| Cardiac arrest | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cardiopulmonary arrest, circulatory arrest, sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), sudden cardiac death (SCD)[1] |
 | |
| CPR being administered during a simulation of cardiac arrest. | |
| Specialty | Cardiology, emergency medicine |
| Symptoms | Loss of consciousness, abnormal or no breathing[1][2] |
| Usual onset | Older age[3] |
| Causes | Coronary artery disease, congenital heart defect, major blood loss, lack of oxygen, very low potassium, heart failure[4] |
| Diagnostic method | Finding no pulse[1] |
| Prevention | Not smoking, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, healthy eating[5] |
| Treatment | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation[6] |
| Prognosis | Survival rate ~ 10% (outside of hospital) 25% (in hospital)[7][8] |
| Frequency | 13 per 10,000 people per year (outside hospital in the US)[9] |
| Deaths | > 425,000 per year (U.S.)[10] |
Cardiac arrest is a sudden loss of blood flow resulting from the failure of the heart to pump effectively.[11] Signs include loss of consciousness and abnormal or absent breathing.[1][2] Some individuals may experience chest pain, shortness of breath, or nausea before cardiac arrest.[2] If not treated within minutes, it typically leads to death.[11]
The most common cause of cardiac arrest is coronary artery disease.[4] Less common causes include major blood loss, lack of oxygen, very low potassium, heart failure, and intense physical exercise.[4] A number of inherited disorders may also increase the risk including long QT syndrome.[4] The initial heart rhythm is most often ventricular fibrillation.[4] The diagnosis is confirmed by finding no pulse.[1] While a cardiac arrest may be caused by heart attack or heart failure, these are not the same.[11]
Prevention includes not smoking, physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.[5] Treatment for cardiac arrest includes immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and, if a shockable rhythm is present, defibrillation.[6] Among those who survive, targeted temperature management may improve outcomes.[12][13] An implantable cardiac defibrillator may be placed to reduce the chance of death from recurrence.[5]
In the United States, approximately 535,000 cases occur a year.[9] About 13 per 10,000 people (326,000 or 61%) experience cardiac arrest outside of a hospital setting, while 209,000 (39%) occur within a hospital.[9] Cardiac arrest becomes more common with age.[3] It affects males more often than females.[3] The percentage who survive outside of hospital arrest, despite treatment, is about 8%.[7] Many who survive have significant disability.[7] However, many American television programs have portrayed unrealistically high survival rates of 67%.[7]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e Field, John M. (2009). The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 11. ISBN 9780781788991. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05.
- ^ a b c "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "What Causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ a b "How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Treated?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d Adams, James G. (2012). Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1771. ISBN 978-1455733941. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05.
- ^ Andersen, LW; Holmberg, MJ; Berg, KM; Donnino, MW; Granfeldt, A (26 March 2019). "In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review". JAMA. 321 (12): 1200–1210. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.1696. PMC 6482460. PMID 30912843.
- ^ a b c Kronick SL, Kurz MC, Lin S, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Billi JE, Cabanas JG, Cone DC, Diercks DB, Foster JJ, Meeks RA, Travers AH, Welsford M (November 2015). "Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality Improvement: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2): S397-413. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000258. PMID 26472992.
- ^ Meaney, PA; Bobrow, BJ; Mancini, ME; Christenson, J; de Caen, AR; Bhanji, F; Abella, BS; Kleinman, ME; Edelson, DP; Berg, RA; Aufderheide, TP; Menon, V; Leary, M; CPR Quality Summit Investigators, the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, and the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and, Resuscitation. (23 July 2013). "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation. 128 (4): 417–35. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829d8654. PMID 23801105.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Schenone AL, Cohen A, Patarroyo G, Harper L, Wang X, Shishehbor MH, Menon V, Duggal A (November 2016). "Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: A systematic review/meta-analysis exploring the impact of expanded criteria and targeted temperature". Resuscitation. 108: 102–110. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.07.238. PMID 27521472.
- ^ Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, Müllner M, Herkner H (February 2016). "Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD004128. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004128.pub4. PMC 6516972. PMID 26878327.