Military aircraft insignia are insignia applied to military aircraft to identify the nation or branch of military service to which the aircraft belong. Many insignia are in the form of a circular roundel or modified roundel; other shapes such as stars, crosses, squares, or triangles are also used. Insignia are often displayed on the sides of the fuselage, the upper and lower surfaces of the wings, as well as on the fin or rudder of an aircraft, although considerable variation can be found amongst different air arms and within specific air arms over time.

History

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World War I French Nieuport 10 showing large wing roundels

France

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The first use of national insignia on military aircraft was before the First World War by the French Aéronautique Militaire, which mandated the application of roundels in 1912.[1] The chosen design was the French national cockade, which consisted of a blue-white-red emblem, going outwards from the center to rim, mirroring the colours of the French flag. In addition, aircraft rudders were painted the same colours in vertical stripes, with the blue vertical stripe of the tricolors forwardmost. Similar national cockades were designed and adopted for use as aircraft roundels by the air forces of other countries, including the U.S. Army Air Service.[1]

Germany

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Of all the early military aircraft operators, Germany was unusual in not using "round" roundels. Germany evaluated several possible markings, including a black, red, and white checkerboard; a similarly coloured roundel; and black stripes. A black "iron" cross on a square white field was chosen, as it was already in use on flags and reflected Germany's heritage as the Holy Roman Empire. The Imperial German Army's mobilization led to orders in September 1914 to paint all-black Eisernes Kreuz (iron cross) insignia with wide-flared arms over a usually square white field on the wings and tails of all aircraft flown by its air arm, then known as the Fliegertruppe des Deutschen Kaiserreiches. The fuselage was also usually marked with a cross on each side, but this was optional. The form and location of the initial cross were largely up to the painter, leading to considerable variation and even omissions of the white portion. An iron cross with direct proportions superseded the first cross in July 1916. Initially, this second cross was also painted on a white field, but in October, it was reduced to a 5 cm border surrounding the cross, even the ends of the flared arms. That same month, the Army's air arm was renamed Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte. In March 1918, a straight black cross with narrow white borders on all sides of the cross was ordered, but proportions were not set until April, resulting in many of those repainted in the field having non-standard proportions. This insignia was then replaced in May by a narrower, straight-armed cross that extended the full chord of wings, with the white border restricted to the sides of the cross's bars. In June, it ceased to be used full chord, with the bars all being the same length. The white on any of these could be omitted when used on white backgrounds and sometimes on rudders or night bombers.

An Hispano Aviación HA-1112 marked as a Messerschmitt Bf 109 showing the standard German crosses worn during World War II

Much like the French roundel, variations of the cross would be used on countries allied with Germany, including the Austro-Hungary (combined with red-white-red stripes on the wings until 1916), Bulgaria, Croatia (stylized as a leaf), Hungary (reversed colors), Romania (a blue-rimmed yellow cross with the tricolor roundel in the middle; the shape was also the stylized monogram of the monarch), and Slovakia (blue cross with a red dot in the middle).

With the dissolution of the German Army's Luftstreitkräfte in May 1920, military insignia would disappear until the rise of the Nazi Party, which imposed new rules on aircraft in 1937, starting with the use of the German red/white/black flag on the tails' starboard side of all aircraft, with the port side showing a Nazi Party flag. When the Luftwaffe's re-establishment was made official, these markings were used by military aircraft, while the 1918 Balkenkreuz crosses were reintroduced. Two standardized proportions of the crosses were introduced by July 1939, with differing widths for the quartet of white "flanks" on each insignia. When camouflage was introduced prior to the invasion of Poland, the flags were dispensed with, replacing them with a black and white swastika on both sides of the tail. During the ensuing war, the crosses would be further simplified, leaving only the borders in a contrasting colour.

After the Second World War, West Germany reverted to using a variation of the 1916 iron cross, using the white "flanks" of the Balkenkreuz following the now-curved sides of each arm, while East Germany used a diamond marking based on their flag, with the coat of arms from the flag. The reunification of Germany in 1990 resulted in the West German iron cross replacing the East German insignia for German military aircraft.

