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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Diabetes

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Not to be confused with Diabetes insipidus.
Diabetes mellitus
A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre
Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes.[1]
Pronunciation
SpecialtyEndocrinology
SymptomsFrequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger[2]
ComplicationsDiabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, cognitive impairment, gastroparesis[2][3][4][5]
Risk factorsType 1: Family history[6]
Type 2: Obesity, lack of exercise, genetics[2][7]
Diagnostic methodHigh blood sugar[2]
TreatmentHealthy diet, physical exercise[2]
MedicationInsulin, anti-diabetic medication like metformin[2][8][9]
Frequency463 million (8.8%)[10]
Deaths4.2 million (2019)[10]

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time.[11] Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased appetite.[2] If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[2] Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death.[3] Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment.[2][5]

Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.[12] There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:[2]

  • Type 1 diabetes results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin due to loss of beta cells.[2] This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes".[2] The loss of beta cells is caused by an autoimmune response.[13] The cause of this autoimmune response is unknown.[2]
  • Type 2 diabetes begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.[2] As the disease progresses, a lack of insulin may also develop.[14] This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes".[2] The most common cause is a combination of excessive body weight and insufficient exercise.[2]
  • Gestational diabetes is the third main form, and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.[2]

Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections.[2] Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes involves maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco.[2] Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications such as insulin sensitizers with or without insulin.[15] Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot and eye care are important for people with the disease.[2] Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.[16] Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 diabetes.[17] Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.[18]

As of 2019, an estimated 463 million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.[10] Rates are similar in women and men.[19] Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise.[10] Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death.[2] In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2 million deaths.[10] It is the 7th leading cause of death globally.[20][21] The global economic cost of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at US$727 billion.[10] In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327 billion in 2017.[22] Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.[23]

References edit

  1. ^ "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  3. ^ a b Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–43. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476.
  4. ^ Krishnasamy S, Abell TL (July 2018). "Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management". Diabetes Therapy. 9 (Suppl 1): 1–42. doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9. PMC 6028327. PMID 29934758.
  5. ^ a b Saedi, E; Gheini, MR; Faiz, F; Arami, MA (15 September 2016). "Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments". World Journal of Diabetes. 7 (17): 412–22. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412. PMC 5027005. PMID 27660698.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL (July 2014). "Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association". Diabetes Care. 37 (7): 2034–54. doi:10.2337/dc14-1140. PMC 5865481. PMID 24935775.
  7. ^ "Causes of Diabetes". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  8. ^ Ripsin, CM; Kang, H; Urban, RJ (January 2009). "Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus" (PDF). American Family Physician. 79 (1): 29–36. PMID 19145963. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-05.
  9. ^ Brutsaert, Erika F. (February 2017). "Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus". Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF). www.diabetesatlas.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  11. ^ "About diabetes". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  12. ^ Shoback DG, Gardner D, eds. (2011). "Chapter 17". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-162243-1.
  13. ^ Norman, Anthony; Henry, Helen (2015). Hormones. Elsevier. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9780123694447.
  14. ^ RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus (Revised 2nd ed.). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 2012. p. 235. ISBN 978-93-5025-489-9. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015.
  15. ^ "The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310". World Health Organization. October 2013. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017.
  16. ^ Rippe RS, Irwin JM, eds. (2010). Manual of intensive care medicine (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 549. ISBN 978-0-7817-9992-8.
  17. ^ Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ (September 2009). "The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation". Health Technology Assessment. 13 (41): 1–190, 215–357, iii–iv. doi:10.3310/hta13410. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30064294. PMID 19726018.
  18. ^ Cash, Jill (2014). Family Practice Guidelines (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-8261-6875-7. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015.
  19. ^ Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
  20. ^ "What is Diabetes?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  21. ^ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  22. ^ American Diabetes Association (2018-03-22). "Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017". Diabetes Care. 41 (5): 917–928. doi:10.2337/dci18-0007. ISSN 0149-5992. PMC 5911784. PMID 29567642.
  23. ^ "Deaths and Cost | Data & Statistics | Diabetes | CDC". cdc.gov. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
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