| Bladder exstrophy | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Ectopia vesicae, exstrophy of the bladder[1] |
 | |
| Female baby with classical bladder exstrophy | |
| Specialty | Urology |
| Symptoms | Low abdominal wall, urinary tract, genitals, and pelvic bones abnormalities[2] |
| Complications | Urinary incontinence, hydronephrosis, urinary tract infections[2] |
| Usual onset | Present at birth[2] |
| Causes | Unclear[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Examination[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Epispadias, cloacal exstrophy[2] |
| Frequency | 1 in 50,000 newborns[2] |
Bladder exstrophy is a birth defect that involves the low abdominal wall, urinary tract, genitals, and pelvic bones.[2] There is generally protrusion of the urinary bladder through the abdominal wall and separation of the pubic bones.[2] Urine leaks from this area.[2] In males there may be a small penis and undescended testicles.[2]
The cause is unclear.[2] Risk factors include smoking and radiation exposure during pregnancy.[2] The underlying mechanism is thought to involve an abnormally large cloacal membrane which prevents mesenchymal tissue from moving to the midline.[2] It is part of the spectrum of abnormalities known as bladder exstrophy-epispadias-cloacal exstrophy complex.[3] The diagnosis is based on examination.[2]
Prevention is by folate supplementation before pregnancy.[2] Treatment at the time of birth involves covering the area with clear plastic wrap such as saran wrap.[2] This is than followed by surgery, which may be done in one or more operations.[2] Outcomes may be complicated by urinary incontinence, hydronephrosis, urinary tract infections, or bladder cancer.[2]
Bladder exstrophy occurs in about 1 in 50,000 newborns.[2] Males are more frequently affected than females.[1] It was first described in 2000 BC.[2] The term "exstrophy" is Greek for "to turn inside out".[4]
References
edit- ^ a b "Exstrophy of the bladder | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Anand, S; Lotfollahzadeh, S (January 2020). "Bladder Exstrophy". PMID 33085303.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias-Cloacal Exstrophy Complex". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Blandy, John; Kaisary, Amir V. (2013). Urology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-118-70989-4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-01-25.