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Frances Benjamin Johnston, full-length portrait, seated in front of fireplace, facing left, holding cigarette in one hand and a beer stein in the other, in her Washington, D.C. studio, 1896
Frances Benjamin Johnston (front), with Mills Thompson (left) and Frank Phister, full-length portrait, posed on steps outside her studio (?)

Frances "Fannie" Benjamin Johnston (15 January 1864 – 16 May 1952) was one of the earliest American female photographers and photojournalists.

Life edit

The only surviving child of wealthy and well connected parents, she was born in Grafton, West Virginia,[1] raised in Washington, D.C., and studied at the Académie Julian in Paris and the Washington Students League following her graduation from Notre Dame of Maryland Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies in 1883 (now known as Notre Dame of Maryland University).[2] An independent and strong-willed young woman, she wrote articles for periodicals before finding her creative outlet through photography after she was given her first camera by George Eastman, a close friend of the family, and inventor of the new, lighter, Eastman Kodak cameras. She received training in photography and dark-room techniques from Thomas Smillie, director of photography at the Smithsonian.

 
Alice Roosevelt's 1906 wedding photograph

She took portraits of friends, family and local figures before working as a freelance photographer and touring Europe in the 1890s, using her connection to Smillie to visit prominent photographers and gather items for the museum's collections. She gained further practical experience in her craft by working for the newly formed Eastman Kodak company in Washington, D.C., forwarding film for development and advising customers when cameras needed repairs. In 1894 she opened her own photographic studio in Washington, D.C., on V Street between 13th and 14th Streets,[3] and at the time was the only woman photographer in the city.[1] She took portraits of many famous contemporaries including Susan B. Anthony, Mark Twain and Booker T. Washington. Well connected among elite society, she was commissioned by magazines to do "celebrity" portraits, such as Alice Roosvelt's wedding portrait,[4] and was dubbed the "Photographer to the American court."[5] She photographed the Roosevelt children playing with their pet pony at the White House and the gardens of Edith Wharton's famous villa near Paris.

Additionally, Johnston took on the large project of photographing Admiral Dewey on the deck of the USS Olympia.[6] On August 5th, 1899 Frances Benjamin Johnston packed her bags and photography equipment and hoped on board the USS Olympia, Admiral George Dewey’s renowned boat. Johnston’s connections to elite society provided her with the opportunity to receive a letter of introduction to Admiral Dewey from Theodore Roosevelt.[7] Scholars ague that after Dewey’s mission in the Philippines, Johnston and Dewey agreed to “[turn] the decks of the Olympia into a stage … [for] the production of domestic images in an age of American Imperialism.”[8] Based on Johnston’s photographs, Dewey could control how the “American conquest of the Philippines came about … Dewey used Johnston’s visit to body forth the military prowess of the United States in such a way as to make doubting its supply of the right stuff unthinkable.”[9] Johnston’s photographs aimed to represent the Olympia in a certain light that would be acceptable to the American public. Rather than depicting any form of imperialistic actions, Johnston depicted “domestic peace”[10] through her photographs. Gender was also extremely significant in the portrayal of the ship as peaceful, rather than as a battleship. Many scholars argue that the photographs depicted American imperialism as something that happens cleanly and easily, rather than the actual fighting that occurs: “if it were acceptable for ‘lady’ photographers to be on the scene, the scene itself must be acceptable."[11] Her place as a woman made her trustworthy in both her likelihood to view, and therefore depict, the ship as a “domestic scene where someone else might see a man-of-war.”[12] In the end Johnston took around 150 pictures aboard the Olympia and the public received most of her photographs were very well.[13]

Her mother, Frances Antoinette Johnston, had been a congressional journalist and dramatic critic for the Baltimore Sun[14] and her daughter built on her familiarity with the Washington political scene by becoming official White House photographer for the Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley,[15] "TR" Roosevelt, and Taft presidential administrations.

