687. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  41. ^ Dynes, Wayne (1990). Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ^ a b Grew, Tony (September 1, 2008). "Violence against gays preached in British mosques claims new documentary". Pink News.
  43. ^ a b c d "Jamaica: Homophobia and hate crime is rife". Belfast Telegraph. September 12, 2009.
  44. ^ a b c d Funkeson, Kristina (August 9, 2007). "Dancehall star signs Reggae Compassionate Act". Freemuse.
  45. ^ Padgett, Tim (April 12, 2006). "The Most Homophobic Place on Earth?". Time Magazine.
  46. ^ "Coalition seeks ejection of reggae stars over anti-gay lyrics". CBC News. September 25, 2007.
  47. ^ Grew, Tony (October 9, 2008). "Immigration minister criticised for letting homophobic artist into Canada". Pink News.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stahnke, Tad; et al. (2008). "Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Bias: 2008 Hate Crime Survey" (Document). Human Rights First. {{cite document}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  49. ^ a b Altschiller, Donald (2005). "Hate Crimes: a reference handbook" (Document). ABC-CLIO. pp. 26–28.
  50. ^ "Hate Crime Statistics: Offense Type by Bias Motivation". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2008.
  51. ^ a b c d "Gay community troubled by release of killer in Stanley Park death". CBC News. 5th February 2009. Retrieved 13th September 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  52. ^ a b c Stryker, Jeff (23rd October 1998). "Asking for it". Salon Magazine. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ Lee, Cynthia (2003). Murder and the Reasonable Man: Passion and Fear in the Criminal Courtroom. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814751152.
  54. ^ Taylor, Christian (May 12, 2008). "Gay Pride Parade Trapped on Bus". SameSame.
  55. ^ 67 GenderDoc-M (May 11, 2008). "Moldovan Gay Pride Threatened, Cops Refuse Protection for Marchers".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ Ireland, Doug (May 17, 2007). "Moscow Pride Banned Again". UK Gay News.
  57. ^ "We Have the Upper Hand: Freedom of assembly in Russia and the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people". Human Rights Watch and ILGA-Europe. June 2007.
  58. ^ Peto, Sandor and Krisztina Than (July 6, 2008). "Anti-gay violence mars Hungarian parade". The Star Online.
  59. ^ Bos, Stefan (July 6, 2008). "Violent Protests Disrupt Hungary's Gay Rights Parade". VOA News.

External links edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Noted_Seven/LGBT&oldid=1118577200"