United Kingdom and British Commonwealth nations

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Royal Aircraft Factory SE5a with British markings standardized during the First World War

The British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) abandoned their original painted Union Flags because, from a distance, they looked too much like the Eisernes Kreuz (Iron Cross) used on German aircraft. The Royal Naval Air Service used either a plain red ring (with the clear-doped linen covering forming the light coloured centre), or a red-rimmed white circle on their wings for a short period — almost exactly resembling those in simultaneous use by the neutral predecessors of today's Royal Danish Air Force — before both British air arms adopted a roundel resembling the French one, but with the colours reversed, (red-white-blue from centre to rim). The two separate air arms joined to form the Royal Air Force on April 1, 1918. The British roundel design, with variations in proportions and shades, has existed in one form or another to this very day.[1][2] The RCAF roundel was based on the RAF roundel used previously on Canadian military aircraft. From World War I onwards, a variant of the British red-white-blue roundel with the white omitted has been used on camouflaged aircraft, which between the wars meant night bombers. During the Second World War, the colours were toned down and the proportions adjusted to reduce the brightness of the roundel, with the white being reduced to a thin line or eliminated. In the Asia-Pacific region, the red inner circle of roundels was painted white or light blue to avoid confusion with Hinomaru markings on Japanese aircraft (still used by the Japan Self-Defense Forces to this day), much as the United States roundel omitted the red for the same reason.

After the Second World War, the RAF roundel design was modified by Commonwealth air forces, with the central red disc replaced with a red maple leaf (Royal Canadian Air Force), red kangaroo (Royal Australian Air Force), red kiwi (Royal New Zealand Air Force), and an orange Springbok (South African Air Force); the South African version of the RAF roundel existed until 1958.

United States

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Types of Identification Marks

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Identification marks

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The primary identification mark of a nation's military aviation may be on the aircraft's wings, fuselage, and vertical tail. The insignia may be placed on each wing above and below, or only one insignia per wing (example: left wing above and right wing below).

Marks on the fuselage

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Fin flashes

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In addition to insignia displayed on military aircraft wings and fuselages, usually in the form of roundels, a fin flash may also be displayed on the fin or rudder. A fin flash often takes the form of vertical, horizontal or slanted stripes in the same colours as the main insignia, and may be referred to as "rudder stripes" if they appear on the rudder instead of the fin, as with the French Armée de l'Air. Alternatively, a national flag or a roundel may be used.

Low-visibility insignia

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A CV-22 Osprey with low-visibility USAF insignia on fuselage

In the later stages of the World War I, the British Royal Flying Corps started using roundels without conspicuous white circles on night-flying aircraft, such as the Handley Page O/400. As early as 1942-43, and again in recent decades, "low-visibility" insignia have increasingly been used on camouflaged aircraft. These have subdued, low-contrast colours (often shades of grey or black) and frequently take the form of stenciled outlines. Previously, low-visibility markings were used to increase ambiguity as to whose aircraft it was, and to avoid compromising the camouflage, all while still complying with international norms governing recognition markings.

The World War II German Luftwaffe often used such "low-visibility" versions of their national Balkenkreuz insignia from the mid-war period through to V-E Day, omitting the central black "core" cross and only using the "flanks" of the cross instead, in either black or white versions, which was often done (as an outline only) to the vertical fin or rudder's swastika as well.

Modern insignia

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Europe

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Country Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash Date of adoption
 Albania
1993[3]
 Armenia
none
????
 Austria
none
1955[4]
 Azerbaijan
none
????
 Belarus
1992[5]
 Belgium
1915[6]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
none
none
????
 Bulgaria
1992
 Croatia
1993[7]
 Czech Republic
1993
 Denmark
1912[8]
 Estonia
1918
 Finland
none
1945[9]
 France
1912[10]
 France
Naval Aviation
none
????
 Germany
1956
 Georgia
????
 Greece
1917[11]
 Hungary
1991[12]
 Ireland
????
 Italy
none
1917[13]
 Latvia
????
 Latvia
National Guard
????
 Lithuania
none
1995[14]
 Malta
????
 Moldova
1991[15]
 Montenegro
2018
 Netherlands
none
1960[16]
 North Macedonia
1992[17]
 Norway
none
1945
 Poland
1993
 Portugal
1916[18]
 Romania
1985
 Russia
2010
 Serbia
2006[5]
 Slovakia
none
1993[19]
 Slovenia
????
 Spain
1945
 Sweden
none
1940[20]
 Switzerland
????
 Transnistria
1992
 Turkey
1972
 Ukraine
????
 Ukraine
Naval Aviation
1992
 United Kingdom
1947

