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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Post-traumatic stress disorder

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Service members may use art to relieve PTSD symptoms
SpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology
SymptomsDisturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the event; mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues; efforts to avoid trauma-related situations; increased fight-or-flight response[1]
ComplicationsSelf-harm, suicide[2]
Duration> 1 month[1]
CausesExposure to a traumatic event[1]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[2]
TreatmentCounseling, medication[3]
MedicationSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitor[4]
Frequency8.7% (lifetime risk); 3.5% (12-month risk) (US)[5]

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)[note 1] is a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, or other threats on a person's life.[1][6] Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations in how a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response.[1][3] These symptoms last for more than a month after the event.[1] Young children are less likely to show distress, but instead may express their memories through play.[1] A person with PTSD is at a higher risk for suicide and intentional self-harm.[2][7]

Most people who experience traumatic events do not develop PTSD.[2] People who experience interpersonal trauma such as rape or child abuse are more likely to develop PTSD as compared to people who experience non-assault based trauma, such as accidents and natural disasters.[8] About half of people develop PTSD following rape.[2][9] Children are less likely than adults to develop PTSD after trauma, especially if they are under 10 years of age.[10] Diagnosis is based on the presence of specific symptoms following a traumatic event.[2]

Prevention may be possible when counselling is targeted at those with early symptoms but is not effective when provided to all trauma-exposed individuals whether or not symptoms are present.[2] The main treatments for people with PTSD are counselling (psychotherapy) and medication.[3][11] Antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor type are the first-line medications used for PTSD and are beneficial for about half of people.[4] Benefits from medication are less than those seen with counselling.[2] It is not known whether using medications and counselling together has greater benefit than either method separately.[2][12] Medications, other than SSRIs, do not have enough evidence to support their use and, in the case of benzodiazepines, may worsen outcomes.[13][14]

In the United States, about 3.5% of adults have PTSD in a given year, and 9% of people develop it at some point in their life.[1] In much of the rest of the world, rates during a given year are between 0.5% and 1%.[1] Higher rates may occur in regions of armed conflict.[2] It is more common in women than men.[3] Symptoms of trauma-related mental disorders have been documented since at least the time of the ancient Greeks.[15] During the World Wars, the condition was known under various terms including "shell shock" and "combat neurosis".[16] The term "post-traumatic stress disorder" came into use in the 1970s in large part due to the diagnoses of U.S. military veterans of the Vietnam War.[17] It was officially recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980 in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III).[18]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 271–80. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Robert NP (November 2015). "Post-traumatic stress disorder". BMJ. 351: h6161. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161. PMC 4663500. PMID 26611143.
  3. ^ a b c d "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  4. ^ a b Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Kinrys G, Fontenelle LF, Marmar CR, Figueira I (March 2009). "Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 33 (2): 169–80. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004. PMC 2720612. PMID 19141307.
  5. ^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 276. ISBN 9780890425558. OCLC 830807378.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  7. ^ Panagioti M, Gooding PA, Triantafyllou K, Tarrier N (April 2015). "Suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 50 (4): 525–37. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0978-x. PMID 25398198. S2CID 23314414.
  8. ^ Zoladz PR, Diamond DM (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 37 (5): 860–95. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024. PMID 23567521. S2CID 14440116.
  9. ^ Petrak, Jenny; Hedge, Barbara (2003). The Trauma of Sexual Assault: Treatment, Prevention and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29. ISBN 9780470851388. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  10. ^ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). ISBN 9781904671251. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Haagen JF, Smid GE, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ (August 2015). "The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 40: 184–94. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.008. PMID 26164548.
  12. ^ Hetrick SE, Purcell R, Garner B, Parslow R (July 2010). "Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD007316. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007316.pub2. PMID 20614457.
  13. ^ Guina J, Rossetter SR, DeRHODES BJ, Nahhas RW, Welton RS (July 2015). "Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 21 (4): 281–303. doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000091. PMID 26164054.
  14. ^ Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, Dankova L, Barbui C, Tol WA, van Ommeren M, de Jong J, Seedat S, Chen H, Bisson JI (February 2015). "Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 206 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551. PMID 25644881. Some drugs have a small positive impact on PTSD symptoms
  15. ^ Carlstedt, Roland (2009). Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine Perspectives, Practices, and Research. New York: Springer Pub. Co. p. 353. ISBN 9780826110954. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  16. ^ Herman, Judith (2015). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books. p. 9. ISBN 9780465098736. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  17. ^ Klykylo, William M. (2012). Clinical child psychiatry (3 ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. Chapter 15. ISBN 9781119967705. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  18. ^ Friedman MJ (October 2013). "Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5: getting here from there and where to go next". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 26 (5): 548–56. doi:10.1002/jts.21840. PMID 24151001.


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