| Type 1 diabetes | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Diabetes mellitus type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes,[1] juvenile diabetes[2] |
 | |
| A blue circle, the symbol for diabetes.[3] | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, weight loss[4] |
| Complications | Diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, poor healing, cardiovascular disease, damage to the eyes[2][4][5] |
| Usual onset | Relatively short period of time[1] |
| Duration | Long term[4] |
| Causes | Body does not produce enough insulin[4] |
| Risk factors | Family history, celiac disease[5][6] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood sugar, A1C[5][7] |
| Prevention | Unknown[4] |
| Treatment | Insulin, diabetic diet, exercise[1][2] |
| Frequency | ~7.5% of diabetes cases[8] |
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), previously known as juvenile diabetes, is a form of diabetes in which very little or no insulin is produced by the pancreas.[4] Insulin is a hormone required for the body to use blood sugar.[2] Before treatment this results in high blood sugar levels in the body.[1] The classic symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, and weight loss.[4] Additional symptoms may include blurry vision, tiredness, and poor wound healing.[2] Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time.[1]
The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown,[4] but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[1] Risk factors include having a family member with the condition.[5] The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas.[2] Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the blood.[5][7] Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies.[5]
There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes.[4] Treatment with insulin is required for survival.[1] Insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump.[9] A diabetic diet and exercise are important parts of management.[2] If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[4] Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.[5] Long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes.[4] Furthermore, complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive dosing of insulin.[5]
Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases.[8] The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year.[5] Within the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million.[5][10] Rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait.[11][12] It typically begins in children and young adults.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Causes of Diabetes". NIDDK. August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Types of Diabetes". NIDDK. February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. November 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL (July 2014). "Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association". Diabetes Care. 37 (7): 2034–54. doi:10.2337/dc14-1140. PMC 5865481. PMID 24935775.
- ^ Elfström P, Sundström J, Ludvigsson JF (November 2014). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: associations between coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 40 (10): 1123–32. doi:10.1111/apt.12973. PMID 25270960.
- ^ a b "Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes". NIDDK. May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ a b Daneman D (March 2006). "Type 1 diabetes". Lancet. 367 (9513): 847–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68341-4. PMID 16530579.
- ^ "Alternative Devices for Taking Insulin". NIDDK. July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Fast Facts Data and Statistics about Diabetes". American Diabetes Association. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ Global report on diabetes (PDF). World Health Organization. 2016. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-92-4-156525-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Skyler, Jay (2012). Atlas of diabetes (4th ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-1-4614-1028-7. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.