Wikipedia

User:Mr. Ibrahem/Sleep apnea

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Sleep apnea
Other namesSleep apnoea, sleep apnea syndrome
Obstructive sleep apnea
Pronunciation
SpecialtyOtorhinolaryngology, sleep medicine
SymptomsPauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep, snoring, tired during the day[1][2]
ComplicationsHeart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, motor vehicle collisions[1]
Usual onset55–60 years old[1][3]
TypesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea (CSA), mixed sleep apnea[1]
Risk factorsOverweight, family history, allergies, enlarged tonsils[4]
Diagnostic methodOvernight sleep study[5]
TreatmentLifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, surgery[1]
Frequency1–6% (adults), 2% (children)[3][6]

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep occur more often than normal.[1] Each pause can last for a few seconds to a few minutes and they happen many times a night.[1] In the most common form, this follows loud snoring.[2] There may be a choking or snorting sound as breathing resumes.[1] Because the disorder disrupts normal sleep, those affected may experience sleepiness or feel tired during the day.[1] In children it may cause hyperactivity or problems in school.[2]

Sleep apnea may be either obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in which breathing is interrupted by a blockage of air flow, central sleep apnea (CSA) in which regular unconscious breath simply stops, or a combination of the two.[1] Obstructive (OSA) is the most common form.[1] Risk factors for OSA include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, a small breathing airway, and enlarged tonsils.[4] Some people with sleep apnea are unaware they have the condition.[1] In many cases it is first observed by a family member.[1] Sleep apnea is often diagnosed with an overnight sleep study.[5] For a diagnosis of sleep apnea, more than five episodes per hour must occur.[7]

Treatment may include lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, and surgery.[1] Lifestyle changes may include avoiding alcohol, losing weight, stopping smoking, and sleeping on one's side.[8] Breathing devices include the use of a CPAP machine.[8] Without treatment, sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, and motor vehicle collisions.[1]

OSA affects 1 to 6% of adults and 2% of children.[3][6] It affects males about twice as often as females.[3][9] While people at any age can be affected, it occurs most commonly among those 55 to 60 years old.[1][3] CSA affects less than 1% of people.[10] A type of CSA was described in the German myth of Ondine's curse where the person when asleep would forget to breathe.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Sleep Apnea: What Is Sleep Apnea?". NHLBI: Health Information for the Public. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. July 10, 2012. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  2. ^ a b c "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?". NHLBI. July 10, 2012. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e Global Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach. World Health Organization. 2007. p. 32. ISBN 9789241563468. Archived from the original on 2019-05-19. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
  4. ^ a b "Who Is at Risk for Sleep Apnea?". NHLBI. July 10, 2012. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b "How Is Sleep Apnea Diagnosed?". NHLBI. July 10, 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b Ferri, Fred F. (2014). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1090. ISBN 9780323084307. Archived from the original on 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
  7. ^ De Backer W (June 2013). "Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome". Panminerva Medica. 55 (2): 191–5. PMID 23676959.
  8. ^ a b "How Is Sleep Apnea Treated?". NHLBI. July 10, 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  9. ^ Al Lawati, Nabil M.; Patel, Sanjay R.; Ayas, Najib T. (January 2009). "Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Short Sleep Duration". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 51 (4): 285–293. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2008.08.001. PMID 19110130.
  10. ^ Auth, Patrick C. (2012). Physician Assistant Review (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 40. ISBN 9781451171297. Archived from the original on 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
  11. ^ Yentis, Steven M.; Hirsch, Nicholas P.; Ip, James (2013). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z: An Encyclopedia of Principles and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 428. ISBN 9780702053757. Archived from the original on 2019-05-19. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Sleep_apnea&oldid=1170696482"