 | |
 | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Dilaudid, Hydromorph Contin, Palladone, others |
| Other names | Dihydromorphinone |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682013 |
| License data | |
| Pregnancy category |
|
| Dependence liability | High[2] |
| Routes of administration | By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
|
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | By mouth: 30–35%, Intranasal: 52–58%[3] IV/IM:100% |
| Protein binding | 20% |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Onset of action | 15 to 30 min[4] |
| Elimination half-life | 2–3 hours[5] |
| Duration of action | 4 to 5 hrs[4] |
| Excretion | Kidney |
| Identifiers | |
| |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H19NO3 |
| Molar mass | 285.343 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Solubility in water | HCl salt: 333 mg/mL (20 °C) |
| |
| |
| (verify) | |
Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is an opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain.[4] Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer.[7] It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin.[4] Effects generally begin within half an hour and last for up to five hours.[4]
Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, itchiness, and constipation.[4] Serious side effects may include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, and serotonin syndrome.[4] Rapidly decreasing the dose may result in opioid withdrawal.[4] Generally, use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended.[8] Hydromorphone is believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord.[4] Hydromorphone 2 mg by mouth is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine by mouth.[7]
Hydromorphone was patented in 1923.[9] It is available as a generic medication.[4] In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about £0.32 per 2 mg tablet as of 2019.[7] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$0.07.[10] In 2017, it was the 205th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.[11][12] Hydromorphone is made from morphine.[13]
References edit
- ^ a b "Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ^ Bonewit-West, Kathy; Hunt, Sue A.; Applegate, Edith (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 9781455701506.
- ^ Coda BA, Rudy AC, Archer SM, Wermeling DP (July 2003). "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of single-dose intranasal hydromorphone hydrochloride in healthy volunteers". Anesth. Analg. 97 (1): 117–23, table of contents. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.551.6509. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000066311.40978.4F. PMID 12818953.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ Vallner JJ, Stewart JT, Kotzan JA, Kirsten EB, Honigberg IL (April 1981). "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydromorphone following intravenous and oral administration to human subjects". J Clin Pharmacol. 21 (4): 152–6. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb05693.x. PMID 6165742.
- ^ a b "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ a b c British national formulary: BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 24, 456. ISBN 9780857113382.
- ^ "Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 526. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ "NADAC as of 2019-02-27". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Hydromorphone Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ Vardanyan, Ruben; Hruby, Victor (2006). Synthesis of Essential Drugs. Elsevier. p. 25. ISBN 9780080462127.