Johnston also photographed the famous American heiress and literary salon socialite Natalie Barney in Paris but perhaps her most famous work, shown opposite, is her self-portrait of the liberated "New Woman", petticoats showing and beer stein in hand. Johnston was a constant advocate for the role of women in the burgeoning art of photography. The Ladies' Home Journal published Johnston's article "What a Woman Can Do With a Camera" in 1897[16] and she co-curated (with Zaida Ben-Yusuf) an exhibition of photographs by twenty-eight women photographers at the 1900 Exposition Universelle, which afterwards travelled to Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Washington, DC.[17] She traveled widely in her thirties, taking a wide range of documentary and artistic photographs of coal miners, iron workers, women in New England's mills and sailors being tattooed on board ship as well as her society commissions. While in England she photographed the stage actress Mary Anderson, who was a friend of her mother.[14]

In 1899, she gained further notability when she was commissioned by Hollis Burke Frissell to photograph the buildings and students of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia in order to show its success.[18] This series, documenting the ordinary life of the school, remains as some of her most telling work. It was displayed at the Exposé nègre of the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900.[19]

 
"Signing of the Protocol", marking the cessation of hostilities between the US and Cuba in the Spanish-American War
 
Self-portrait by Johnston, dressed as a man, sporting a fake mustache and holding a bicycle, ca. 1890.

She photographed events such as world's fairs and peace-treaty signings[20] and took the last portrait of President William McKinley, at the Pan-American Exposition of 1901 just before his assassination.[15] With her partner, Mattie Edwards Hewitt, a successful freelance home and garden photographer in her own right, she opened a studio in New York in 1913 and moved in with her mother and aunt.[21] She lectured at New York University on business for women[22] and they produced a series of studies of New York architecture through the 1920s. In early 1920 her mother passed away in New York.[23]

 
Three-quarter length portrait of educator Daniel Coit Gilman by Johnston, ca. 1890, Library of Congress

In the 1920s she became increasingly interested in photographing architecture, motivated by a desire to document buildings and gardens which were falling into disrepair or about to be redeveloped and lost. Her photographs remain an important resource for modern architects, historians and conservationists. She exhibited a series of 247 photographs of Fredericksburg, Virginia, from the decaying mansions of the rich to the shacks of the poor, in 1928. The exhibition was entitled Pictorial Survey--Old Fredericksburg, Virginia--Old Falmouth and Nearby Places and described as "A Series of Photographic Studies of the Architecture of the Region Dating by Tradition from Colonial Times to Circa 1830" as "An Historical Record and to Preserve Something of the Atmosphere of An Old Virginia Town."

