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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Colorectal cancer

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Mr. Ibrahem/Colorectal cancer
Other namesColon cancer, rectal cancer, bowel cancer
Location and appearance of two example colorectal tumors
SpecialtyOncology[1]
SymptomsBlood in the stool, change in bowel movements, weight loss, feeling tired all the time[2]
CausesOld age, lifestyle factors, genetic disorders[3]
Risk factorsDiet, obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, alcohol use[2]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy[2]
PreventionScreening from age of 50 to 69, varies by country[1]
TreatmentSurgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy[2]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate 14% to 90% depending on extent of disease[4]
Frequency9.4 million (2015)[5]
Deaths916,000 (2022)[6]

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the growth of abnormal cells in the colon or rectum of the large bowel.[7] It has the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[8] Symptoms may include blood in the stool, change in bowel movements, weight loss, feeling tired, and abdominal pain.[9]

Most colorectal cancers are due to old age and lifestyle factors, with only a small number of cases due to underlying genetic disorders.[3] Other risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity.[9] Dietary factors that increase the risk include red meat, processed meat, and alcohol.[9] Other risk factors include radiation treatment to the pelvis, and inflammatory bowel diseases Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.[9] Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer; however, these represent less than 5% of cases.[3] It typically starts as a benign tumor, often in the form of a polyp, which over time becomes cancerous.[9] Colorectal cancers can be generally divided by where in the bowel it occurs; right-sided, left sided and rectal.[9]

Bowel cancer may be diagnosed by obtaining a sample of the colon during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.[2] This is then followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread.[2] Screening is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer.[1] Screening, by one of a number of methods, is recommended starting from the age of 45 to 75.[10] During colonoscopy, small polyps may be removed if found.[11] If a large polyp or tumor is found, a biopsy may be performed to check if it is cancerous. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the risk.[11][12] Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.[13]

Treatments used for colorectal cancer may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy.[2] Cancers that are confined within the wall of the colon may be curable with surgery, while cancer that has spread widely is usually not curable, with management being directed towards improving quality of life and symptoms.[2] For early detected local disease, the five-year survival rate is around 90%, but once the cancer has spread, it drops to 14%.[4] The 5-year survival rate in the United States is around 65%.[14] The individual likelihood of survival depends on how advanced the cancer is, whether or not all the cancer can be removed with surgery and the person's overall health.[8]

Colorectal cancer is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancer.[15] In 2020, there were 1.93 million new cases and 916,000 deaths from the disease.[6][16] It makes up about 10% of all cases.[17] It is the third most frequent cancer in males and second most in females.[9] It is less common in women than men.[11] It is more common in developed countries, where more than 65% of cases are found.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Ajithkumar, Thankamma; Barrett, Ann; Hatcher, Helen; Jefferies, Sarah Jane (2021). "7. Cancers of the gastrointestinal system". Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 140–195. ISBN 978-0-19-874544-0. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. 21 April 2022. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b Dariya, Begum; Chalikonda, Gayatri; Purnachandra, Ganji (2021). "1. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer". In Nagaraju, Ganji Purnachandra; Shukla, Dhananjay; Vishvakarma, Naveen Kumar (eds.). Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Volume 1. Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-3-030-63368-4. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  5. ^ Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  6. ^ a b "Cancer". www.who.int. 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  7. ^ "Bowel cancer". nhs.uk. 20 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  8. ^ a b "General Information About Colon Cancer". NCI. 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2019). "6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: colorectal adenocarcinoma". Digestive System Tumours (5th ed.). Lyon (France). p. 177-187. ISBN 978-92-832-4499-8. Archived from the original on 2022-06-13. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ US Preventive Services Task, Force.; Davidson, KW; Barry, MJ; Mangione, CM; Cabana, M; Caughey, AB; Davis, EM; Donahue, KE; Doubeni, CA; Krist, AH; Kubik, M; Li, L; Ogedegbe, G; Owens, DK; Pbert, L; Silverstein, M; Stevermer, J; Tseng, CW; Wong, JB (18 May 2021). "Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 325 (19): 1965–1977. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.6238. PMID 34003218.
  11. ^ a b c d Bosman, Frank T. (2014). "Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer". In Stewart, Bernard W.; Wild, Christopher P (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 392–402. ISBN 978-92-832-0443-5. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  12. ^ Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). "Role of aspirin in cancer prevention". Current Oncology Reports. 15 (6): 533–540. doi:10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3. PMID 24114189. S2CID 40187047. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  13. ^ "Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement". American Family Physician. 76 (1): 109–113. July 2007. PMID 17668849. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
  14. ^ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer". NCI. Archived from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  15. ^ WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2019). "6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: introduction". Digestive System Tumours (5th ed.). Lyon (france). p. 162. ISBN 978-92-832-4499-8. Archived from the original on 2022-06-13. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". Ca. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  17. ^ Forman, David; Ferlay, Jacques (2014). "Chapter 1.1: The global and regional burden of cancer". In Stewart, Bernard W.; Wild, Christopher P (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 16–53. ISBN 978-92-832-0443-5. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
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