Аsia

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Country Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash Date of adoption
 Abkhazia
????
 Afghanistan
none
????
 Bangladesh
????
 Bahrain
????
 Brunei
none
????
 Bhutan
????
 Timor-Leste
????
 Vietnam
none
1949
 Egypt
????
 Israel
none
????
 India
1948
 Indonesia
????
 Indonesia
Army Aviation
????
 Indonesia
Naval Aviation
????
 Jordan
????
 Iraq
????
 Iran
????
 Yemen
1990
 Kazakhstan
1998
 Cambodia
1994
 Qatar
????
 Cyprus
????
 Kyrgyzstan
????
 Republic of China
none
1975
 People's Republic of China
1949
 North Korea
1948
 South Korea
none
1949
 Kuwait
????
 Laos
????
 Lebanon
????
 Malaysia
????
 Maldives
????
 Mongolia
????
 Myanmar
????
 Nepal
????
 United Arab Emirates
????
 Oman
Combat aircraft
none
none
????
 Oman
Non-aircraft combat
????
 Pakistan
????
 Pakistan
Naval Aviation
????
 Saudi Arabia
????
 Saudi Arabia
Naval Aviation
????
 Singapore
none
????
 Syria
????
 Tajikistan
????
 Thailand
????
 Thailand
Naval Aviation
????
 Turkmenistan
????
 Turkey
1972
 Uzbekistan
????
 Philippines
none
????
 Sri Lanka
????
 Japan
none
????

Africa

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Country Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash Date of adoption
 Algeria
????
 Angola
????
 Benin
????
 Botswana
????
 Burkina Faso
????
 Burundi
????
 Cape Verde
????
 Djibouti
????
 Egypt
????
 Equatorial Guinea
????
 Gabon
????
 Gambia
????
 Ghana
????
 Guinea
????
 Guinea-Bissau
????
 Zambia
????
 Zimbabwe
????
 Cameroon
????
 Kenya
????
 Comoros
????
 Republic of the Congo
????
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
????
 Ivory Coast
????
 Lesotho
????
 Liberia
????
 Libya
????
 Madagascar
????
 Malawi
????
 Mali
????
 Mauritania
????
 Mauritius
????
 Morocco
Fighter planes
????
 Morocco
Other aircraft
????
 Morocco
Naval Aviation
????
 Mozambique
????
 Namibia
????
 Niger
????
 Nigeria
????
 Nigeria
Naval Aviation
????
 Rwanda
????
 São Tomé and Príncipe
????
 Seychelles
????
 Eswatini
????
 Senegal
????
 Sierra Leone
????
 Somalia
????
Republic of Somaliland
????
 Sudan
????
 Tanzania
????
 Togo
????
 Tunisia
none
????
 Uganda
????
 Central African Republic
????
 Chad
????
 Eritrea
????
 Ethiopia
????
 South Africa
????
 South Sudan
????

North and Central America

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Country Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash Date of adoption
 Antigua and Barbuda
????
 Bahamas
Naval Aviation
????
 Barbados
????
 Belize
????
 Canada
????
 Costa Rica
????
 Cuba
1923
 Dominica
????
 Dominican Republic
????
 El Salvador
????
 Grenada
????
 Guatemala
????
 Honduras
????
 Jamaica
????
 Mexico
????
 Mexico
Naval Aviation
????
 Nicaragua
1990[21]
 Panama
????
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
????
 Saint Lucia
????
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
????
 Trinidad and Tobago
????
 United States
14 January 1947[22]

South America

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Country Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash Date of adoption
 Argentina
????
 Argentina
Naval Aviation
none
????
 Bolivia
????
 Brazil
1934[23]
 Brazil
Naval Aviation
1918[23]
 Chile
Air force
????
 Chile
Army Aviation
????
 Colombia
1953[24]
 Colombia
Naval Aviation
????
 Colombia
National Police
????
 Guyana
????
 Paraguay
????
 Peru
????
 Peru
Naval Aviation
????
 Suriname
????
 Uruguay
????
 Uruguay
Naval Aviation
????
 Venezuela
????
 Venezuela
Naval Aviation

????
 Chile
Naval Aviation
????
 Ecuador
????
 Ecuador
Naval Aviation
????

Australia and Oceania

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Country Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash Date of adoption
 Australia
????
 Fiji
????
 New Zealand
????
 Papua New Guinea
????
 Tonga
Naval Aviation
none
????

