Wikipedia

User:Mr. Ibrahem/Childbirth

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Childbirth
Other namesLabour and delivery, labor and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement[1][2]
Newborn baby and mother
SpecialtyObstetrics, midwifery
ComplicationsObstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, postpartum infection, birth asphyxia, neonatal hypothermia[3][4][5]
TypesVaginal delivery, C-section[6][7]
CausesPregnancy
PreventionBirth control, abortion
MedicationAzithromycin[8]
Frequency135 million (2015)[9]
Deaths500,000 maternal deaths a year[5]

Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section.[7] In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally.[9] About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation,[10] while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks.[11] In the developed world most deliveries occur in hospitals,[12][13] while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant.[14]

The most common way of childbirth is a vaginal delivery.[6] It involves three stages of labour: the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the delivery of the placenta.[15] The first stage typically lasts 12 to 19 hours, the second stage 20 minutes to two hours, and the third stage five to 30 minutes.[16] The first stage begins with crampy abdominal or back pain that last around half a minute and occur every 10 to 30 minutes.[15] The pain becomes stronger and closer together over time.[16] During the second stage, pushing with contractions may occur.[16] In the third stage, delayed clamping of the umbilical cord is generally recommended.[17] A number of methods can help with pain, such as relaxation techniques, opioids, and spinal blocks.[16]

Most babies are born head first; however about 4% are born feet or buttock first, known as breech.[16][18] Typically the head enters the pelvis facing to one side, and then rotates to face down.[19] During labour, a woman can generally eat and move around as she likes.[20] However, pushing is not recommended during the first stage or during delivery of the head, and enemas are not recommended.[20] While making a cut to the opening of the vagina, known as an episiotomy, is common, it is generally not needed.[16] In 2012, about 23 million deliveries occurred by Caesarean section, an operation on the abdomen.[21] C-sections may be recommended for twins, signs of distress in the baby, or breech position.[16] This method of delivery can take longer to heal from.[16] A single dose of the antibiotic, azithromycin, may be used to prevent infection in LMICs.[8]

Each year, complications from pregnancy and childbirth result in about 500,000 maternal deaths, seven million women have serious long-term problems, and 50 million women have negative health outcomes following delivery.[5] Most of these occur in the developing world.[5] Specific complications include obstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, and postpartum infection.[5] Complications in the baby may include lack of oxygen at birth, birth trauma, prematurity, and infections.[4][22]

References edit

  1. ^ "confinement - Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  2. ^ "CONFINEMENT - meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  3. ^ Lunze K, Bloom DE, Jamison DT, Hamer DH (January 2013). "The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival". BMC Medicine. 11 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-24. PMC 3606398. PMID 23369256.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Martin, Richard J.; Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Walsh, Michele C. (2014-08-20). Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-323-29537-6. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11.
  5. ^ a b c d e Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. p. 3. ISBN 978-92-4-154666-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-21.
  6. ^ a b Memon HU, Handa VL (May 2013). "Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders". Women's Health. 9 (3): 265–77, quiz 276–77. doi:10.2217/whe.13.17. PMC 3877300. PMID 23638782.
  7. ^ a b Martin, Elizabeth (2015). Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-19-968799-2. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11.
  8. ^ a b Tita, Alan T.N.; Carlo, Waldemar A.; McClure, Elizabeth M.; Mwenechanya, Musaku; Chomba, Elwyn; Hemingway-Foday, Jennifer J.; Kavi, Avinash; Metgud, Mrityunjay C.; Goudar, Shivaprasad S.; Derman, Richard; Lokangaka, Adrien; Tshefu, Antoinette; Bauserman, Melissa; Bose, Carl; Shivkumar, Poonam; Waikar, Manju; Patel, Archana; Hibberd, Patricia L.; Nyongesa, Paul; Esamai, Fabian; Ekhaguere, Osayame A.; Bucher, Sherri; Jessani, Saleem; Tikmani, Shiyam S.; Saleem, Sarah; Goldenberg, Robert L.; Billah, Sk M.; Lennox, Ruth; Haque, Rashidul; Petri, William; Figueroa, Lester; Mazariegos, Manolo; Krebs, Nancy F.; Moore, Janet L.; Nolen, Tracy L.; Koso-Thomas, Marion (30 March 2023). "Azithromycin to Prevent Sepsis or Death in Women Planning a Vaginal Birth". New England Journal of Medicine. 388 (13): 1161–1170. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2212111.
  9. ^ a b "The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. July 11, 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  10. ^ "Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363". WHO. November 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  11. ^ Buck, Germaine M.; Platt, Robert W. (2011). Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-19-985774-6. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11.
  12. ^ Co-Operation, Organisation for Economic; Development (2009). Doing better for children. Paris: OECD. p. 105. ISBN 978-92-64-05934-4. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11.
  13. ^ Olsen O, Clausen JA (September 2012). "Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD000352. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub2. PMC 4238062. PMID 22972043.
  14. ^ Fossard, Esta de; Bailey, Michael (2016). Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-93-5150-758-1. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  15. ^ a b "Birth". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6 ed.). Columbia University Press. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-07-30 – via Encyclopedia.com.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h "Pregnancy Labor and Birth". Women's Health. September 27, 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labor, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours
    ..
    The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.
  17. ^ McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS (July 2013). "Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (7): CD004074. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3. PMC 6544813. PMID 23843134.
  18. ^ Hofmeyr GJ, Hannah M, Lawrie TA (July 2015). "Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD000166. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000166.pub2. PMC 6505736. PMID 26196961.
  19. ^ "Childbirth and beyond". womenshealth.gov. 2016-12-13. Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  20. ^ a b Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care. World Health Organization. 2015. p. Chapter D. ISBN 978-92-4-154935-6. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  21. ^ Molina G, Weiser TG, Lipsitz SR, Esquivel MM, Uribe-Leitz T, Azad T, Shah N, Semrau K, Berry WR, Gawande AA, Haynes AB (December 2015). "Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality". JAMA. 314 (21): 2263–70. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15553. PMID 26624825.
  22. ^ World Health Organization. "Newborns: reducing mortality". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
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