Publicity from the display prompted the University of Virginia to hire her to document its buildings and the state of North Carolina to record its architectural history. Louisiana hired Johnston to document its huge inventory of rapidly deteriorating plantations and she was given a grant in 1933 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York to document Virginia's early architecture. This led to a series of grants and photographs of eight other southern states, all of which were given to the Library of Congress for public use. Johnston was named an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects for her work in preserving old and endangered buildings and her collections have been purchased by institutions such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and the Baltimore Museum of Art. Although her relentless traveling was curtailed by petrol rationing in the Second World War the tireless Johnston continued to photograph. Johnson acquired a home in the French Quarter of New Orleans in 1940, retiring in there 1945, where she died in 1952 at the age of eighty-eight.[24][25]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Washington Women with Brains and Business". The Washington Times. 1895-04-21. p. 9. Retrieved 2011-12-10. Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston is the only lady in the business of photography in the city, and in her skillful hands it has become an art that rivals the geniuses of the old world
  2. ^ Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Reading Room http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/fbjchron.html
  3. ^ "Amateur Photographers' Club in Prospect". The Washington Times. 1894-09-02. p. 2. Retrieved 2011-12-10. Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston, of this city, has commenced tho erection of a studio on V street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets, in which she proposes to make high-class photographs and prosecute to the fullest extent her study of photography.
  4. ^ "Miss Alice to Wed". Amador Ledger. 1906-01-12. p. 1. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  5. ^ Lincoln Kirstein (1965-12-14). The Hampton Album (PDF). The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  6. ^ "Woman Pioneer of Newspaper Photographers Entertained Here, Where Her Work is Admired". The St. Louis Republic. 1903-10-15. p. 6. Retrieved 2011-12-10. The next morning she had secured a dozen plates of the Admiral.[...] Far in advance of other photographers, Miss Johnston was back in New York and within a week every newspaper reader in America was enabled to gaze on Admiral Dewey in all the glories of his white duck uniform.
  7. ^ Wexler, Laura (2000). Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 15.
  8. ^ Wexler, Laura (2000). Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 21.
  9. ^ Wexler, Laura (2000). Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 23.
  10. ^ Wexler, Laura (2000). Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 33.
  11. ^ Wexler, Laura (2000). Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 42.
  12. ^ Wexler, Laura (2000). Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 47.
  13. ^ Wexler, Laura (2000). Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 49.
  14. ^ a b "Mary Anderson Before the Camera". Daily Press. 1898-03-13. p. 4. Retrieved 2011-12-10. Miss frances Benjamin Johnston, who has just come home from Europe, has brought with her a series of interesting pictures.[...] Mrs. Navarro is an old friend of Miss Johnston's mother.[...] For one whole day she posed before the young photographer's camera
  15. ^ a b "Photographing the West". The Minneapolis Journal. 1903-09-08. p. 6. Retrieved 2011-12-10. Miss Johnston excels in portraits, a notable instance of her skill being a full length photograph of President McKinley delivery his last address in Buffalo.
  16. ^ "Woman and the Camera". The True Democrat. 1897-12-04. Retrieved 2011-12-10. Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston, the photographic artist, writes, in the Ladies' Home Journal, on "What a Woman Can Do With a Camera," telling the requisites for artistic and financial success in the pursuit of photography as a profession.
  17. ^ "Chronology of Zaida Ben-Yusuf, 1898-1900". Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  18. ^ Laura Wexler, "Black and White and Color: American Photographs at the Turn of the Century," in Prospects: An Annual of the American Cultural Studies 13 (1988): 343.
  19. ^ Anne Maxell, "Montrer l'Autre: Franz Boas et les soeurs Gerhard", in Zoos humains. De la Vénus hottentote aux reality shows, Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard, Gilles Boëtsch, Eric Deroo, Sandrine Lemaire, edition La Découverte (2002), pp. 331-39, in part. p. 338.
  20. ^ ""Signing of the Protocol": Photos of the Noted Personages as the Historic Document was signed". The Evening Bulletin (Maysville, Ky). 1898-08-29. p. 4. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  21. ^ "Personal Mention". The Washington Times. 1912-12-09. p. 10. Retrieved 2011-12-10. Miss Frances Benjamin Jonhston is spending a week with her aunt, Mrs. Saunders Johnston, of 1342 Fifteenth street, prior to dismantelling her house and studio in this city. Miss Johnston is now established in New York, where her mother and Mrs. C. J. Hugen will make their home with her.
  22. ^ "Women for the Professions - Series of Lectures to be given at New York University". The Sun. 1915-09-12. p. 6. Retrieved 2011-12-12. How women succeed, and why, will be explained in a series of lectures to be given at the New York University next winter [...]
  23. ^ "Deaths". New York Tribune. 1920-06-12. Retrieved 2011-12-10. On June 10, at her residence, 163 Lexington Ave, after a brief illness, in her 83d year, peacefully entered into rest, Frances Antoinette Benjamin, [...] beloved mother of Frances Benjamin Johnston
  24. ^ Barry Swackhamer (2012-01-06). "Frances Benjamin Johnston House". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  25. ^ Sam Watters (2012-03-01). "Biography of Frances Benjamin Johnston". The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
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