Evolution of recognition signs

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Europe

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Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash When it was used Notes
 Austria
From 1913 to 1914[25]
Austron-Hungarian Air Force
none
с 1914 to 1916[25]
с 1916 to 1918[25]
none
с 1914 to 1918[25]
Naval Aviation
1918[25]
none
none
с 1918 to 1922
с 1936 to 1938
 Albania
с ???? to ????
с ???? to ????
с ???? to ????
 Bulgaria
none
none
с 1912 to 1915
с 1915 to 1918
с 1937 to 1941
с 1941 to 1944
с 1944 to 1946
с 1946 to 1948
с 1948 to 1992
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
с 1992 to 1998
 United Kingdom
none
From September to October 1914
Army and Naval Aviation
none
с октября 1914 to июнь 1915а
Naval Aviation
none
From July 1915 to the middle of 1916
Naval Aviation
none
с ноября 1914 to июнь 1915а
Army Aviation
с 16 May 1914 to 23 июня 1915а
армейская и Naval Aviation
с 23 июня 1915 to 1917
армейская и Naval Aviation
с 1917 to 1918
none
с 1916 to 1918
ПВО Great Britain
с 1916 to 1918
ПВО Великобритании
с 1916 to 1918
ПВО Великобритании
 Hungary
none
с 24 марта to апрель 1919а
с 25 апреля to ???? 1919а
1919
none
с 23 авгста 1938 to 1942
с 12 марта 1942 to 1945
с 14 апреля 1948 to 1949
с 15 ноября 1949 to 1951
с 16 июня 1951 to 1990
с 1990 to 1991
 Germany
none
none
с 13 июня 1913 to 28 сентября 1914а
с 28 сентября 1914 to 25 июля 1916а
с 10 апреля 1918 to 15 мая 1918а
с 15 мая 1918 to 25 июня 1918а
с 25 июня 1918 to 11 ноября 1918а
с 1933 to 1939
с 1939 to 1945
с 1959 to 1990
ВВС ГДР
 Ireland
none
с 1922 to 1940
с 1940 to 1950
 Spain
с 1911 to 1931
Королевские ВВС Испании
с 1931 to 1939
ВВС респбликанцев
с 1931 to 1939
вариант
с 1936 to 1939
ВВС националистов
с 1939 to 1945
ВВС Испании
 Italy
none
none
с 1911 to 1914
с 1915 to 1920
с 1920 to 1939
Нижняя toверхность крыла (нижнего крыла бипланов) целиком окрашивалась цвета госдарственного флага
с 1940 to 1943
с 1943 to 1945
 Latvia
none
1919
1919
с 1919 to 1940
с 1919 to 1940
Naval Aviation
 Lithuania
с 1 марта 1919 to 17 ноября 1920а
с 17 ноября 1920 to 12 апреля 1921а
none
с 12 апреля 1921 to 1923
none
1923 to 1928
Variant
none
1923 to 1928
вариант
none
1923 to 1928
вариант
none
с 1928 to 1940
none
с 1939 to 1940
вариант
 Malta
с ???? to ????
 Netherlands
с 1919 to 1920
с 1920 to 1939
с 1939 to 1940
Before 1942 Dutch East Indies
none
с 1942 to 1949
Dutch East Indies
с 1942 to 1960
 Norway
none
с 1914 to 1940
с 1940 to 1945
 Poland
с ???? to ????
с 1918 to 1921
с 1921 to 1993
 Russia
с 1910 to 1917
Air Force of the Russian Empire
с ???? to 1917
Cockade on planes manufactured by the Dks plant
с ???? to 1917
Эскадра Воздшных Кораблей
с ???? to 1917
Оtoзнавательные знаки на самолётах францзского производства для России
с ???? to 1917
Naval Aviation
с ???? to ????
РСФСР; toлчался резльтате нанесения красной пятиконечной звезды toверх оtoзнавательного знака ВВС России
с ???? to ????
Закрашенные кокарды
с ???? to ????
вариант; toлчался резльтате нанесения красной пятиконечной звезды toверх оtoзнавательного знака ВВС Великобритании
с ???? to ????
вариант
с ???? to ????
вариант
с ???? to ????
вариант
с ???? to ????
РСФСР и СССР
с 1918 to 1943
вариант
1920-30-еы
Красная звезда с чёрной крглой окантовкой внтри звезды иногда исtoльзовалась 20-30-еы
1941-1943а
Красная звезда с чёрной окантовкой применялась межд 1941-м и 1943-мами, но toстепенно была выведена из исtoльзования
1942-1945а
In the early forties, many of the World Air Force began to circle their identification signs with a white border. The same thing overtook the Soviet redness of the stars. At the end of 1942, the red stars began to be almost universally circled with white paint, 1943 the star with a white edging became a standard recognition sign of the Red Army Air Force.
С 1943 to 2010
СССР и все страны бывшего СССР до введения своих оtoзнавательных знаков, кроме Белорссии, которая и сегодня продолжает их исtoльзовать
С 2010а
 Romania
с 1915 to 1941
с 1941 to 1944
с 1944 to 1947
с 1947 to 1985
 Serbia
none
с ???? to ????
Нижняя toверхность крыла (нижнего крыла бипланов) целиком окрашивалась цвета госдарственного флага
с ???? to ????
с ???? to ????
На самолётах, toлченных из франции, сербские оtoзновательные знаки не наносились; на фюзеляж наносилась сербская кокарда или флаг
с ???? to ????
Вариант
с ???? to ????
Королевские ВВС Югославии
с ???? to ????
ВВС и ПВО СФРЮ
с 1992 to 2006
ВВС и ПВО СРЮ
2006
 Slovakia
с 23 июня to сентябрь 1939а
с 10 сентября 1939 to 1940
с 15 октября 1940 to 1944
с авгста to октябрь 1944а
 Turkey
none
с 1913 to 1915
none
с 1914 to 1916
вариант
с 1915 to 1916
с 1916 to 1918
с 1918 to 1945
с 1918 to 1928
вариант
с 1918 to 1928
вариант
с 1945 to 1972
 Ukraine
с 1917 to 1919
Ukrainian People's Republic
с 1917 to 1919
Ukrainian People's Republic
с 1917 to 1919
Ukrainian People's Republic
с 1919 to 1921
с 1991 to 1992
 Finland
1918
none
с 1918 to 1945[9]
 France
с 1912 to ????
с 1940 to 1944
Free French Air Forces
 Croatia
с 20 мая 1941 to 24 февраля 1945а[7]
From February 24 to ???? 1945а[7]
From 1991 to 1993[7]
 Czechoslovakia
none
с 1918 to 1920
none
с 1920 to 1921
 Switzerland
с ???? to ????
 Sweden
none
From August 6 1914 to September 22 1915[20]
none
с 22 сентября 1915 to 1917[20]
с 1917 to 1927[20]
с 1927 to 1937[20]
none
с 1937 to 1940[20]

