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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Occupational hearing loss

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Mr. Ibrahem/Occupational hearing loss
Rates of hearing loss in workers in various sectors in the United States by time period[1]
SpecialtyOccupational and Environmental Medicine
SymptomsHearing loss, ringing in the ears[2]
TypesSensorineural, conductive, mixed[2]
CausesIndustrial noise, exposure to chemicals, injury[3][2]
Risk factorsWorking in mining, manufacturing, construction[4]
Diagnostic methodAudiometry[5]
PreventionLaws requiring lower noise levels; personal protective equipment (earplugs); replacing toxic chemicals with safer ones[6]
FrequencyCommon[7]

Occupational hearing loss (OHL) is hearing loss that occurs as a result of work hazards.[2] It may be of any type, including sensorineural, conductive, or mixed.[2] Severity may range from mild to profound.[2] Cases may be associated with tinnitus (ringing in the ears).[2]

Long term noise exposure at levels of at least 80 to 85 decibels is the most common cause.[3][2][7][8] Other causes may include exposure to certain chemicals and injury.[3][2][9] Chemicals involved may include styrene, toluene, lead, mercury, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide.[3] Injury may involve an explosion, sharp objects, or metal sparks perforating the eardrum.[2] Diagnosis is by audiometry.[5]

Measures including laws that require lower noise levels; personal protective equipment, such as earplugs; and replacing toxic chemicals with safer ones are effective.[6][10] In the United States, organizations such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) work to reduce hearing hazards through a hierarchy of controls.[4]

Occupational hearing loss is one of the most common work-related illnesses in the United States.[7] At least 16% of significant hearing loss in adults globally is due to occupational exposures.[4] Among people working in the United States it represents more than half of cases.[4] Industries with the highest levels of hearing loss include mining, manufacturing, and construction.[4] As of 2016 in the United States, 17% of those involved with mining, 16% of those involved in construction, and 14% of those involved in manufacturing had hearing problems.[11] Industries with lower rates of problems include police, firefighters, and paramedics at 7%.[11]

References

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  1. ^ Masterson EA, Deddens JA, Themann CL, Bertke S, Calvert GM (April 2015). "Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981-2010". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 58 (4): 392–401. doi:10.1002/ajim.22429. PMC 4557728. PMID 25690583.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kim KS (December 2010). "Occupational hearing loss in Korea". Journal of Korean Medical Science. 25 (Suppl): S62–9. doi:10.3346/jkms.2010.25.s.s62. PMC 3023345. PMID 21258593.
  3. ^ a b c d "CDC - NIOSH Topic: Occupational Hearing Loss (OHL) Surveillance". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-10-16. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
  4. ^ a b c d e Themann, Christa L.; Masterson, Elizabeth A. (2019). "Occupational noise exposure: A review of its effects, epidemiology, and impact with recommendations for reducing its burden". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 146 (5): 3879–3905. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..146.3879T. doi:10.1121/1.5134465. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 31795665. S2CID 208626669. Archived from the original on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  5. ^ a b Mirza, R; Kirchner, DB; Dobie, RA; Crawford, J; ACOEM Task Force on Occupational Hearing, Loss (September 2018). "Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss". Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 60 (9): e498–e501. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001423. PMID 30095587.
  6. ^ a b Tikka, Christina; Verbeek, Jos H; Kateman, Erik; Morata, Thais C; Dreschler, Wouter A; Ferrite, Silvia (2017-07-07). Cochrane Work Group (ed.). "Interventions to prevent occupational noise-induced hearing loss". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006396.pub4. PMC 6353150. PMID 28685503.
  7. ^ a b c Themann C, Suter A, Stephenson M (2013). "National Research Agenda for the Prevention of Occupational Hearing Loss—Part 1". Seminars in Hearing. 34 (3): 145–207. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1349351.
  8. ^ "EUR-Lex - 02003L0010-20190726 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  9. ^ Johnson AC, Morata TC (2010). "Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment. The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals" (PDF). Arbete och Hälsa. 44 (4): 177. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  10. ^ "Preventing hearing loss caused by chemical (ototoxicity) and noise exposure" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1 March 2018. doi:10.26616/nioshpub2018124. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  11. ^ a b Masterson, Elizabeth A.; Bushnell, P. Timothy; Themann, Christa L.; Morata, Thais C. (2016). "Hearing Impairment Among Noise-Exposed Workers — United States, 2003–2012 | MMWR". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 65 (15): 389–394. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6515a2. PMID 27101435.
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