| Mr. Ibrahem/Urothelial carcinoma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) |
_pT1.JPG) | |
| Histopathology of transitional carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Transurethral biopsy. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. | |
| Specialty | Oncology, urology |
| Symptoms | Blood in the urine, back pain, weight loss, pain with urination[1] |
| Complications | Spread to other parts of the body[1] |
| Types | Upper tract, urinary bladder[2] |
| Risk factors | Smoking, aromatic amines, arsenic, aristolochic acid, Lynch syndrome[3][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Cystoscopy and biopsy[5] |
| Treatment | Surgery, chemotherapy, laser surgery[1] |
| Prognosis | Good if found early[6] |
| Frequency | Common[3] |
Urothelial carcinoma, previously called transitional cell carcinoma, is a type of cancer that can occur anywhere along the urinary tract.[7][8] This includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate, and urethra.[7][9] Symptoms may include blood in the urine, back pain, weight loss, or pain with urination.[1]
Risk factors include smoking, aromatic amines, arsenic, aristolochic acid, Schistosoma haematobium, and genetic disorders such as Lynch syndrome.[3][4][2] They develop from the transitional epithelium.[3] The diagnosis is generally confirmed by cystoscopy and biopsy.[5]
Treatment often include surgery.[1] Other options may include chemotherapy or laser surgery.[1] If the cancer remains localized a cure if often possible.[6] Multiple areas of the urinary tract; however, may be affected and there is a risk of reoccurrence.[3] Spread may also occur to lymph nodes, lung, liver, or bone.[1]
Urothelial carcinomas make up about 12.5% of cancer cases.[3] Males are more commonly affected than females.[2] They are the most common cancer of the urinary tract,[10] representing more than 90% of bladder cancers and about 7% of kidney cancers.[6][3] They are the second most common reason for death from genitourinary cancers.[10]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g "Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version - National Cancer Institute". www.cancer.gov. 20 February 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ a b c Miyazaki, J; Nishiyama, H (October 2017). "Epidemiology of urothelial carcinoma". International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 24 (10): 730–734. doi:10.1111/iju.13376. PMID 28543959.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wild, Christopher (2020). "5.15". World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention (pdf). Lyon: International Agency for Research. pp. 439–445. ISBN 978-92-832-0448-0.
- ^ a b Cancer, International Agency for Research on (2004). Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. IARC. p. 93. ISBN 978-92-832-2415-0.
- ^ a b Shariat, Shahrokh F.; Xylinas, Evanguelos (2014). Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Springer. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-4939-1501-9.
- ^ a b c "Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version - National Cancer Institute". www.cancer.gov. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ a b Lee, Eugene K.; Dickstein, Rian J.; Kamat, Ashish M. (June 2011). "Imaging of Urothelial Cancers: What the Urologist Needs to Know". American Journal of Roentgenology. 196 (6): 1249–1254. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.6232. PMID 21606285.
- ^ Kaseb, H; Aeddula, NR (January 2020). "Bladder Cancer". PMID 30725608.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Palou, J; Baniel, J; Klotz, L; Wood, D; Cookson, M; Lerner, S; Horie, S; Schoenberg, M; Angulo, J; Bassi, P (January 2007). "Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate". Urology. 69 (1 Suppl): 50–61. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.05.059. PMID 17280908.
- ^ a b McDougal, W. Scott; Wein, Alan J.; Kavoussi, Louis R.; Novick, Andrew C.; Partin, Alan W.; Peters, Craig A.; Ramchandani, Parvati (2011). Campbell-Walsh Urology 10th Edition Review E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-4557-2317-1.