Asia

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Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash When it was used Notes
 Azerbaijan
с ???? to ????
 Afghanistan
с 1924 to 1929
с 1929 to 1965
с 1965 to 1979
с 1979 to 1983
с 1983 to 1985
с ???? to ????
none
с ???? to ????
none
с ???? to ????
none
с ???? to ????
none
с ???? to ????
none
с ???? to ????
 Georgia
с ???? to ????
 India
с 1947 to 1950
 Indonesia
с 1946 to 1954
 Iraq
с 1931 to 1963
с 1963 to 1991
с 1991 to 2004
none
none
с 2004 to 2008
 Yemen
с 1926 to 1962
Air Force Yemeni Mtawakkili Kingdom
с 1962 to 1990
Air Force Yemeni Arab Republic
с 1967 to 1990
ВВС НДР Йемен
 Cambodia
с 1955 to 1970[26]
none
с 1970 to 1975[26]
с 1975 to 1979[26]
с 1979 to 1989[26]
с 1989 to 1994[26]
 Republic of China
с 1913 to 1920[27]
с 1928 to ????
 South Korea
none
с 1949 to ????
 Laos
с ???? to ????
 Malaysia
с 1957 to 1962
с 1963 to 1982
с ???? to ????
 Mongolia
с 1949 to 1992
 Oman
с ???? to ????
 Saudi Arabia
с ???? to 1973
 Singapore
none
с 1968 to 1973
none
с 1973 to 1990
 Thailand
none
с ???? to ????
с ???? to ????
 Turkey
none
с 1913 to 1915
none
с 1914 to 1916
вариант
с 1915 to 1916
с 1916 to 1918
с 1918 to 1945
с 1918 to 1928
вариант
с 1918 to 1928
вариант
с 1945 to 1972
 Sri Lanka
с 1951 to 2010

