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| Plantar fasciitis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Plantar fasciosis, plantar fasciopathy, jogger's heel, heel spur syndrome[1] |
 | |
| Most common areas of pain in plantar fasciitis | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics, sports medicine, podiatry |
| Symptoms | Pain in the heel and bottom of the foot[2] |
| Usual onset | Gradual[3] |
| Causes | Unclear[2] |
| Risk factors | Overuse (long periods of standing), obesity, inward rolling of the foot[2][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, ultrasound[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, reactive arthritis[5][6] |
| Treatment | Conservative management[4][7] |
| Frequency | ~4%[2][5] |
Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot.[2] It results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest.[2][4] Pain is also frequently brought on by bending the foot and toes up towards the shin.[3][4] The pain typically comes on gradually, and it affects both feet in about one-third of cases.[2][3]
The cause of plantar fasciitis is not entirely clear.[2] Risk factors include overuse, such as from long periods of standing, an increase in exercise, and obesity.[2][4] It is also associated with inward rolling of the foot, a tight Achilles tendon, and a sedentary lifestyle.[2][4] It is unclear if heel spurs have a role in causing plantar fasciitis even though they are commonly present in people who have the condition.[2] Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the insertion site of the ligament on the bone characterized by micro tears, breakdown of collagen, and scarring.[2] Since inflammation plays either a lesser or no role, a review proposed it be renamed plantar fasciosis.[2][8] The presentation of the symptoms is generally the basis for diagnosis; with ultrasound sometimes being useful if there is uncertainty.[2] Other conditions with similar symptoms include osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, and reactive arthritis.[5][6]
Most cases of plantar fasciitis resolve with time and conservative methods of treatment.[4][7] For the first few weeks, those affected are usually advised to rest, change their activities, take pain medications, and stretch.[4] If this is not sufficient, physiotherapy, orthotics, splinting, or steroid injections may be options.[4] If these measures are not effective, additional measures may include extracorporeal shockwave therapy or surgery.[4]
Between 4% and 7% of the general population has heel pain at any given time: about 80% of these are due to plantar fasciitis.[2][5] Approximately 10% of people have the disorder at some point during their life.[9] It becomes more common with age.[2] It is unclear if one sex is more affected than the other.[2]
References edit
- ^ Toronto Notes 2017: Comprehensive Medical Reference and Review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam Part I and the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 2. Toronto Notes for Medical Students Incorporated. 12 June 2019. ISBN 9781927363348. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beeson P (September 2014). "Plantar fasciopathy: revisiting the risk factors" (PDF). Foot and Ankle Surgery. 20 (3): 160–5. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2014.03.003. PMID 25103701. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
- ^ a b c Rosenbaum AJ, DiPreta JA, Misener D (March 2014). "Plantar heel pain". The Medical Clinics of North America. 98 (2): 339–52. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2013.10.009. PMID 24559879.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Goff JD, Crawford R (September 2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of plantar fasciitis". American Family Physician. 84 (6): 676–82. PMID 21916393. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30.
- ^ a b c d Cutts S, Obi N, Pasapula C, Chan W (November 2012). "Plantar fasciitis". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 94 (8): 539–42. doi:10.1308/003588412X13171221592456. PMC 3954277. PMID 23131221.
- ^ a b Tu P, Bytomski JR (October 2011). "Diagnosis of heel pain". American Family Physician. 84 (8): 909–16. PMID 22010770. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30.
- ^ a b Tahririan MA, Motififard M, Tahmasebi MN, Siavashi B (August 2012). "Plantar fasciitis". Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 17 (8): 799–804. PMC 3687890. PMID 23798950.
- ^ Lareau CR, Sawyer GA, Wang JH, DiGiovanni CW (June 2014). "Plantar and medial heel pain: diagnosis and management". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 22 (6): 372–80. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-22-06-372. PMID 24860133.
- ^ Zhiyun L, Tao J, Zengwu S (July 2013). "Meta-analysis of high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy in recalcitrant plantar fasciitis". Swiss Medical Weekly. 143: w13825. doi:10.4414/smw.2013.13825. PMID 23832373.