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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Ovarian cancer

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Ovarian cancer
Diagram showing stage 4 ovarian cancer with spread
SpecialtyOncology, gynecology[1]
SymptomsEarly: Vague[2]
Later: Abdominal distension, pelvic pain, loss of appetite[2]
Usual onsetUsual age of diagnosis 60-to-65 years old[3]
Types
Risk factorsNever having children, hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, obesity, smoking, genetics[2]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy[5]
TreatmentSurgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy[3]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate overall c. 46% (varies by type and stage)[4]
Frequency1.2 million (2015)[6]
Deaths313,000 (2020)[7]

Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor of an ovary.[1] It may originate from the ovary itself or more commonly from nearby structures such as fallopian tubes or the inner lining of the abdomen.[4] It results in abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[8] When this process begins, there may be no or only vague symptoms.[2] Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses.[4] These symptoms may include abdominal distension, pelvic pain, irregular menstrual bleeding, and loss of appetite.[8] Common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen, local glands, lungs, and liver.[9]

The risk of ovarian cancer increases in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime.[3] This includes those who have never had children, those who began ovulation at a younger age, and those who reached menopause at an older age.[2] Other risk factors include hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, smoking, and obesity.[2] Factors that decrease risk include hormonal birth control, tubal ligation, and breast feeding.[10] About 10% of cases are related to inherited genetic risk; women with mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 have about a 40% chance of developing the disease by age 70-years.[11] There are several types of ovarian carcer, of which high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) accounts for around 70%.[12] Originally thought to arise from the squamous epithelial cells covering the ovary, it is now established that most HGSCs are from a precursor lesion called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, found in the fallopian tube.[1] Less common types of ovarian cancer include germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors.[13] Diagnosis of ovarian cancer is confirmed through a biopsy of tissue, usually removed during surgery.[10]

Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery.[14] Those at very high risk may have their ovaries removed as prevention.[2] If caught and treated in an early stage, ovarian cancer is often curable.[5] Treatment usually includes some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.[3] Outcomes depend on the extent of disease, the subtype of cancer, and other medical conditions.[15][16] The overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 49%.[17] Outcomes are worse in the developing world.[15]

In 2015 it was present in 1.2 million women and resulted in 161,100 deaths worldwide.[6][18] In 2020, it was the eighth-most common cancer diagnosis and cause of death from cancer, in women, and new cases occurred in approximately 313,000 women.[7] The typical age of diagnosis is 60-to-65 years old.[3] Death from ovarian cancer is more common in North America and Europe than in Africa and Asia.[1]

Video explanation of epithelial ovarian cancer
Video explanation of germ cell ovarian cancer

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction". Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Arora, Taruna; Mullangi, Sanjana; Lekkala, Manidhar Reddy (2022). "Ovarian Cancer". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 33620837. Archived from the original on 2022-07-12. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e Armstrong, Deborak K. (2020). "189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1332–1335. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  4. ^ a b c d e Žilovič, Diana; Čiurlienė, Rūta; Sabaliauskaitė, Rasa; Jarmalaitė, Sonata (30 July 2021). "Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer". Cancers. 13 (15): 3840. doi:10.3390/cancers13153840. ISSN 2072-6694. PMID 34359740. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b "Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment". NCI. 2014-05-12. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Woods, Penny. "Worldwide cancer data | World Cancer Research Fund International". WCRF International. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  9. ^ Ruddon, Raymond W. (2007). Cancer Biology (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780195175431. Archived from the original on 2015-09-15.
  10. ^ a b "Ovarian Cancer Prevention". NCI. 2014-06-20. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  11. ^ "Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome: A Guide for Patients and Their Families | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  12. ^ WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "1. Tumours of the ovary: high grade serous carcinoma of the ovary". Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  13. ^ Shih, Ie-Ming; Wang, Yeh; Wang, Tian-Li (January 2021). "The Origin of Ovarian Cancer Species and Precancerous Landscape". The American Journal of Pathology. 191 (1): 26–39. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.006. ISSN 1525-2191. PMID 33011111. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  14. ^ Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (February 2018). "Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 319 (6): 588–594. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21926. PMID 29450531.
  15. ^ a b World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.12. ISBN 978-9283204299. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19.
  16. ^ Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM (2016). "The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years". Frontiers in Oncology. 6: 63. doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00063. PMC 4805611. PMID 27047797.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer". NCI. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  18. ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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