Africa

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Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash When it was used Notes
 Algeria
From 1962 to 1964
 Angola
From ???? to ????
From 1975 to 1980
From 1980 to 2011
 Benin
From 1975 to 1991
 Egypt
From 1932 to 1939
From 1939 to 1945
From 1945 to 1958
From 1958 to 1971
From 1971 to 1983
 Republic of the Congo
From 1975 to 1991
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
From 1971 to 1997
Air Force Zaire
 Lesotho
From 1987 to 2006
 Lebanon
From 1951 to 1969
From 1969 to 1977
 Sudan
From 1956 to 1970
 Uganda
From ???? to ????
 South Africa
From 1921 to 1927
From 1920 to 1940
From 1927 to 1947
From 1947 to 1957
From 1958 to 1967
From 1967 to 1970
From 1970 to 1981
From 1981 to 1982
From 1982 to 1994
From 1994 to 2003

North and Central America

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Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash When it was used Notes
 Haiti
none
From 1961 to 1964
none
From 1964 to 1989
none
From 1989 to ????
 Honduras
none
From ???? to ????
 Costa Rica
none
From 1948 to 1949
 Cuba
From 1928 to 1955
From 1955 to 1959
From 1959 to 1962
 United States
none
none
From 1916 to ????[28]
From May 19 1917 to February 1918[22]
From February 1918 to August 1919[22]
From February 1918 to August 1919[22]
Marine aviation
From 19 Aug 1919 to ????[22]
From June 25 1925 to ????[22]
Marine aviation
From ???? to January 1942[22]
From January 5 to May 1942[22]
none
с 15 мая 1942 до июня 1943а[22]
none
From June to September 1943[22]
none
From September 1943 to January 1947[22]

South America

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Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash When it was used Notes
 Brazil
с 1920 to 1934[23]
с 1944 to 1945[23]
Only expeditionary forces
 Venezuela
с 1920 to 1955
 Colombia
с 1920 to 1924[29]
The first planes, encised in France, carried French identification marks depicted on the wings.
с 1924 to 1927[30]
1924 расцветка оtoзнавательного знака стала основываться на национальных цветах. Знаки изображались на крыльях.
с 21 февраля 1927а to 1953[31]
 Uruguay
с ???? to ????

Australia and Oceania

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Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash Когда исtoльзовался Примечания
 Australia
с ???? to ????

Historical identification signs

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Country Insignia Insignia on fuselage Fin flash When it was used
Europe
 Serbian Krajina
From 1992 to 1995
Republika Srpska
From 1992 to 1997
Republic of Serbia
From 1997 to 2006
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
From ???? to ????
Asia
Country Manchuria
none
none
From ???? to ????
Chechen Republic Of Ichkeria
From ???? to 1995
 South Vietnam
From 1951 to 1956
 South Vietnam
From 1956 to 1975
 North Vietnam
From 1955 to 1965
From ???? to ????
Africa
Republic of Biafra
From ???? to ????
Republic of Boptaswana
From ???? to ????
Republic of Venda
с ???? to ????
Country Katanga
с ???? to ????
Southern Rhodesia
с 1954 to 1963
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
From 1954 to 1963
Rhodesia
From 1963 to 1970
Republic of Rhodesia
From 1970 to 1980
Republic of Ciskei
From ???? to ????
Republic of Transkei
с ???? to ????
  1. ^ a b c Kershaw, Andrew: The First War Planes, Friend Or Foe, National Aircraft Markings, pages 41–44. BCP Publishing, 1971.
  2. ^ "The Royal Air Force Roundel". Royal Air Force History. Royal Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  3. ^ "Albania". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Austria". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b []
  6. ^ "Belgium". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c d "Croatia". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Denmark". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b "Finland". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "France". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Greece". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Hungary". Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Italy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Приказ № 690 от 15 мая 1995а
  15. ^ "Moldova". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Netherlands". Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Macedonia". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Portugal". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Slovakia". Archived from the original on 2008-03-25. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b c d e f "Sweden". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-09-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Эволюция оtoзнавательных знакоВВС Никарага". Archived from the original on 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2010-09-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "U.S. Naval Aircraft Marking". Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2010-09-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b c d "Brazil". Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2010-09-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Cucarda 1953-Presente". Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2010-09-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ a b c d e "Austria-Hungary". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2010-09-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b c d e "Cambodia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2010-09-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "China". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "United States". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-09-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Cucarda 1920—1924". Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2010-09-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Cucarda 1924—1927". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2010-09-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Cucarda 1927—1953". Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2010-09-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)