History edit
Claudian invasion edit
Caratacus is named by Dio Cassius as a son of the Catuvellaunian king Cunobelinus.[1] Based on coin distribution Caratacus appears to have been the protégé of his uncle Epaticcus, who expanded Catuvellaunian power westwards most likely from his palace in Verulam the heartland of the Catuvellauni into the territory of the Atrebates.[2] After Epaticcus died in about AD 35, the Atrebates, under Verica, regained some of their territory, but it appears Caratacus completed the conquest, as Dio tells us Verica was ousted, fled to Rome and appealed to the emperor Claudius for help. This was the excuse used by Claudius to launch his invasion of Britain in the summer of 43. The invasion targeted Caratacus's stronghold of Camulodunon (modern Colchester), previously the seat of his father Cunobelinus.[3][4] Cunobelinus had died some time before the invasion. Caratacus and his brother Togodumnus led the initial defence of the country against Aulus Plautius's four legions, thought to have been around 40,000 men, primarily using guerrilla tactics.[5] They lost much of the south-east after being defeated in two crucial battles, the Battle of the River Medway and River Thames and Togodumnus was killed.[include citation to Dio here] although
John Hind, however, argues believes that Dio was mistaken in reporting Togodumnus's death. that he Hinds argues that Togodumnus was defeated but still survived, and was later appointed by the Romans as a friendly king over a number of territories, becoming the loyal king referred to by Tacitus as Cogidubnus or Togidubnus).[6] and the Ultimately, the Catuvellauni's territories were conquered and their stronghold of Camulodunon was converted into the first Roman colonia in Britain, Colonia Victricensis.[3][7][8]
Resistance to Rome edit
We next hear of Caratacus in Tacitus's Annals, leading the Silures and Ordovices of Wales against Plautius's successor as governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula.[9] Finally, in 50, Scapula managed to defeat Caratacus in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordovician territory, capturing Caratacus's wife and daughter and receiving the surrender of his brothers. Caratacus himself escaped, and fled north to the lands of the Brigantes (modern Yorkshire) where the Brigantian queen, Cartimandua, handed him over to the Romans in chains. This was one of the factors that led to two Brigantian revolts against Cartimandua and her Roman allies, once later in the 50s and once in 69, led by Venutius, who had once been Cartimandua's husband. With the capture of Caratacus, much of southern Britain from the Humber to the Severn was pacified and garrisoned throughout the 50s.[10]
Legends place Caratacus's last stand at either Caer Caradoc[citation needed] near Church Stretton or British Camp[citation needed] in the Malvern Hills, but the description of Tacitus makes either unlikely:
[Caratacus] resorted to the ultimate hazard, adopting a place for battle so that entry, exit, everything would be unfavourable to us and for the better to his own men, with steep mountains all around, and, wherever a gentle access was possible, he strewed rocks in front in the manner of a rampart. And in front too there flowed a stream with an unsure ford, and companies of armed men had taken up position along the defences.[11]
Although the Severn is visible from British Camp, it is nowhere near it, so this battle must have taken place elsewhere. A number of locations have been suggested, including a site near Brampton Bryan. Bari Jones, in Archaeology Today in 1998, identified Blodwel Rocks at Llanymynech in Powys as representing a close fit with Tacitus's account.[full citation needed]
Captive in Rome edit
According to Tacitus, after his capture, Caratacus was sent to Rome as a war prize, presumably to be killed after a triumphal parade. Although a captive, he was allowed to speak to the Roman senate. Tacitus explains how Caratacus was presented in front of the emperor, in which he stated that he should have entered Rome as a friend, rather than an enemy.[12] According to Tacitus, he had written down that Caratacus spoke about his stubborn resistance, and how it made Rome's glory in defeating him all the greater.
If the degree of my nobility and fortune had been matched by moderation in success, I would have come to this City as a friend rather than a captive, nor would you have disdained to receive with a treaty of peace one sprung from brilliant ancestors and commanding a great many nations. But my present lot, disfiguring as it is for me, is magnificent for you. I had horses, men, arms, and wealth: what wonder if I was unwilling to lose them? If you wish to command everyone, does it really follow that everyone should accept your slavery? If I were now being handed over as one who had surrendered immediately, neither my fortune nor your glory would have achieved brilliance. It is also true that in my case any reprisal will be followed by oblivion. On the other hand, if you preserve me safe and sound, I shall be an eternal example of your clemency.[13]
He made such an impression that he was pardoned and allowed to live in peace in Rome. After his liberation, according to Dio Cassius, Caratacus was so impressed by the city of Rome that he said "And can you, then, who have got such possessions and so many of them, still covet our poor huts?"[14]
- ^ Dio Cassius, trans Earnest Cary, Roman History 60:19–22
- ^ John Creighton, Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2000; Philip de Jersey (1996), Celtic Coinage in Britain, Shire Archaeology
- ^ a b Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN 1897719043)
- ^ Todd, Malcolm. (1981) Roman Britain; 55BC – 400AD. Published by Fontana Paperbacks (ISBN 0006337562)
- ^ Jorit Wintjes (2020) ‘On the side of a righteous vengeance’ – Counterinsurgency operations in Roman Britain, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 31:5, 1108-1129, DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764715
- ^ J. G. F. Hind, "A. Palutius' Campaign in Britain: An Alternative Reading of the Narrative in Cassius Dio (60.19.5–21.2)", Britannia Vol. 38 (2007), pp. 93–106)
- ^ Crummy, Philip (1992) Colchester Archaeological Report 6: Excavations at Culver Street, the Gilberd School, and other sites in Colchester 1971–85. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN 0-9503727-9-X)
- ^ Crummy, Philip (1984) Colchester Archaeological Report 3: Excavations at Lion Walk, Balkerne Lane, and Middleborough, Colchester, Essex. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN 0-9503727-4-9)
- ^ Tacitus, Annals 12:33–38
- ^ A History of Britain, Richard Dargie (2007), p. 21
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals, translated by A. J. Woodman, 2004; see also Church & Brodribb's translation
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals, translated by A. J. Woodman, 2004; see also Church & Brodribb's translation
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals, translated by A. J. Woodman, 2004; see also Church & Brodribb's translation
- ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History, Epitome of Book LXI, 33:3c